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The Women of Enron, 2006.
This paper provides a statement on society and looks at the women of Enron.
1,125 words (approx. 4.5 pages), 4 sources, $ 44.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer points out that it is common knowledge that society has traditionally prevented the equality of men and women. The writer notes that from the moment of birth, people begin to place gender expectations on females through the manner in which they are socialized by their families and cultures. Further, the writer highlights that since the early 1800s, women have struggled against the restraints that have existed upon them merely because of their gender, with varying degrees of success.
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The Lessons of Enron, 2006.
This paper details the events that led up to the collapse of Enron that affected not only its employees and shareholders, but also the global economy.
2,388 words (approx. 9.6 pages), 13 sources, APA, $ 73.95
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Abstract
The writer of this paper examines the sudden collapse of Enron. Enron's downfall forced both ordinary citizens and their political representatives to step back and take a long, hard look at precisely what had been happening behind closed doors. This paper explores the history of Enron, which quickly became one of the world's largest private generators and suppliers of power. The corporation's success was based largely on the work of Jeffrey Skilling and Ken Lay, who were experts at cultivating an upstanding public image. This paper describes how the high ranking execs at Enron frequently helped themselves to huge amounts of judiciously manipulated stocks and then sold them for a profit just before the inevitable disaster. The writer details the events that led to Enron's collapse which began in 2001, when Sharon Watkins, a company vice-president noticed something was wrong with the company's accounting system. Enron had clawed its way up the corporate ladder by engaging in what was essentially an exceedingly risky venture. By offering to guarantee future prices in the natural gas market, the corporation was taking on a potentially enormous financial burden. Enron was able to mask its losses by removing them from the company's books. This paper explores how the misconduct of Enron and other corporations such as Anderson and Worldcom, hurts more than just their employees, customers and shareholders, they also hurt the global economy.
From the Paper
"Enron did all it could to cultivate an upstanding public image. In 1997, the energy supplier was one of a small number of companies each of which donated more than one million dollars to the Nature Conservancy. In regard to the Kyoto Accords that were being negotiated at this time, Enron planned to benefit in two ways. By supporting the Accords, Enron was placing itself on the good side of the environmentalist public, while at the same time endorsing a document that severely limited the use of coal in energy production. Since Enron dealt only in natural gas, coal would have been competition. Though a praiseworthy idea at the time, the company's willingness to bend regulations to its own purposes might have given cause for alarm. Ken Lay and Jeff Skilling were not only innovative, but they were also increasingly creative when it came to figuring out ways to make money, and to expand Enron's horizons."
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Enron Ethics, 2005.
An in depth discussion about Enron, its leadership and its workings.
1,610 words (approx. 6.4 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 55.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the decisions made about the management of Enron's organization. It explores
the assumptions about human behavior that were reflected in Enron's modus operandi. The author discusses the soundness of these assumptions and Enron's leadership. It appraises the partnership structures and financial maneuvering at Enron and the decisions taken by Enron executives involved. The paper expands on Enron's organizational response to the conflicts of interest surrounding the LJM partnerships. Finally, the implications of the Enron case regarding the leadership, governance and accountability of large, publicly traded firms.
From the Paper
"Enron Corporation was once one of the world's largest electricity and natural gas traders. Enron filed for bankruptcy protection amid allegations of accounting fraud, unethical behavior and.."
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Enron Crisis, 2002.
Discusses the Enron crisis and how the auditing firm, Arthur Andersen, aided Enron in concealing information about its negative debt position.
900 words (approx. 3.6 pages), 3 sources, $ 35.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the rise and fall of nation's seventh largest company, Enron International. Enron announced bankruptcy last year and this unveiled one of the worst stories of deception, greed and fraud in the history of Corporate America. The largest energy trader of the United States managed to keep its negative debt position off the books with the help of its auditing firm, Arthur Andersen.
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The Enron Debacle, 2004.
This paper analyzes the way Enron used phantom and ?barely there? companies to enrich a handful of wealthy Enron executives, fellow-travelers, and politicians at the immense expense of its stockholders.
