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Second-Wave Feminism, 2004.
Analyzes the theme of second-wave feminism in Marlo Thomas's book, "Free to Be You and Me".
1,254 words (approx. 5.0 pages), 2 sources, MLA, $ 42.95
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Abstract
This paper examines how Marlo Thomas?s children?s book, "Free To Be?You and Me", published in 1974, is a prime example of second-wave feminist activism. It looks at how, unlike first-wave feminism, typified by the suffrage movement and personified by women like Susan B. Anthony, second-wave feminism had two primary agendas, which can be seen in Thomas's novel. It attempts to show how second-wave feminism, with such slogans as ?the personal is the political,? and the ideology of consciousness raising, are implicitly, as well as explicitly, exemplified in "Free to Be You and Me".
From the Paper
"Millett's highly influential text led women to see patriarchy as ever-present and ever-expansive. Women's oppression was not only played out in the traditional political structures that first wave feminists had identified (legal, economic, educational), but it was also played out in women's minds and bodies. Hence, rejecting gender conditioning and fighting for reproductive choice became key second wave issues. The short skits and catchy songs of Thomas?s storybook were meant to stop gender conditioning at the core; the most influential period, childhood. Titles like "Housework," "Ladies First," and "Grandma," identify and attempt to dismantle many commonly held gender stereotypes of the 1970s, and contradict most other books and programming available for children at that time."
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Third Wave Feminism, 2005.
This paper describes Third Wave Feminism and the way Europe is meeting the needs of women at home and in the office.
2,095 words (approx. 8.4 pages), 10 sources, MLA, $ 65.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that Third Wave Feminism, led by the very women who left home for an office in politics seeking the promises of egalitarian family and workplace, has swept the integrated halls of Europe, where "family values" and "workplace equality" are simultaneously projected in government and real life. The author points out that, while the United States sags behind, European leaders proved true to a growing pressure in their workforce, by constructing beneficial social policies that relieve the pressure on working families. The paper relates that the European Union's challenging mandate for members to provide equally for mothers and fathers, men and women. The paper presents the situation in the U.K., France and Sweden, which is the most advanced in this area.
From the Paper
"However, the struggle between family and work remains important for both sexes. France and Britain are at opposite ends of the European sphere, old rivals again facing new arguments as they aim to decipher the call for equality heard internationally. In 2001, the Genisson Law provided for a new equality in the work-place that would insinuate a balance between work and family for the people of the nation. The law introduced an obligation to include occupational equality issues in bargaining at sector and company level, a novel move for the people of France. However, European critiques note the lack of agreements signed making use of the law, indicating the lagging interest in French companies for gender-related work and home-life equality."
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Interdependent Waves of Feminism, 2008.
An analysis of the wave theory in feminism.
1,361 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 2 sources, MLA, $ 45.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the wave theory in feminism. The paper points out that some scholars and activists argue that this metaphor aptly describes the historical progression of feminist theory, while others explain it as a historical progression through the use of waves. This paper argues that the wave theory, because it is essentially a generational paradigm, deceptively suggests that the challenges and struggles of an earlier generation do not apply to those that succeed it. The paper then analyzes a seminal issue, from each of the three waves, that continues to reverberate today: black women and poverty, negative feminist stereotypes, and the continued demotion of a black woman's status and word.
From the Paper
"Most historians delimit the years of the first wave as those between the 1848 Women's Rights Convention in Seneca Falls and the ratification of the nineteenth amendment in 1920. The women that formed this generation of feminists (even though they never used that rather modern word) were concerned, above all else, with de jure political inequalities like the withholding of suffrage. However, these same women were integrally involved in the anti-slavery movement, and much of their activism aimed to alleviate the situation of African-American women in the southern states. Slavery, of course, ended after the Union's victory in the civil war, but that sad chapter in American history still reverberates loudly today, and it would not be an exaggeration to write that the trauma of that experience trickled down through the generations and is directly responsible for the social and economic predicaments that so many African-Americans find themselves facing today."
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Liberal Feminism vs. Lesbian Feminism, 2002.
This essay focuses on two prime theoretical aspects of feminism, namely liberal feminism and lesbian feminism.
