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Waste Management of Maltese Pharmaceutical Manufacturing, 2007.
An analysis of the history of waste management in Malta and a recommendation for the future.
2,828 words (approx. 11.3 pages), 7 sources, MLA, $ 84.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the waste management of Maltese Pharmaceutical Manufacturing. The paper discusses the history of poor waste management in the area. The paper suggests that there is a gap between the ideals of the government and its investors, particularly in the pharmaceutical manufacturing industry and the actual and current want of strict protocols, official guidelines and better methods of handling dangerous or hazardous waste that comes out of pharmaceutical manufacturing plants. It also suggests the need for further studies into the problem.
Table of Contents:
Discussion
Limitations And Recommendations
From the Paper
"These guidelines and SOPs are limited to pharmaceutical manufacturing companies now operating in Malta at this present time and cover only the management of their hazardous waste products in each stage indicated by the guidelines and SOPs. They are also to be applied in accordance with current legislations in force in the island and from an agreement with the EU.
This study recommended that these guidelines and SOPs on pick up, packaging and loading and export be tested on other and next-largest pharmaceutical manufacturing companies in Malta for a reasonable period and the findings compared with those of Actavis, Ltd. The difficulties encountered in the case of Actavis, Ltd. should be noted and used as guide in the study of other similar firms in the island."
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Sustainability, Waste Management and Incineration, 2008.
This paper discusses the issue of waste management and waste incineration as a way to manage waste.
2,573 words (approx. 10.3 pages), 10 sources, MLA, $ 77.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer points out that waste is a non-avoidable result of high-technology industrialized economies, as more things are produced and more waste is generated. Environmental, economic and social factors involved are examined and waste incineration is compared and contrasted with land filling and the 3Rs: reduce, reuse and recycle. The writer discusses that the growing concern for the environment, a constant increase in the amounts of waste produced, economic, land and social costs involved in developing new landfill sites and public opinion have brought about the need to approach waste management in a new way. The writer maintains that the use of waste incinerators does provide certain advantages to landfill, particularly in terms of waste reductions as well as through waste-to-energy schemes. The writer concludes that the 3Rs method of waste management has the greatest potential for growth and improvement and is a sustainable way of approaching waste management.
From the Paper
"A waste incinerator involves burning waste at high temperatures inside a specially engineered and purpose-built incinerator facility. Some of the positive impacts include the reduction of the volume of waste, less fossil fuel use and less land required for disposal of leftover solid residue as well as the potential of energy-from-waste incinerators. For example, by incinerating waste, its weight and volume are greatly reduced, often by as much as 90% . Pitchtel also stated that a third, albeit unintended benefit of incineration is detoxification - the destruction of microbial and other pathogenic organisms - of the waste . Waste-to-energy incinerators boil water to make steam for heating spaces or for production of electricity."
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Lean Manufacturing, 2004.
This paper discusses the concept called lean manufacturing, a manufacturing process that uses less of every resource, including material, time, and energy.
1,345 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 10 sources, APA, $ 45.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that lean manufacturing is a paradigm shift requiring that the organization be structured around the customer pull-value. The author points out that, since the early 1980s, manufacturers have moved away from the conventional Fordist push system of mass assembly line production toward a system of lean production. The paper relates that lean manufacturing is a more capable system of production than Fordism because lean manufacturing stresses quality and a quick reaction to market circumstances, using technologically advanced tools and an adaptable organization of the production process.
From the Paper
"Implementation of lean manufacturing consumes lots of time and it makes use of the concepts of effective plant layout, workplace organization, standardized work, customer demand-based manufacturing, quick changeover, one-piece flow, cellular manufacturing, batch reduction, teams, visual controls, quality at the source, point-of-use storage. Lean manufacturing also employs the contemporary essentials and technologies of scrap cutback, process enhancement in machining and tool selection over and above material selection, setting time reduction, Just-In-Time, Kaizan, top-notch manufacturing, synchronous manufacturing, and inventory management."
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Lean-Manufacturing in the Automobile Industry, 2002.
An in-depth study examining the transition in automobile manufacturing from a mass production approach to a lean manufacturing approach, due to the effects of globalization.