2,550 words (approx. 10.2 pages), 10 sources, MLA, $ 77.95
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Abstract
This paper states that it appears collusion in the deception at the highest levels is part of the factors that allowed Enron to create shell companies while making real personal wealth for its top executives and others. The author points out that two LJM partnerships, LJM and LJM2 Co-Investment LP, were meant to provide Enron with an earnings stream from sale of its assets as well as protection for a decline in value of any of Enron?s investments. The paper stresses that Enron is not by any means the first American business scandal; in the 19th century, lawmakers helped themselves by voting federal subsidies for railroad construction concerning the Union Pacific Railroad and got away with $23 million.
Table of Contents
The Stakeholders
Friends in High Places
Writing the Rules for the ?Shell Game?
The Partnerships Themselves
The Solution
From the Paper
"It was not only banks, however, and not only Merrill Lynch, that was asked to participate in what appears to be Fastow?s scheme. In addition, the Dallas Morning News reported that ?several Wall Street firms said Enron Corp. used the lure of future business to get them to invest in a partnership that led the company into America's largest bankruptcy? (Landers, 2002). Enron former Treasurer, Jeff McMahon, had told Enron?s attorneys that several banks asked him to confirm that the LJM investments would give them an inside track on Enron business, a fact which, in itself, suggests that they really didn?t care if the businesses they were ?investing in? were real, as long as their investment gave them future access to Enron business for their banks. Later, McMahon noted that the promises the banks claimed they had received had not been fulfilled in at least one instance."
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The Enron Scandal, 2006.
An overview of the Enron scandal and the resulting Sarbanes-Oxley Act.
1,679 words (approx. 6.7 pages), 8 sources, MLA, $ 54.95
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Abstract
This paper describes the disastrous Enron accounting scandal and how it brought financial destruction to thousands of investors, as well as the resulting Sarbanes-Oxley Act, an act intended to protect investors by mandating the accuracy and reliability of corporate disclosures to the public. The paper recounts the rise of Enron and its financial ruin brought on by fraudulent investments and accounting practices. The paper further describes the Department of Justice investigation into the scandal, its implications, indictments in the scandal and the many important features of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act.
Outline
Introduction
Enron History
Enron's Fall
Implications of the Enron Scandal
The Sarbanes-Oxley Act
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Imagine, one day you are gleefully planning for retirement, you've just received your retirement fund statement and your diligent savings has grown nicely over the years. In fact, you envision traveling the country, during your golden years, or perhaps taking that European cruise you've so dreamed about. Yes, you're finally seeing the light at the end of the tunnel, your careful savings is finally about to pay off. However, in the next moment, it's gone! Completely. Gone are your dreams of cross-country sight seeing. Gone are your dreams of cruising the Mediterranean. In place of these dreams is the nightmare of the reality that your retirement savings is now not worth the paper the statement is printed on. That nightmare is the reality many Enron investors had to face."
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Enron and Business Ethics, 2003.
An examination of the effect that the Enron collapse will have on future international business ethics.
3,321 words (approx. 13.3 pages), 19 sources, MLA, $ 94.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the issue of business ethics as it applies to Enron's collapse. It looks at Enron?s ethical conduct in respect to its clients and outlines implications of the company?s unethical behavior. Since the purpose of the project is to evaluate the ethical performance of the global energy leader, the scope is limited to Enron and energy companies directly impacted by Enron?s activities.
From the Paper
"Over the last few decades until recently Enron remained the industry leader. In year 2000 Enron was ranked ?one of the world?s leading energy, commodities and service companies? with $101 billion revenues (Enron homepage). In 2001 Enron received a title of ?Most Innovative Company in America? for the sixth consecutive year in Fortune Magazine (Fortune Magazine). As the company?s CEO and chairman Kenneth Lay said, ?Our world-class employees and their commitment to innovative ideas continue to drive our success?. Furthermore, Enron was placed number 18 on Fortune?s list of 535 ?Most Admired Companies?, in the top five in ?Quality of Management?, ?Quality of Products/Services?, and ?Employee Talent?(Enron special press release ). Although Enron was praised in the marketplace for impeccable leadership and success, the company unexpectedly collapsed after multiple unethical and illegal activities had been discovered."
