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Weapons Proliferation, 2004.
A discussion about the balance of trade regarding weapons of mass destruction (WMD) and the threat towards America.
945 words (approx. 3.8 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 33.95
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Abstract
This paper briefly discusses the threat that WMD pose to America because of the trading of nuclear weapons. It discusses the treaty signed by most countries in the world and how UN control of the trade of these weapons is essential in preventing a disastrous nuclear war.
From the Paper
"Weapons proliferation, simply defined, is the rapid increase or spread of weapons in the context of global security. If we are to measure the weapons capabilities of the world, the United States retains the lion?s share: in 2002 the Economist estimated that American military spending would exceed 379 billion in 2003 (Economist, 6/18/2002.) For comparison?s sake, Russia, the world?s second largest nuclear power, had a total GDP of merely 346.6 billion in 2002 (Economist, 7/22/2003.) However, the ?balance of terror? that underscored the cold war era was in many ways much safer than the current situation. Whereas ?weapons proliferation? once referred to the number of weapons in existence, it has taken on a new meaning; it now is usually meant to reflect the number of political entities capable of using weapons of mass destruction. The number of such countries has increased beyond UN Security Council permanent members to include India, Pakistan, Israel and perhaps most notably North Korea."
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Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons, 2005.
A thorough analysis of the arguments in favor of nuclear proliferation and the arguments opposed to it.
2,676 words (approx. 10.7 pages), 12 sources, MLA, $ 80.95
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Abstract
This paper takes a look at the arguments opposed to and in favor of nuclear proliferation, noting the politics and philosophies behind both sides. After summarizing the arguments, the paper then concludes that, ironically, the very factors and sentiments that encourage nuclear proliferation are the same as those that discourage its proliferation.
From the Paper
"Ever since the first atom bomb was dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki, the world has been polarized into two different groups: one that supports nuclear proliferation, and another that vehemently campaigns against the piling up of nuclear material in the world. Both groups have their own arguments to justify their stand. While those who oppose nuclear weapons argue that nuclear proliferation endangers the very existence of the world and international peace, the supporters of nuclear weapons argue that nuclear weapons are required as a deterrent force. The American policy of minimum deterrence echoes this sentiment. However, considering the fact that the world reached dangerously close to an all out nuclear war way back in the eighties during the cold war years, points to the fact that the policy of minimum deterrence can, in the hands of hot-headed heads of states, become a very dangerous tool for political manipulation."
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Nuclear Proliferation, 2006.
A critical statistical analysis of the relationship between the production of nuclear energy and the proliferation of nuclear weapons.
2,888 words (approx. 11.6 pages), 9 sources, APA, $ 85.95
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Abstract
This paper employs a critical review of the body of literature, original research synthesis to determine if indeed a causal relationship can be found between the production of nuclear energy and the proliferation of nuclear weapons. An exhaustive statistical regression analysis illustrates that the relationship between the aforementioned variables is not significant and thus, that the hypothesis of correlation and causation cannot be confirmed. However, the paper goes on to provide evidence to suggest correlation between the proliferation of nuclear weapons and other factors such as global military tensions and certain categories of world events. The paper includes graphs and tables.
Paper Outline:
Literature Review
Proposal
Data Sources
Data Analysis
Results and Interpretation
Discussion
Conclusion
Reference List
From the Paper
"The body of literature is generally in concessus with regard to the link between the production of nuclear energy and the proliferation of nuclear weapons. There is, however, disagreement over the method by which nuclear weapons and materials are spread. Some argue that terrorist organisations and rogue states are able to acquire enriched uranium from nuclear waste deposits. Others claim that these parties are more likely to invest in nuclear energy technology as a means of acquiring nuclear weapons while other still claim that the link between these two factors in negligible or non existent. "
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Weapons of Mass Destruction, 2003.
This paper discusses the use, storage, proliferation, and control of weapons of mass destruction.
