| Papers [1-15] of 100 :: [Page 1 of 7] | | Go to page : 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 —> | Search results on "WEST NILE VIRUS": |
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West Nile Virus, 2005.
An examination of the roots, causes and dangers of the West Nile virus.
4,215 words (approx. 16.9 pages), 15 sources, MLA, $ 112.95
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Abstract
This paper provides the background and an overview on West Nile Virus, an analysis of who is at risk of being infected, short- and long-term effects of the disease and the body systems that are affected. An assessment of the incidence of West Nile Virus today is followed by a summary of the research in the conclusion. Included are several tables and graphs.
Introduction
Review and Discussion
Background and Overview of West Nile Virus
Who Can Be Infected
Short-Term and Long-Term Effects on Body Systems
Incidence and Impact
Conclusion
From the Paper
"The research showed that West Nile Virus is spread by the bite of an infected mosquito, and can infect people, horses, many types of birds, and some other animals. The majority of people who become infected with West Nile Virus will probably have either no symptoms or only mild ones; however, the research also showed that in some rare cases, the West Nile Virus can result in severe and even fatal illnesses. The virus spread through the south and west throughout 2002, and by 2003, it had made its way across the entire nation and only four states, Alaska, Hawaii, Oregon and Washington, remain West Nile Virus-free today."
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West Nile Virus, 2002.
A discussion of West Nile Virus, its causes, symptoms and preventative measures.
815 words (approx. 3.3 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 29.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the West Nile Virus, a form of encephalitis only found in the United States within the last three years which is spread by mosquitoes. West Nile Virus has infected far more people than has been reported in the media because most people have either very mild symptoms or none at all. It describes the main symptoms such as a fever with some gastro-intestinal discomfort and shows how the elderly are the most susceptible. It looks at problems in actually diagnosing the disease properly due to the vagueness of the symptoms, physicians cannot tell from a physical examination alone whether the person has the disease or not, the only definate way is through a blood test. Since as yet there is no vaccine against the disease for humans, the only way to prevent the disease is to prevent mosquito bites. It provides a number of suggestions for people to minimize their risk for acquiring West Nile Virus.
From the Paper
"When people are outdoors, they should use insect repellent with DEET (N,N-diethyl-meta-toluamide). This chemical has been proven in research to be the most effective mosquito repellant. In addition, people are advised to cover as much skin as possible, using full-length pants and long-sleeved shirts. The clothes should be sprayed with insect repellant also, or mosquitoes may be able to bit them through their clothing. If the clothes aren?t sprayed, then the skin under the clothes should be (CDC, 2002). They also recommend staying indoors when mosquitoes are most likely to be out: dawn, and dusk through early evening."
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The West Nile Virus, 2004.
This paper discusses the biology, replication, pathogenesis, epidemiology, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of the West Nile Virus (WN).
1,800 words (approx. 7.2 pages), 14 sources, MLA, $ 57.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that, although the West Nile Virus (WN) has been around since 1937 when it was first discovered in Uganda, the summer of 1999 marks the first introduction in recent history of an Old World flavivirus into the New World. The author points out that mosquitoes are the principal vectors of the West Nile Virus; the virus has been isolated from 43 mosquito species in Africa, Asia, and the United States. The paper states that there is no specific treatment for West Nile virus infection; although, in more severe cases, intensive supportive therapy is indicated, often involving hospitalization, intravenous fluids, airway management, respiratory support (ventilator), prevention of secondary infections (pneumonia, urinary tract, etc.), and good nursing care.
From the Paper
"Studies have shown that the West Nile Virus replicates in a wide variety of cell cultures, including chicken, duck, and mouse embryo cells and continuous cell lines from monkeys, humans, pigs, rodents, amphibians, and insects, but has not caused obvious cytopathology in many cell lines. Although we know glycosaminoglycans play a major role in flavivirus entry, there is evidence that additional host cell surface molecules are necessary for flavivirus entry. Because flaviviruses are transmitted between insect and vertebrate hosts during their natural transmission cycle, it is likely that the cell receptor they utilize is a highly conserved protein. It is known that the virions enter cells via receptor-mediated endocytosis followed by fusion of the viral membrane with the endosomal vesicle membrane releasing the nucleocapsid into the cytoplasm."
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West Nile Virus, 2004.
An overview of the spread, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment of the West Nile virus.