1,150 words (approx. 4.6 pages), 4 sources, $ 44.95
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Abstract
Both the theories acknowledge the fact that women have long been oppressed by predominant male attitudes and ideas, as well as an essentially patriarchal societal structure. The former theory is reformist in the sense that it seeks to work within the existing system, and wants to modify it in order to ensure women have equal opportunities as men, be they in education, career, or politics. The latter's focus is on giving women their unique sexual identity by challenging the imposition of heterosexuality and giving lesbianism its due recognition.
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Feminism, 2005.
A brief overview of the three waves of feminism in U.S. history.
735 words (approx. 2.9 pages), 4 sources, APA, $ 26.95
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Abstract
The first wave of feminism began in 1848. This paper looks at the subsequent two waves of feminism in American history, including the women most identified with the movement in each era. The paper focuses on the third wave and examines its similarity to postmodern feminism.
From the Paper
"Third wave feminism is often considered very similar to postmodern feminism but also very different. Postmodern feminists generally tend to believe that there are many different ways that women can be oppressed rather than one way, and that feminists need to think from a dualistic perspective when considering self identity (Frederick, 2004:18)."
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Feminism Defined, 2008.
The paper examines the articles, "Third wave Feminism: Antiracists, Transnationalists and Young Feminists Speak Out" by Angela Miles, Goli Rezai-Rashti and Lisa Byrn Rundle and the article "Women's Political Citizenship: Different and Equal" by Ruth Liste
1,397 words (approx. 5.6 pages), 2 sources, MLA, $ 46.95
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Abstract
The paper looks at two articles with the goal of finding a workable definition of feminism. The paper examines "Third wave Feminism: Antiracists, Transnationalists and Young Feminists Speak Out" by Miles, Rezai-Rashti and Rundle and "Women's Political Citizenship: Different and Equal" by Lister. The writer concludes with a definition of a feminist.
From the Paper
"At first sight, the two articles, "Third wave Feminism: Antiracists, Transnationalists, and Young Feminists Speak Out" by Miles, Rezai-Rashti, and Rundle, and Lister's article "Women's Political Citizenship: Different and Equal," seem to be very different. However, I found that in the course of reading the two articles I was able to make considerable progress towards answering a key question that is of acute importance to me, i.e. "What is feminism?" This might seem like a facile question, but in fact it is not. For it goes to the very heart of why one would choose to be a feminist at all. Unless the term "feminist" has some real meaning in today's world, there would be no point in being a feminist. I am frequently confronted with this question, when friends ask me why I am a feminist."
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Feminism In 19th Century Britain And America, 2002.
Compares and contrasts the first and second waves of feminism in Britain and America.
1,900 words (approx. 7.6 pages), 7 sources, $ 71.95
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Abstract
The paper is an attempt at defining the difference and comparing the first and second wave of feminism as experienced in America and Britain.
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Feminism in Native America, 2007.
An analysis of feminism in Native America and its impact on native communities.
1,172 words (approx. 4.7 pages), 4 sources, APA, $ 40.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses feminism in Native America. It begins by describing various forms of feminism and discussing three waves of feminism. It then links feminism in Native America to the third wave, which includes ecofeminism, postcolonial feminism, generational, youth feminism and embodiment, nature, culture and dualism. The paper goes on to discuss the implications of this form of feminism on the native communities.
From the Paper
"Regardless of its origins in Native communities, sexism operates with full force today and requires strategies that directly address it. Smith believes that before Native peoples fight for the future of their nations, they must decide who is included in the nation. Gender justice is often articulated as being a separate issue from issues of survival for indigenous peoples, and such an understanding presupposes that "we could actually decolonize without addressing sexism, which ignores the fact that it has been precisely through gender violence that we have lost our lands in the first place," argues Smith."
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Morality, Justice, Feminism, 2005.
A look at how morality and justice relate to the concept and practice of feminism in the United States in 2005.
2,295 words (approx. 9.2 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 70.95
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Abstract
This paper begins with an explanation of the difference in the definitions of justice and morality and then explains why the concept of justice and morality both have a bearing on the concept and practice of feminism today. The paper concludes that the idea feminism promotes equality from a scientific perspective, because it seeks to create balance where there was none, as well as from a philosophical perspective, because it is predicated on cooperation, not competition.