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Enron - Contribution, Collapse, Bankruptcy, 2002.
Examines the factors involved in the collapse of Enron, from its successful history of brokering to its unethical practices which ultimately led to its bankruptcy.
900 words (approx. 3.6 pages), 8 sources, $ 35.95
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Abstract
Enron is quickly becoming a 21st century equivalent of the 1950's game show scandals that inspired the film "Quiz Show". Both events involved a very large organization, an apparently active conspiracy to deceive the public and employees and touches a very broad section of our political and economic power structure. Enron had emerged from the smoke and mirrors associated with all scandals as a clearly unfathomable organization - Enron is an enigma. Before the bankruptcy, Enron enjoyed an enormously successful history of brokering energy to and from various points on the compass - from virtually blackmailing California during that state's energy crisis of the summer of 2000, to the general failure to meet energy contracts throughout the county. Enron's excesses, mismanagement, shady accounting, questionable ethics and its octopus-like hold on seemingly half of all the congressional politicians in Washington combine to lend credence to conspiracy theorists who assert that there are commercial forces at work behind governmental decisions that supercede concerns for the American citizenry. Like any scandalized person or organization, prior to exposure, everyone is ecstatic to be in bed together, but post-exposure, all the partners jump out of bed faster than roaches under a sun-lamp. Enron collapsed because it was a giant built upon a balsa wood foundation.
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The Watergate and Enron Scandals, 2006.
An analysis and comparison of the Watergate and the Enron scandals.
675 words (approx. 2.7 pages), 2 sources, $ 26.95
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Abstract
This paper compares and contrasts the Watergate and Enron scandals, revealing some significant similarities in terms of their causes and how they were handled, but also a number of major differences. In both scandals, conservatives committed multiple felonies, lied relentlessly in an effort to conceal their crimes, and sought to avoid responsibility by blaming others for the scandal. The major difference between the Watergate and Enron scandals is that Enron is primarily a financial scandal, while Watergate was a political scandal. Another difference between the Enron and Watergate scandals is that Watergate had a much broader and more serious impact on America, for it revealed massive criminal conduct at the highest levels of the government.
From the Paper
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Enron, 2008.
A discussion on the rise and fall of Enron International.
1,106 words (approx. 4.4 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 38.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the Enron collapse and scandal and looks at how Enron was able to conceal its negative debt from its accounting books. The paper also looks at what segment of the population was hurt most by the Enron collapse and explains why the executives at Enron responsible for what has been deemed the worst case of deception, greed and fraud in the history of Corporate America, should be prosecuted by the US Department of Justice.
Outline:
Enron's Employees
How Did It Manage To Conceal Debts
Enron Investors
Political Connection
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Enron's bankruptcy then took the world by complete surprise, as this was not only the biggest collapse in the United States in recent years, it was also the fastest. Before filing for bankruptcy in December last year, Enron was the seventh largest company of the United States as it turned its businesses into monopolies by dominating all areas of its various operations. But a company that looked so powerful only a year ago collapsed dramatically when one of its accountants began raising questions about those shady transactions which had managed to conceal the company's negative debt position from its accounting books. But slowly and gradually Enron's problems began unrolling in front of the public and it became clear that all the profits shown by the company were simply an illusion. "
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Enron: Applying Business Principles, 2006.
A look at Enron, it's corporate climate and the reasons for the company's downfall.
2,680 words (approx. 10.7 pages), 6 sources, APA, $ 80.95
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Abstract
This paper reviews the business principles related to the corporate climate at Enron including principles of ethics, leadership and corporate culture. This paper also analyzes the reasons why Enron failed, with the company engaging in flagrant corruption that flies in the face of international business morals and values.