2,432 words (approx. 9.7 pages), 15 sources, MLA, $ 74.95
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Abstract
This paper looks at how, in recent years, every summer, the threat of West Nile (WN) virus has become the scourge of the temperate regions of Europe and North America. It examines how the virus presents a threat to the human and animal populations and how symptoms of WN viral infection range from mild fevers and aches to encephalitis, which can be fatal.
Outline
Introduction and History
Entomology
Virology
Vertebrate Ecology
Symptoms of WN virus
Diagnosis and Reporting
Treatment and Prevention
The Role of the CDC in West Nile Virus
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Most people who are infected with the West Nile virus will not have any type of illness. Only 20% of those infected show signs of infection. The incubation period for the virus after initial entry into the blood stream is between three and fourteen days. These symptoms range from mild to severe Symptoms generally last from three to six days. In cases of severe symptoms where encephalitis and other neurological disorders occur the resulting symptoms?primary and secondary?may last from several weeks to months. In the case of neurological disorders, the effects of the infection might also be permanent. It is estimated that 1 in 150 persons infected with the West Nile virus will develop a more severe form of disease. The mild symptoms include fever, headache, and body aches, occasionally with a skin rash on the trunk of the body and swollen lymph glands."
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Prevention and Control Programs for the West Nile Virus, 2002.
Presents a critique of and recommendations for current prevention and control programs for the West Nile virus in the U.S.
2,400 words (approx. 9.6 pages), 6 sources, $ 89.95
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Abstract
This paper compares, analyses and critiques the prevention and control programs for the West Nile virus which have been implemented in the United States, and offers some suggestions for future programs.
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West Nile Virus in the U.S., 2002.
This paper offers a very brief look at the West Nile Virus in the United States.
575 words (approx. 2.3 pages), 1 source, MLA, $ 20.95
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Abstract
The following paper discusses how in recent months the West Nile Virus has quickly spread across the United States where authorities on the matter still feel that it does not pose a major threat to humans. This paper examines the obvious precautions that may be taken to protect oneself against this virus.
From the Paper
"The West Nile Virus, a deadly virus spread by those annoying little bugs that are always buzzing in your ear, has now made it completely across our country. This sudden rapid spread has stirred many concerns as to how to deal with and prevent the disease. For example, how has the disease spread coast to coast so quickly, how do we prevent people and animals from getting it, and once infected, how do we treat it. Some of the answers are not as simple as they may seem. "
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Impact of Four Diseases, 2004.
An examination of the social impact of the diseases West Nile virus, malaria, plague, and yellow fever.
3,428 words (approx. 13.7 pages), 8 sources, MLA, $ 97.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses and analyzes the diseases West Nile virus, malaria, plague, and yellow fever. Specifically, it discusses the history and distribution of the diseases in the United States and worldwide and compares each of the diseases as to which is most important individually and overall in terms of relative impact.
From the Paper
"West Nile virus only appeared in the United States in 1999, but it has become quite a feared disease since then. The virus is contracted in humans from infected mosquito bites, and it can be deadly in people with weakened immune systems, like children and senior citizens. The symptoms of the disease can be minor, like headaches and an insignificant fever. These can increase to confusion, muscle weakness, high fever, and severe headache ("West Nile," 2004). They usually show up 3 to 14 days after being bitten. Symptoms that are more serious include brain swelling, coma, numbness, vision loss, and disorientation but these are far less common. Some people may not show any symptoms of the disease. Infected individuals may have severe impact on their health, and West Nile can kill those with weaker immune systems. By 2002, the disease had "exploded" across the nation, and in 2003, it showed up in mosquitoes in every state in the 48 contiguous states but Oregon and Washington. According to the Center for Disease Control (CDC), there were 9,858 human cases of the disease in 2003, and 262 deaths. This is down slightly from 284 deaths in 2002 ("West Nile," 2004). This spread all began from one dead crow discovered in New York City with the disease in 1999."
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The "Wild West", 2002.
An insight into the facts and myths of the "Wild West" as seen in "The Way to the West" by Elliott West and "The American West: The Modern Vision" by Patricia Janis Broder.
1,677 words (approx. 6.7 pages), 0 sources, $ 54.95
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Abstract
This paper gives an historical insight into the history of what has become known as the "Wild West" by the review of two books, "The Way to the West" by Elliott West and "The American West: The Modern Vision" by Patricia Janis Broder. It examines how both authors present us with an explanation of the incursions of the white settlers into what was then the West and the process through which the West became a place where people could live out their dreams. It examines the shift from traditional hunting and gathering strategies of the American Indians to the agrarian nature of the settlers and the economics of making a living in the West. Both books also look at the myths about the West that have grown out of the facts.