3,050 words (approx. 12.2 pages), 7 sources, MLA, $ 89.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that there have been many efforts to stop the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction, with many of leaders of countries signing several different treaties, but nothing can stop the production of such destructive weapons. The author points out that the majority of the nations and organizations, such as our allies, rogue nations, and terrorist groups, have some sort of a weapon of mass destruction. The paper stresses that, as destructive as chemical weapons are, far bigger threats to international security are biological weapons, which, if not decreased, can cause more causalities than chemical weapons.
From the Paper
"The variations of the different types of chemical weapons hurt a nation?s chances of a defense or readiness against a chemical weapon because chemical weapons are hard to stop spreading. As mentioned by the government document, chemical weapons have been used before when ?Chlorine gas and mustard gas were widely used during World War I.? Many countries can produce chemical weapons on a mass scale and have the resources that are necessary to produce the chemical weapons. A nation?s only defense would be retaliation, which could mean an all out nuclear war which will meet any human?s fear or global destruction. With this risk of global chaos existent, many of the world?s leaders should be put at blame. If world leaders such as the United States established treaties to decrease or even eliminate chemical weapons, this problem would cease to exist because other nations would follow along."
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Weapons of Mass Destruction, 2007.
A discussion on the consequences of the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction throughout the world.
3,454 words (approx. 13.8 pages), 10 sources, MLA, $ 97.95
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Abstract
The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate an understanding of the national security decision-making process and U.S security issues related to weapons of mass destruction proliferation and to demonstrate an understanding of the national security decision-making process and U.S. security issues. It further evaluates the U.S. security policies and their effectiveness in supporting the U.S. national security strategy.
Outline:
Objective
Introduction
Chapter One
U.S. Strategy for Nonproliferation
Three Key Treaties for Stemming Proliferation of WMD
Chapter Two
Limitations of the Three Treaties
Countries that are not a Party to the Treaties
Four Multilateral Export Control Arrangements
Two U.S. Agencies Administer the Export Control System
Time and Resources of the U.S. in Elimination of WMD
Chapter Three
United States Policy Since Reassessment in 2001
Summary and Conclusion
From the Paper
"The amount of funding that has been required in the efforts of the United States to assist other newly independent countries in the elimination of weapons of mass destruction and the material that are used to produce these weapons is astronomical and even with all of this being spent the efforts have not been a full success. While many nations throughout the world are parties to the various treaties, concerning nuclear weapons there are still significant countries that are not members to these treaties and that present a problem for U.S. security and create security threat and risks to other countries on a worldwide basis."
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Biological Weapons, 2004.
A history of the development of biological weapons and the threat they pose today.
1,287 words (approx. 5.1 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 43.95
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Abstract
This paper traces the origins and history of biological weapons, especially in the United States. In knowing its history, this research also looks into the development of technology as one of the precursors that helped ?develop? and proliferate the creation of microorganisms that can destroy not only the human body, but the Earth?s physical environment as well. Furthermore, the use of biological weapons as an alternative for weapons in the act of terrorism and as a means to destroy another nation or society is also studied and analyzed, thereby putting the production of biological weapons in its socio-political context. Classifications of biological weapons presently produced are also identified. Lastly, measures and policies formulated to encourage and promote non-proliferation of biological weapons, a socio-political issue, is also tackled.
From the Paper
"The origin and history of biological weapons can be traced as far back as the 14th century, where plague epidemics become biological weapons used by conquerors in order to easily overpower other nations/societies. In American history, biological weapons use is evident in the use of the smallpox disease as a way for the French and British forces to defeat the Native Americans, original inhabitants of the US territory, in the 18th century (Lederberg, 1999:18-9). Biological weaponry has become more developed in the 20th century, during the First World War, when Germany used ?wind-blown chlorine? as a weapon to physically weaken the enemy?s army forces. Germany?s use of chlorine later developed to phosgene to mustard gas, attacking the skin and lungs of its victims, proving itself to be a pervasive form of biological weapon, since gas masks proved to be ?ineffective? protection to this biological weapon (Falkenrath, 1998)."
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Weapons of Mass Destruction, 2007.
This paper discusses weapons of mass destruction, which pose a legitimate threat to world safety today.