Contents:
Introduction
Overview: The Fall of Enron
Chain of Command and Management Style at Enron
Managerial Ethics and Enron
Corporate Culture
Conclusions
From the Paper
"The organizational culture of Enron changed under Kenneth Lay's guidance and that of his cohort Jeffery Sklling, who together created a culture that supported the idea "do it right, do it now and do it better" (Sims, 2003: 148). The culture at Enron might best be described as a monoculture, supportive of a particular breed of top-notch executive rather than a heterogeneous or diverse culture supporting open democracy and freethinking. The centralized leadership style at Enron further acted to support a lack of diversity and burden on employees. Many have described the corporate culture that existed under Lay as innovative and competitiveness, where "employee enjoyed autonomy IF they produced quarterly results" (Fox, 2003). Top leaders began recruiting associates from top schools and looking for prestigious talents (Thomas, 2002). Workers were rewarded with amazing perks including concierge privileges and merit bonuses (Thomas, 2002). Among the "bright hirings" during the 1990s included Andrew Faston, who became CFO of the company in 1998 (Thomas, 2002). Enron's internal culture however soon took on a "dark tone" when a performance review committee was established enforcing a 360 performance review process based on Enron's morals and mission. These included "respect, integrity, communication and excellence" otherwise known as RICE (Thomas, 2002). Cultural diversity was not encouraged; rather all employees were encouraged to be the same bright and clever, innovative and daring.
Most associates however began feeling too much pressure and felt that they were judged on the profits they brought into the company rather than the values outlined in the RICE (Thomas, 2002). The practice of posting earnings was common in the company. The worse people's profits margins were the more likely they were to be downsized, thus internal competition in the organization was fierce. "Immediate gratification was prized above long-term potential" (Thomas, 2002) suggesting that top officials did not care much for long term relationships as they did for immediate profits."
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The Enron Scandal, 2004.
A look at the collapse of the Enron Corporation from an accounting perspective.
1,708 words (approx. 6.8 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 55.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the reasons for the Enron debacle, the ethical issues involved, and how Enron was able to hide its precarious financial position from the public until the very end. It discusses how the meteoric rise and fall of Enron Corporation is a classic example of how market euphoria in times of an extended bull-run, individual greed, conflict of interest, disregard for ethical business, and unrelenting focus on increasing share value can combine to spell disaster.
Outline
Enron?s Birth: The Beginning of the End?
Enron?s Risky Operations
Ethical Issues
Raptor Oddities
Conclusion
From the Paper
"During the times when Enron was making huge profits due to highly volatile energy prices, and there was widespread perception about the unlimited potential of online trade and technology innovations such as the broadband, things looked very rosy for the company. In the late 1990s, however, other energy companies such as Dynergy, Duke Energy, and El Paso started to enter the field of energy trading and the competition started to eat into the huge profit margins of Enron. Other factors such as falling energy prices in early 2001, the approaching world-wide recession and the broadband bubble burst began to work against Enron?s ?dream? run. The company, in the meantime, had embarked on a culture of cutting trading deals that had a momentum of its own that was hard to stop."
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Enron Additions, 2004.
Looks at how Enron violated certain ethical principles in business.
1,786 words (approx. 7.1 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 57.95
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Abstract
This paper looks at how the Enron Corporation defrauded the public and its investors through the use of Special Purpose Entity transactions. The paper also looks at the role Enron's public relations office had in hiding Enron's ethical violations, the role Wall Street had in helping Enron defraud the public, as well as how various independent advisors assisted Enron in cheating its investors.
From the Paper
"At these late points, Enron executives were calling on the public relations folks to fix their image, which was not possible. Because public relations? results are, well, public whereas accountings? results (barring failure and consequent exposure) are not, it was impossible for public relations at Enron to dig itself the kind of hole the rest of the company had. Any public relations staff who stayed on might have been seen as fools, or perhaps even liars, although many might have forgiven them trying to save their paychecks for a few more weeks since the were not doing anything illegal. One hopes."