Feminism, Morality, Justice
The Second Sex
The Philosophical and Practical Failures of "Third Wave" Feminism
Conclusion
From the Paper
"The role of morality in feminism, then, may be more universal than first thought. Morality can be traced to the branching of hominids into people and 'other' and the moral imperative for an animal as smart as a human not to foul its own nest nor do harm to its own kind. An animal that smart can take care to keep his 'nest' clean for altruistic purposes, or, if he is as smart as all that, surely he can see that it is simply impractical in the long run to foul his own nest or harm members of his own species. Among the activities that would certainly foul the smart, strong animal's nest would be cruelty to the other smart animal he needs to give him comfort, and, quite frankly, to ensure generational succession."
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Transnational Feminism, 2006.
A discussion of transnational feminism - feminism in the era of globalization.
1,436 words (approx. 5.7 pages), 6 sources, APA, $ 47.95
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Abstract
The paper uses the quote: "Culture...consists in the way analogies are drawn between things, in the way certain thoughts are used to think others" as a focal point to make a connection between Shohat's argument that globalization just be seen as part of the much longer history of colonialism, and the sexualization of female bodies in popular culture. The paper analyzes gendered politics of power that position women differently than men, comparing to narratives of progress, development, the modern, social evolution and their opposing narratives (i.e. primitive, underdeveloped, backward uncivilized, caught in a timeless past). The paper concludes that in order for feminism to become transnational the elite women in the richer countries must be able to consider and conceive the plight of the rural women in a third world country and what their specific needs might be, even though those may be very different from their own.
Table of Contents:
Objective
Introduction
The Feminist Agenda: Transnational Feminism
Women's Organizations: Whose Agenda Calls the Tune?
Transnational Feminism: Different Cultures and Different Definitions
Colonialism and Globalization: Same or Different Agenda?
Globalization's Agenda
Women in the New Millennium
Summary & Conclusion
From the Paper
"In a work in writing that addresses the agenda of the transnational feminist against war the author Bachetta et al (2001) states that the first thing that must be done in reaching the goals set forth that first the thorough analysis of the "gendered and racialized effects of nationalism" must be addressed. Brenner writes that "Capitalist Globalization has had a profound yet contradictory impact on women's lives and on the possibilities for contesting male domination in both the core and periphery of the world capitalist system." And she states that "women's life conditions are in many respects growing worse.""
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Black Feminism, 2006.
This paper discusses how Black feminists place more emphasis on race than gender.
2,345 words (approx. 9.4 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 72.95
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Abstract
The paper looks at three modern Black feminists and shows how modern Black feminism is plagued by exclusionary principles. The paper examines Kimberly Springer's critique of the wave theory of feminism and how Sheila Radford-Hill responds to Springer by reinforcing the idea that there is one Black feminism to fit all modern Black women. The paper explores how Jennifer Hamer and Helen Neville take a more dogmatic approach to Black feminism than either Springer or Radford-Hill. The paper concludes that a way to increase the participation of young Black women in the modern feminist movement is to return to classical feminism, but together with an education about the pivotal role that Black women have always played in the feminist movement.
From the Paper
"One of the most striking features about modern Black feminist writing is that, despite frank discussions of the limitations of classical feminism in the lives of Black women, Black feminists seem reluctant to discuss the limitations of Black feminism in its application to the real lives of most Black women. Because Black feminism continues to make assumptions about women, which may not accurately reflect the goals and aspirations of Black women, especially poor Black women, Black feminism, like classical feminism, continues to be a theory by and for the middle class. As such, Black feminism does little to redress the very social inequities that it perceives as both result and cause of institutionalized and de facto racism and sexism in America. In fact, Black feminists, like Black activists of prior generations, still place more emphasis on race than gender, which marginalizes women of all ages."
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Globalization Impact on Feminism, 2008.
This paper discusses the implications of the current paradigm shift that feminism is undergoing in response to the processes of globalization.