2,068 words (approx. 8.3 pages), 7 sources, MLA, $ 65.95
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Abstract
In this article the writer looks at several different types of weapons of mass destruction, which, when in the wrong hands, can do a great amount of damage. The type of weapons of mass destruction mentioned include biological weapons, chemical weapons, nuclear weapons, and radiological weapons. Throughout this paper the writer discusses the various types of weapons of mass destruction and looks at what the individual weapons are called. The writer then examines what these weapons can do and mentions the symptoms of these weapons. Further, the writer explores how they are used and the precautions that can be taken to protect society from them.
From the Paper
"Although anthrax may be the most well known biological weapon, there are several other biological agents which can be used as weapons that are worth noting. These include the Ebola virus, Bubonic plague, Yellow Fever, Smallpox, Ricin, Botulism toxin, Saxitoxin, Rocky Mountain spotted Fever, Typhus, Q fever, and others."
"Biological weapons are not used strictly to attack humans; instead they may be used to attack crops and animals as well to disrupt an area's agricultural supply. Additionally, by attacking the agricultural supply, this may be a way of transmitting the biological weapons to human beings."
"One way to prevent succumbing to some forms of biological weapons is through good hygiene, in much the same way one can prevent the spread of everyday bacteria and viruses."
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Weapons of Mass Destruction, 2007.
This paper documents the creation and use of weapons of mass destruction throughout the history of human civilization.
2,273 words (approx. 9.1 pages), 8 sources, MLA, $ 70.95
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Abstract
This paper provides a brief overview of the range and types of weapons of mass destruction that were used in human history before the advent of the nuclear bomb. The paper shows how the earlier forms of these weapons were limited by the technologies of the time and their destructive capabilities were generally comparatively mild compared to the large and super-destructive weapons created by modern technology. Yet, the paper concludes that it is not necessarily technology that makes weapons of mass destruction so dangerous, rather it is the aims and intentions of human beings who use these weapons.
Outline:
Introduction
A Brief History of Weapons of Mass Destruction
Conclusion
From the Paper
"The term 'weapons of mass destruction' was allegedly first used in a report by the London Times in 1937. The report was a description of a German air force attack on the town of Guernica in Spain which "... destroyed 70 percent of the town and killed a third of its population." (Origin of the Phrase Weapons of Mass Destruction) The phrase that was used in the report of the London Times on December 28, 1937, is as follows: " Who can think without horror of what another widespread war would mean, waged as it would be with all the new weapons of mass destruction?". ( Who coined the term "weapons of mass destruction"? ) After the Second World War the term was later used describe to threat of atomic weapons during the Cold War. In more recent times the term weapons of mass destruction has evoked images of the hydrogen bomb and refers to biological, chemical, and radiological weapons. ( Who coined the term "weapons of mass destruction"? )"
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U.S. and Iran Relations in Nuclear Proliferation, 2005.
This paper explores in detail the behavior of the U.S. towards Iran regarding the issue of nuclear weapons while examining America's methods of sustaining its hegemonic presence in the world.
2,159 words (approx. 8.6 pages), 6 sources, APA, $ 67.95
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Abstract
This paper examines both sides of the nuclear issue by stating Iran has concerns regarding the attainment of nuclear technology but wishes to appear to the world as an advanced and well-developed nation. With nuclear weapons, Iran's influence in the Middle East could be increased which could entail an alliance with Iraq that would promote anti-U.S. sentiment resulting in undermining U.S. efforts in the Middle East in general. The writer of this paper focuses on the behavior of the U.S. towards Iran on the matter of nuclear non-proliferation and explains in-depth how the U.S. is using a web of approaches to maintain its world wide hegemonic presence.
From the Paper
"The behavior of the United States towards Iran regarding the issue of nuclear non-proliferation could be viewed through a number of theories, but the most proficient analysis of this situation is achieved through regime theory. Foremost, we must understand the issues surrounding why the U.S. wants to halt Iran's desire for nuclear technology. Since Iran does not currently have nuclear capabilities, it would be nearly impossible for them to launch a trans-Atlantic attack for a period of 5-10 years. Although that possibility seems unlikely, the U.S. is promoting the prevention of such a future assault. Another possibility is that if Iran was able to hone nuclear technology, other Arab states such as Egypt and Syria would feel threatened by this considering the negative relations of Iran and Israel, and would not want to be caught in the middle."