From the Paper
"It has become fashionable in recent years to scoff at the myth of the West and to replace this myth with history. This is in large measure what West has set out to do. He is intent on telling a real story about a real place, and in particular in telling an environmental story about the fragility of the Plains, with their uncertain and limited rainfall. Looking at a part of the country that was once the West ? Kansas, Nebraska, Colorado, and Wyoming ? West looks very carefully at the historical record of the place, at what lured families from the East, what made them stay or move on, what made them succeed or fail."
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The Plague, 2008.
Examines new types of plagues and the persistent problem of the historical plague in contemporary times.
3,170 words (approx. 12.7 pages), 9 sources, MLA, $ 91.95
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Abstract
This paper focuses primarily on "the" plague, which caused thousands of deaths throughout Europe during the 6th and 14th centuries and which currently remains a public health problem. In addition, the author discusses six modern plagues, such as the west Nile virus and AIDS. The author describes the three types of traditional plague, as well as the treatment, locations, control and preventative medication for plagues. The author also reviews the use of the plague as a biological weapon.
Table of Contents:
From the Past to the Future
A Purported Persistent Problem
"Strange New Disease"
West Nile Virus
Six Modern Plagues
Mad Cow Disease
HIV/AIDS
Hantavirus
Lyme
New Strain of Salmonella
Contributing Causes of "Modern Plagues" Considered
The Plague, per se
Three Forms of Plague
Bubonic Plague
Septicemic Plague
Pneumonic Plague
Treatment Regime
Plague around the World
Control Considerations
Preventative Medication
Plague as a Biological Weapon?
From the Paper
"A confirmed plague diagnosis triggers reporting requirements to certain health departments, including the Centers for Disease Control, which in turn, reports plague incidents to the World Health Organization. Diagnostic tests to confirm plague include: a complete blood count, a urinalysis, arterial blood gas, peripheral smear looking for Y pestis coccobaccilus, gram stain, cultures of blood, sputum, and bubo aspirate, chest radiography, specialized diagnostic testing, a F1 antigen rapid diagnostic test, Y pestis fluorescent antibody stain, and a Y pestis fluorescent antibody titer."
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Viruses, 2005.
This paper discusses the history of the discovery of the relationship of viruses to disease and the exploration of the use of viruses also to fight disease.
3,510 words (approx. 14.0 pages), 10 sources, MLA, $ 98.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that, unlike bacteria, viruses do not simply 'graze' on the body but rather invade it, commandeering the cells and turning them into factories for virus production. The author describes the work of Sir Anthony Epstein, a virologist, who discovered that only when cells grow outside the body and away from immune systems can the whole virus particles be seen. The paper relates that, today, in a new technique called viro-therapy, scientists are genetically engineering viruses, which will actually hunt down cancer cells and destroy them.
From the Paper
"Until 1903, heated debates raged over these 'invisible microbes. Then a scientist named Pierre Roux described these microbes as 'filterable viruses' that could not be seen under a light microscope and would not grow on bacterial culture plates. For the next three decades, these viruses were thought of as small bacteria. By 1930, scientists began to gain an understanding of viruses. But, scientists were still puzzled by the viruses' methods of infection and their process of reproduction. In 1938, with the invention of the electron microscope viruses could finally be seen. Finally, the structures and symmetries of viruses could be studied in great detail."
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Computer Viruses, 2004.
An overview of the definition of computer viruses, their potential threat, and how they can be prevented.
2,382 words (approx. 9.5 pages), 7 sources, MLA, $ 73.95
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Abstract
This paper aims to provide useful information about computer viruses. By exploring the different types of computer viruses, the different existing viruses classified in each type, and the damage each virus can do to system data and files, this paper aims to provide the necessary and possible prevention tools and techniques to avoid the risks a computer virus can bring. It provides a well-researched and well-presented report that draws clear conclusions and offers solid recommendations about the ways to handle a virus threat.
Outline
Introduction
Conclusion
Recommendation
Threats to Local Area Networks (LAN)
From the Paper
"A computer virus is among the greatest enemy of computer technology?s globalization. In just a few split of seconds, it can turn our endeavor of automating our diverse activities into a nightmare. This is especially a catastrophe to businesses whose operation at a large percentage depends on computerized data access and retrieval. Globally, computerization is the trend among businesses. Thus, the damage that computer viruses can cause is a global threat and problem to the stabilization and progress of businesses and economy."
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Computer Viruses, 2002.