9,480 words (approx. 37.9 pages), 34 sources, APA, $ 194.95
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Abstract
The context of the problem investigated in this study is the contemporary automobile manufacturing approach where the competitive environment is increasingly global in character. Each automobile manufacturing operation in a single country is, in effect, in direct competition with counterpart operations in every other country wherever automobile manufacturing occurs. The problem is examined in the context of an automobile assembly plant of the TBC Company. The on-rush of economic globalization persuaded all American automobile manufacturers that a completely new approach to manufacturing was required in place of the hodge-podge of mass production and Japanese khan bhan techniques that had developed. The result of this conclusion was the development of lean manufacturing. The problem investigated in this study involves the transition in manufacturing from a mass production approach to a lean manufacturing approach. The main characteristics of the problem addressed are (1) materials management, (2) engineering changes, (3) machine, equipment and facility readiness, (4) labor flexibility, (5) outsourcing, and (6) cycle-time management.
Table of Contents:
Problem Context and Characteristics
Literature Review, Best Practices and Focal Organization Characteristics
Research Design
Gap Analysis
Conclusions and Recommendations
From the Paper
"The greater choice of suppliers in international markets makes it possible to reduce costs and improve the quality of procured materials. In relation to production, the generation of economies of scale can be realized either through (1) the concentration of all production activities or through (2) the construction of a number of plants according to the needs of specialization. Production in decentralized plants can facilitate the attainment of several objectives, including (1) lower costs, (2) learning curve economies, (3) the establishment of a company in foreign markets, (4) the introduction of new products, and (5) technical leadership (Gulati, 1995)."
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Lean Manufacturing, 2004.
An analysis of the implementation of lean manufacturing as a cost-effective and time-efficient method of manufacturing.
3,870 words (approx. 15.5 pages), 9 sources, MLA, $ 105.95
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Abstract
This paper investigates the implementation of lean manufacturing in a custom transducer manufacturing company. The paper explains that lean production emphasizes waste elimination. Lean manufacturing requires a disciplined form of production. Every component of the manufacturing process is analyzed repeatedly for flaws and defects.The paper claims that lean manufacturing is a difficult change to implement in an organization, and it takes great discipline from the management to the rank-and-file worker to obtain the positive results of this methodology.
From the Paper
"The age of customization in manufacturing has given way to mass production. While there were many benefits to mass production, there were some aspects of mass production that were less than desirable. One of the primary negative aspects of mass production was the inventory. Organizations had to maintain inventories in order to ensure continuous production. Inventory includes: raw materials, component parts, subassemblies, and finished goods, and the various products and supplies required in the production and distribution process. Inventory can be a liability as well as an asset: excessive, finished (goods) inventory requires large warehouses; many times, this is the first indication of bad decisions in the production and process stages."
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Waste Disposal in the U.S., 1993.
Examines public policy, laws, recycling, municipal solid waste, hazardous materials, landfills, waste-to-energy plans, industrial pollution, radioactive waste and sewage treatment.
4,500 words (approx. 18.0 pages), 18 sources, $ 135.95
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From the Paper
"The more developed a country is, the more waste it produces. Waste, therefore, is an excellent standard-of-living indicator. The abundance of waste, however, is also a significant source of pollution, and this has become a major concern of governments all over the world.
The Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) drew up the following categories for waste classification: municipal (mainly household) waste; industrial waste; residue from the production of energy; hospital and agricultural waste, mining spoil and demolition debris; dredge spoil, and sewage sludge--nuclear wastes were regarded separately (3:28). In the industrialized member countries of OECD, where 90 to 100 percent of garbage collection is carried out by municipal authority, people do not seem to worry about what happens to their household ..."
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Manufacturing Sectors in Jamaica, Trinidad and Tobago, 2002.
An in-depth study which compares the manufacturing sector of Jamaica with the manufacturing sector in Trinidad and Tobago and why one is more successful than the other.
12,014 words (approx. 48.1 pages), 43 sources, MLA, $ 232.95
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Abstract
This paper compares, through the application of appropriate economic models, the development of the manufacturing sub-sector in Jamaica with the manufacturing sub-sector in Trinidad in order to identify those factors that have led to higher levels of growth in Trinidadian manufacturing than those prevailing in Jamaican manufacturing. The paper asks if the differences between Jamaica and Trinidad in the effectiveness of the transmission of export gains, have contributed to differences in the growth of the manufacturing sub-sector in the two countries. It also questions whether the differences between Jamaica and Trinidad, in relation to the development of internal obstacles emanating from governmental economic policy, have led to differences in the levels of foreign direct investment (FDI) in the two countries.
From the Paper
"Throughout the decade of the 1980s, Jamaica experienced economic growth. The nation?s mean growth rate for the decade was 2.2 percent, and the Jamaican economy recorded its highest growth rate, 4.1 percent, in 1990. Subsequently to 1990, Jamaican economy performed somewhat erratically through 1994 while maintaining growth. The economy was flat in 1995 and fell into recession in 1996, where it has since remained (World Bank, 1999). Gross domestic product (GDP) in Jamaica declined 0.7 percent in 1998 (Thomas, 1999). By the spring of 1999, Jamaica?s economy was described as being in a state of "shambles" after recording its third consecutive year of recession in 1998 (Gibbings, 1999, p. 1).