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Nuclear Weapons, 2006.
A discussion, in the form of creative writing, about the use of nuclear weapons on Hiroshima and Nagasaki.
1,037 words (approx. 4.1 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 36.95
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Abstract
The paper intersperses facts about nuclear weapons with a narrative from the perspective of Bob and Loretta Lehman and Laura Fermi. The writer describes what it is like to be caught in a nuclear attack. The paper explains that before the nuclear weapons were used on Hiroshima and Nagasaki, there was very little testing done on the effects that a nuclear weapon would have. The writer describes the two different bombs used, one being a gun-type nuclear weapon and the other an implosion-type nuclear weapon. In conclusion, the writer expresses the feeling that it was not necessary to drop the bomb on Japan.
From the Paper
"I was sitting at home, when Charles, (her son) ,came running came into the room screaming, we blew up all of Japan - this is how Loretta Lehman learned of the United States newfound power, the nuclear weapon. At first I was scared, because bob was still in Germany, but I then went and talked to my neighbors and they said that Japan was going to surrender, and the u.s. would win, that is when all my worries went away.
"Loretta's husband, Bob, was stationed in France, but was back on the U.S. side when the bombs were dropped, he had this to say. Back then, I felt that dropping the bomb was a good idea, but as time has gone on, and I have thought about it more, I am realizing some fault that could have gone along with it. After the war in Europe had ended, we were shipped to the U.S. and were going to be re-stationed somewhere in the pacific, but then [the nuclear weapon] was dropped, and the war ended. I asked Bob why he felt the U.S. felt the bomb needed to be dropped. [My company] felt that by dropping the bomb, the war would end sooner, quicker, and with less loss of life."
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Chemical and Biological Weapons, 2001.
Discussion of chemical and biological weapons and Kurt Vonnegut's novel "Cat's Cradle".
2,400 words (approx. 9.6 pages), 15 sources, MLA, $ 73.95
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Abstract
This paper examines chemical and biological weapons, by defining them, defining their use in past wars and their use today. It illustrates the repetition of history in the correlation between historical use of mass destruction weapons and today. The paper uses Vonnegut's novel "Cat's Cradle" as an example to poses a scenario in which an ultimate chemical weapon (ice-nine) is used on soldiers. The paper shows that the greed in the novel results from the creation of chemical and biological weapons, which threaten to tear apart the world, which it eventually does, leaving a barren frosty wasteland.
From the Paper
"For the last century, the use of chemical and biological weapons has stood in the back of people?s minds as an impersonal and distant horror. This is especially true in the United States, which did not see the poisonous clouds over its battlefields or the sight of businessmen choking to death on its subways like Europe and Japan did. This has changed in recent times, with cases of anthrax continuing to arise from within the bounds of America. Though this danger of chemical and biological weapons is not anywhere near the proportions seen in the novel Cat?s Cradle, by Kurt Vonnegut, it has shown Americans that the threat and destructive power of chemical and biological weapons is valid. Now more than ever it seems that more measures need to be taken to stop the production and use of deadly chemical and biological weapons."
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Weapons of Mass Destruction in Iraq, 2006.
Argues that the US was right to invade Iraq in 2003 because Iraq possessed and intended to use weapons of mass destruction.
1,125 words (approx. 4.5 pages), 5 sources, $ 44.95
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Abstract
This political study argues that the American cause for the invasion of Iraq was valid due to the availability of weapons of mass destruction (WMD) in Iraq before 2003. American military forces invaded Iraq in 2003 due to the fact that Saddam Hussein had created, stored, and was going to attack his neighbors with various missiles and chemical based weapons. In this manner, the evidence supporting the fact that Syria had helped Saddam Hussein move the weapons before the American invasion of 2003 is presented in this study. Although the United Nations had previously thought that there was an absence for cause for the American invasion of 2003 of Iraq, the evidence is growing against these claims.