1,223 words (approx. 4.9 pages), 8 sources, APA, $ 41.95
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Abstract
This essay examines the implications of globalization for feminism, including the "paradigm shift" that some scholars perceive feminism is undergoing in response to globalization. It also considers the kinds of issues to which feminist analysis is being challenged to pay attention. The writer notes that globalization has imposed new pressures on feminism, and feminism has responded by generating new types of feminism and new paradigms. The writer concludes with the hope that it is possible to construct a transnational feminism that is at the same time not hegemonic, one that respectfully incorporates and listens to the various discourses, yet somehow manages to build enough common ground to enable global feminists to work cohesively together.
From the Paper
"In like vein, Seyla Benhabib proposes building solidaristic communities in which we can acknowledge each other's diverse and multiple identities, while at the same time we can listen respectfully to each other, acknowledging the many strands that comprise our identities. In this way, there is hope of building up a respectful form of global feminist solidarity that can work to counter the most destructive forces of globalization. For example, there could be a site for a global community of feminists that oppose the depredations of the planet currently being unleashed by transnational corporations.
"Clearly, this new way of looking at feminism may be seen as a substantial paradigm shift."
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Feminism in 21st Century Europe, 2008.
This paper discusses the relevance and purpose of feminism in modern Europe .
2,200 words (approx. 8.8 pages), 5 sources, APA, $ 68.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer discusses that feminism today tends to be focused on intellectualizing the position of women in society. The writer points out that while still working in a concrete fashion in order to secure gender equality, feminism has also penetrated areas of intellectual endeavor such as theory of literature and philosophy. The writer discusses that despite the very prominent position of feminism in a wide variety of intellectual and social areas, some hold that the paradigm is no longer relevant, particularly in advanced locations such as the United States, and particularly in Europe. On the other hand, it is the position of some theorists that feminism today is more relevant than ever, exactly because of appearances to the contrary. The writer maintains that despite the voices of dissent, it is clear that feminism still has a variety of roles to play in the EU today. Feminism is also relevant in terms of the international effort towards equal and human rights for all. As such, the writer notes that EU countries can concentrate their collective efforts towards the developing world in ensuring the empowerment of women. The writer concludes that feminism in any environment, including the EU, will not be obsolete for centuries to come.
From the Paper
"One of the reasons for the apparent irrelevance of feminism in modern Europe is the fact that equal rights have become a reality in almost every area of Western social life. Women are recognized as capable of filling any position they choose, and are provided by law with the right to receive equal pay for such work. In society, the modern Western woman is no longer expected to revolve her purpose in life around marriage, children, and homemaking, while on the other hand nothing prevents her from choosing to do so. Because all these rights have been secured for women, some theorists believe that feminism is no longer necessary, and indeed, no longer has a purpose in modern Europe.
"In Ireland, this nearly halted the feminist movement shortly after its inception, when the right to vote was successfully attained. According to Tomas A. O'Riordan, the right to vote was at the center of first-stage feminism to such an extent that it had become the movement's reason for existence."
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Feminism, 2005.
This paper discusses the political elements of the theory of feminism, which is also viewed as a social theory.
2,210 words (approx. 8.8 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 68.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that feminism is a much lesser studied theory than liberalism or realism in the field of international relations; nonetheless, it deserves attention because women have had an impact on the foundation of international relations. The author points out that feminism, along with other gender theories, are based on three assumptions: 1) Women should be fully incorporated into the field of international relations to ensure an equal voice for everyone, 2) there should be a distinct and noticeable re-focusing of international relations and 3) it assumes that post-positivist methodology should be used in order to deconstruct gender issues at the international level. This paper explains that radical feminism is opposed to integrating existing feminism into any frameworks because it is trying to create a distinctly feminine analysis, which isn't subservient to a male agenda the way other theories have been in the past: They criticize both liberal and critical theories of feminism.
From the Paper
"The next category of feminism that we are going to take a look at is Marxist or critical feminist theory. This theory largely suggests that the problem in the world is capitalism, which has resulted in making women work as a labor of love, for no economic reward, in a sense rendering them invisible. This theory searches for the answer to why women and men have appeared in international relations, instead of a focus on how, like so many other subcategories of feminism. To look at it from a different perspective, critical theory asks us questions like: "What ideas about the appropriate relationship between women and men, feminine and masculine, inform the practices of particular actors and institutions? And what material conditions and social forces contribute to the reproduction of those practices? Finally, are attempts to alter those understandings and practices facilitated or hindered by prevailing material conditions?""
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