An introduction to the basics of computer viruses and how to protect against them.
2,070 words (approx. 8.3 pages), 9 sources, MLA, $ 65.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses computer viruses, computer software programs that interfere with the smooth running of a computer?s OS and hardware and are designed to replicate and hide themselves to avoid detection. A virus' main goal is to infect and replicate on as many other systems as possible causing as much damage in the process such as erasing hard disks or deleting vital files that run certain software programs. It presents information that gives users who do not have much experience in this area of network security an introductory overview of what malicious software is and how it works. It examines three main areas of importance, the definition of a virus, types of viruses and virus protection. Trojans and Worms are also covered.
From the Paper
"Viruses are programs and must be executed to become activated. This is done by double clicking on the email attachment or the setup .exe or .com executables for software programs. In one instance as of late the author has seen the W32.Funlove virus spread through a downloaded screensaver for his favorite college football team. The virus was hidden behind the executable and activated when the screen saver was installed. Viruses, in an infected executable file, modifies the original program to point to the virus code and launch that code along with its own. Most of the time the process is to jump to the virus code first, execute it, then go back to the original code."
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The Ultimate Computer Virus, 1999.
An in-depth look at computer viruses.
3,186 words (approx. 12.7 pages), 6 sources, $ 92.95
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Abstract
This paper is an in-depth look at computer viruses. Topics covered by the author include: What is a virus? Different kinds of viruses, and how viruses can be prevented.
From the Paper
"First, what is a virus? A virus, according to Dr. Solomon's On-Line Guide to Computer Viruses, "is a program that repeats itself". When something repeats itself, it grows. That is the problem, but looking at a virus, one will realize that it is no more than a weed in a garden, a mere nuisance. It can be easily removed. Except it is classified as being a weed in an electrically rooted garden. In a real garden, many people consider a dandelion to be a weed. The gardeners believe that the dandelion can destroy all the other plants in the garden, therefore being a destructive dandelion. The same is true with a computer virus if it isn't caught and "pulled."
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Computer Viruses, 2004.
An overview of different types of computer viruses and their effects on the computer.
855 words (approx. 3.4 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 30.95
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Abstract
This paper deals with the different types of computer viruses, discussing how infection occurs and how they can be eliminated. A brief history of computer viruses and some anti-viral techniques are also explained.
Outline
What is a Computer Virus?
Brief History of Computer Virus
Virus Types
How Infection Occurs
Preventing Infections
Conclusion and Recommendation
From the Paper
"Computer virus is defined as a parasitic computer program that infects another legitimate program, which is sometimes called the ?host.? This program is mainly designed to replicate and to avoid detection. Just like any other program, it must be executed first by loading it from the computer?s memory so that the computer follows the virus?s code. Some of the viruses are harmless and simply trick the computer users into believing that their computers have been infected. Unfortunately, most of the viruses are very malicious and can do big damage to the computer. It can dislocate or change data files, display an annoying message or picture, cause the operating system to malfunction or even erase the entire content of a hard disk."
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Computer Viruses, 2008.
Looks at computer viruses, which are still one of the biggest problems computer users face.
1,090 words (approx. 4.4 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 38.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that part of the reason that computer viruses are so prevalent is that many people are not adequately informed about what they are, how they work and what can be done to avoid them. The author points out that the sole purpose of computer viruses is to cause damage to the computer, much like the sole purpose of human viruses is to cause damage to the body. The paper also relates that some people claim that the government needs to combat computer viruses because they can halt the operations of businesses, which slow the economy, and potentially can wreak havoc on the government itself.
Outline:
Introduction
Attention Material
Orienting Material
Central Idea
Computer Viruses Users' Worst Enemy
Do Not Understand
What They Are
How They Work
How to Avoid
Body
What are Computer Viruses?
Maliciously Spread Software Programs
Emails and Infected Files and Disks
Corrupt Hardware, Erase Files, Destroy Computers
How Work?
Self-Reproduction and Mass Transference
"Love Bug"
What can be Done?
Anti-Virus Software
Government Intervention
Be Proactive
Conclusion
Devastating Consequences
Prevent
Clincher
From the Paper
"One of the most famous email viruses - also referred to as worms - is the "Love Bug" virus that began spreading in the first year of the new millennium. People would receive an email with the subject line reading "I Love You" and would open the attached 'love letter' that came with it. Much to their chagrin, the attachment was really a destructive virus that destroyed millions of dollars of computer equipment, not to mention crippling business and personal transactions across the globe."
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