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Biological Weapons, 2003.
A review of the history and use of biological weapons.
1,722 words (approx. 6.9 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 55.95
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Abstract
This research paper, entitled "The History and Use of Biological Weapons," provides an overview and discussion of how biological weapons are used by terrorists and war-makers. The paper includes some examples of how they have been used in the past, how they could be used in future attacks and an assessment of the ramifications of their use. The paper explains the science of the biological weapons.
From the Paper
"Even though the use of biological weapons has been a fairly recent phenomenon, the direct use of biological warfare against enemy personnel is very old. Today, however, the use of biological weapons such as anthrax in our country?s mails has received enormous levels of attention because of its direct impact on the nation and on each of us as potential targets. That is what makes it such an effective terrorist tool, but overall, biological warfare is tricky stuff indeed -- just as likely to kill the bearer as the intended recipient."
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North Korea and Nuclear Proliferation, 2005.
This paper discusses the arguments for and against North Korean nuclear proliferation.
2,540 words (approx. 10.2 pages), 11 sources, MLA, $ 76.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that the possession of nuclear weapons by North Korea is a problem because of its deviant and erratic behavior, capricious communist leaders, impoverished citizens and the serious threat to its neighbors and the international population. The author points out that, from the North Korean viewpoint, it requires a nuclear weapons program for self-preservation especially against the inevitable attack from the United States; having a nuclear program is the only way it will be able to negotiate with the United States. The paper explains that the argument of the global community over the ever-changing standards used to decide if a country is suitable for nuclear weapons development is complicated by differing motives, such as power, influence, nationalistic pride and security nations; however, when these motives are pushed too far and manifest into irresponsible or unpredictable behavior, the international community is required to aggressively pursue disarmament, as is the case for North Korea.
From the Paper
"President Clinton, who served dual terms from 1993-2000, was a firm believer in the power of diplomacy to sway the Koreans and employed lots of negotiation devices throughout his term. Conversely, President Bush, who served from 2001 to the present, is commonly portrayed as taking a tougher stance on foreign relations and decided to decline all bilateral negotiations with North Korea. Agreeing to meet with North Korea one on one would be appeasement in his eyes and Bush argued that he would not seek to pacify the Koreans; rather the President wished for the nations of South Korea, Japan, and China to also engage with North Korea and take greater responsibility in the dispute, citing their regional responsibility. Lastly, in 2003 President Bush cancelled the Agreed Framework pact, created by the Clinton administration in 1994, and ended the regular fuel shipments to North Korea."
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"The Spread of Nuclear Weapons"--a Review, 2007.
This paper examines the viewpoints expressed in "The Spread of Nuclear Weapons" by Kenneth Waltz and Scott Sagan.
1,946 words (approx. 7.8 pages), 9 sources, MLA, $ 61.95
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Abstract
This paper reviews the book "The Spread of Nuclear Weapons" through comparing and contrasting the viewpoints of its authors, Kenneth Waltz and Scott Sagan. The claims of both Waltz and Sagan are examined as well as the larger arguments from realists and liberals regarding the spread of nuclear weapons. Waltz's realist arguments are contrasted with the more international liberalism of Sagan's protests against adding nuclear weapons in nations which have not traditionally had such programs. The current situation in North Korea is highlighted as an example for each perspective.
From the Paper
"Nuclear weapons have become the most powerful bargaining tool in the world today, evidenced by the situations in North Korea and Iran and the considerable international unrest they have caused. Nuclear powers fear the addition of new nuclear nations, and nations which do not possess such capabilities see them as potential bargaining chips and defense mechanisms against the more powerful nations. In their joint project The Spread of Nuclear Weapons, Kenneth Waltz and Scott Sagan each defend their view regarding the spread of nuclear weapons. Waltz's realist viewpoint sees the increase in the number of nuclear nations as a potentially stabilizing factor in international relations and strongly believes that more nuclear weapons can contribute to stability in highly volatile areas, similar to the detente achieved between India and Pakistan after each of those traditionally antagonistic nations established nuclear capability."
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