The Trinidadian economy, by contrast with that in Jamaica, was in recession throughout the 1980s, experiencing mean negative growth of 2.9 percent across the decade. Trinidad experienced two years of economic growth in 1990 and 1991 before falling back into recession in both 1992 and 1993. From 1994 through 1998, however, Trinidad recorded strong economic growth, although the rate of growth steadily declined from 3.8 percent in 1994 to 3.1 percent in 1998 (World Bank, 1999). By the spring of 1999, however, Trinidad?s economy was described as being in "rapid decline" (Gibbings, 1999, p. 1). GDP growth in the first quarter of 1999 slipped to two-percent (International Monetary Fund, 1999)."
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Hazardous Waste, 2005.
A discussion on hazardous waste and its management.
1,125 words (approx. 4.5 pages), 3 sources, $ 44.95
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Abstract
The paper examines how hazardous waste is an acute problem throughout the world. The writer proposes that there is no single solution to this problem and that it is unlikely that our modern, industrialized society will become waste-free. This paper defines waste and hazardous waste. It looks at how hazardous waste is produced and how it can impact the environment as well as human health. The paper includes strategies for minimizing both the volume and impact of waste. The paper concludes that an approach that combines source reduction, reuse, recycling and burying in sanitary landfills is needed in order to properly manage both hazardous and non-hazardous waste.
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T.S. Eliot's "The Waste Land", 2006.
Examines the opposing concepts of the meaning of 'waste' conveyed in T.S. Eliot's poem, "The Waste Land".
2,250 words (approx. 9.0 pages), 1 source, $ 89.95
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Abstract
'Waste' can mean both a dry, infertile, inhospitable place, or the failure to make productive use of one's resources. This paper examines how T.S. Eliot's poem, "The Waste Land", embodies both of each seemingly diametrically opposed concepts to describe the social, cultural and spiritual dislocation in Europe following the First World War. Although modern life and culture may be seen to suffer from exile in a land of waste, such eras may be cyclical, and his brilliant use of fragmentary allusions suggests that the best of the past may foreshadow a brighter future.
From the Paper
"By setting 'Waste' off as a separate word from 'Land', Eliot suggests to the reader that the various meanings of the term are key to an understanding of his message. Rather than referring to a wasteland (in the conventional sense of "desert"), the poem instead centers on the concept of a land both of desolation and of conspicuous, indiscriminate consumption, a land whose resources are not utilized but rather discarded on a purulent cultural garbage dump. The rich allusions within the poem both contrast and relate these seemingly opposed concepts. The first segment, 'Burial of the Dead', introduces the theme of the turning of the seasons, and more importantly, the theme of cyclical regeneration. In nature, waste is irrelevant. Although death occurs in all forms of life, the bodies of the dead furnish the hope of renewal to other living creatures. "
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Integrated Waste Management, 2007.
A review of the 3 R's (reduction of waste at its source, re-usability and recycling) of waste disposal for Canada.
1,406 words (approx. 5.6 pages), 7 sources, MLA, $ 46.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses some of the problems and solutions to Canada's garbage and full landfill issues. It looks at the 3 R's of necessary alternatives - reduction of waste at its source, re-usability and recycling. The paper discusses the advantages and disadvantages of this method of garbage disposal and makes recommendations for integrated waste management in Canada.
From the Paper
"3 R's of necessary alternatives are meant "to divert as much waste as possible from disposal" (Mitchell 377) to reduction of waste at its source, reusability, and recycling. Source reduction refers to eliminating as much waste material as possible at its origin to halt "the flow of garbage into the landfill" (The 4 R's). For the consumer it means "reducing the amount of toxicity" (Mitchell 378) in products brought home (water based instead of oil based paints), and the durability of products that will not need to be thrown out despite their inconvenience (cloth instead of disposable diapers). In industry this could include "more efficient manufacturing techniques that produce less scrap or generate fewer toxic wastes per unit of output" (Mitchell 378). In both areas, especially retail, "packaging makes up about half our garbage by volume, one-third by weight" (The 4 R's). Reusability is simply living the way our great-grandparents did down on the farm: repair, don't replace the chair, the new-fangled radio, wash out jars to store things, and if you have to buy, purchase that which lasts. Quality pays for itself. Recycling is the final option, and ideally the least desirable because it means the first two have not achieved their objectives; however, modern life being what it is, what cannot be reused should be broken down by cardboard, paper, bottles, etc. at home. In industry recycling and reusability are often reversed in their order of precedence as they are in some telephone companies who melt down quantities of scrapped copper filaments and remold them into copper wire. This might be an example of the fourth R, recovering (potential) energy from waste, a practice which was employed during wartime especially in England where railings, gates, every scrap of metal was taken by the War Office and melted down for armaments.