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Collapse of Enron, 2002.
Discusses whether the collapse of the Enron Corporation was the result of unrestrained capitalism.
2,508 words (approx. 10.0 pages), 8 sources, MLA, $ 76.95
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Abstract
Until the fortunes of Enron Corporation began to unravel in 2001, the U.S. energy giant was termed as America?s ?most innovative company? by the Fortune magazine for six straight years. When Enron filed for bankruptcy in December 2001, it shocked the global financial world and became one of the largest bankruptcies in U.S. history. The event badly shook investor confidence, accelerated the southern journey of the U.S. stock market, raised serious questions about the increasing corporate influence in governmental circles and forced new legislation about greater government regulation of businesses and their financial reporting. Debate still rages among experts and the general public alike whether the event was the result of unrestrained capitalism or simply a ?part of the genius of capitalism.? Apart from giving a brief background of the Enron scandal, this paper focuses on the question whether the Enron bankruptcy shows the danger of unrestrained capitalism. While agreeing with the contention, the paper also examines some of the counter explanations to look at the other side of the picture.
From the Paper
"According to a suit filed by Enron?s shareholders in April 2002, senior bank officers from institutions such as Citigroup, J.P. Morgan Chase, Merrill Lynch, Bank of America, Lehman Brothers, Credit Suisse First Boston, and others created enormous, illicit profits from their collaboration with Enron. The profits were allegedly made not just for the institutions and banks, but for senior banking executives themselves who made large personal fortunes themselves. This explains why some of the smartest financiers in America failed to blow the whistle while Enron was committing financial irregularities galore."
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Enron and Restoring Corporate Integrity, 2002.
This paper analyzes and examines the multitude of issues related to Enron and the need to restore integrity within American business organizations.
1,731 words (approx. 6.9 pages), 4 sources, APA, $ 55.95
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Abstract
The paper shows the relationship between corporations and the general public has always been somewhat of a double-edged sword. On the one hand, individuals purchase goods and services from corporations and invest in stock in hopes of reaping financial benefits as well as stimulating economic growth. By contrast, corporations employ individuals and must also please Wall Street analysts as well as meet their own financial expectations. The paper discusses how over the past two decades, numerous high-profile corporate scandals have occurred that have weakened the public?s trust in corporations, beginning with the savings and loan scandals of the 1980 involving Charles Keating, and the insider trading and leveraged buyout scandals of the late 1980s involving Drexel Burnham and Michael Milken. During the 1990s, it seemed as if corporations could do no wrong, minting tens of thousands of millionaires (employees, executives, investors) while reporting unprecedented profits. The paper explains however, that as the accounting scandals and ensuring bankruptcies of Enron, Global Crossing, WorldCom and numerous other high-profile corporations indicate, there was much deception and smoke and mirrors behind their seemingly invincible exterior.
Part II of the paper discusses the reasons for Enron?s downfall in light of the auditing business. In Part III, Enron?s law firms? role in the collapse is outlined. Part IV reviews Enron?s lack of 401(k) diversification. Part V outlines proposals for restoring corporate integrity. Lastly, this paper concludes with proposals for restoring integrity within the American business arena.
From the Paper
"As Enron?s chief outside counsel, Vinson & Elkins billed Enron for $36 million last year, about 7% of the law firm?s revenue. (Mason). In addition to testifying before House lawmakers, Vinson & Elkins has been subpoenaed by the Securities and Exchange Commission, which also is investigating Enron. (Mason). Lawmakers in both House and Senate committees have criticized as inadequate the firm?s review of allegations Watkins raised last year. (Mason). Vinson & Elkins was tapped by Derrick, former Enron general counsel, and former Chairman Ken Lay, to conduct a limited investigation of Watkins? allegations of questionable accounting and conflicts of interest in Enron financial practices. (Mason). Watkins maintained that because Vinson & Elkins had worked on some of the company?s problematic off-the-books partnerships, another firm should investigate the practice. (Mason)."
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