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Waste Management, 2005.
Examines waste management in the U.S. as a result of the Resource and Recovery Act.
2,466 words (approx. 9.9 pages), 8 sources, MLA, $ 75.95
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Abstract
Waste management and the landfill industry in general have emerged in the past few decades as an area of concern for citizens, government officials and policy makers alike. The Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) was designed to govern the handling and disposal of "hazardous wastes" at sites that were then currently active. The RCRA affects sites where such wastes were treated, stored or disposed of since November 19, 1980. Thus, any person that generates "hazardous waste" is governed, as are persons that treat, store or dispose of hazardous wastes. This paper discusses the changes in the waste management and landfill industry as a result of the RCRA, the reconfiguration of the solid waste industry after the EPA banned local small dumps, and includes policy analysis and recommendations for the future in this area.
From the Paper
"The RCRA requires landfill owners to prove that they can afford to maintain their landfills after closure and to correct environmental problems the landfills cause. Trust funds are the most promising of the mechanisms owners may use to provide financial assurance (Lee, at 35-39). After the EPA banned small dumps, a large landfill industry arose, causing a reconfiguration of the solid waste industry. Public and private landfill owners face additional compliance deadlines under the municipal solid waste (MSW) landfill regulations issued by the EPA."
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Reducing Household Waste in the Community, 2002.
This paper analyzes the problem of community management of household waste.
3,650 words (approx. 14.6 pages), 11 sources, $ 133.95
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Abstract
The paper presents a theoretical background, showing how environmental awareness, including reducing the amount of waste entering landfills and incinerators and recycling to protect the environment, is now a key concern of city planners. The author gives three examples of recycling efforts: Ireland, which has little waste problems but has started a recycling program early; Denmark, which has enormous waste problems and has implemented a waste tax with mixed results and Oregon, which has successfully used a complex but effective recycling program. The author concludes that a waste tax may benefit some communities, but the most important factors in any recycling program are: starting before waste problems become too serious, anticipating future need and educating the public of the importance and benefits of recycling.
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Just-in-Time (JIT) Manufacturing, 2004.
Examines how the Japanese JIT process is applied to the automobile industry.
1,828 words (approx. 7.3 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 58.95
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Abstract
In our newly competitive global economy, manufacturers of all kinds have been forced to search for new opportunities that strategically reduce costs, yet still increase potential manufacturing revenues. The manufacturing of automobiles is just one such example of an industry adopting a new manufacturing process or philosophy in order to adjust to the global business environment, which has been fueled by the likes of foreign cheap labor, as well as all new emerging markets. The paper shows that, in the 1990s, reducing the labor force was the main corporate option, as layoffs, downsizing, and corporate re-structuring symbolized the approaches of companies attempting to produce quality outputs and cutting costs. Today, the manufacturing processes are working at bare-bones efficiency, so an all-new approach was required to meet the even higher quality demands of the consumers. Considering the likes of automobile manufacturers such as Ford Motor Company and General Motors, this paper shows that the automobile manufacturing industry began following the philosophies that were introduced by Toyota: Just-In-Time manufacturing. The philosophy of Just-In-Time inventory control was supposed to deliver new and far superior quality control methodologies, while at the same time creating much more efficient manufacturing processes. However, the Just-In-Time system or process approach has recently been referred to by many top executives as a management philosophy of doing business as opposed to being a technique for improving efficiency. This report, therefore, presents some insights into Just-In-Time manufacturing and also provides insight into some of the inherent difficulties associated with the Just-In-Time manufacturing process.
From the Paper
"The driving force of the Just-In-Time philosophy is the reduction of product defects. Manufacturers are well aware that with the internet and global television news, a single defect that is highly publicized could in affect destroy a producer's reputation. Thus, products today have the inherent need of being a completely defect-free which therefore entails that the manufacturing process of all components and parts must also be defect free."
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Just-In-Time Manufacturing, 2002.
A study of the method of Just-in-Time manufacturing for business organizations.
1,020 words (approx. 4.1 pages), 10 sources, MLA, $ 36.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the use of the Just-in-time manufacturing method. It describes the key strategy behind just-in-time manufacturing: less inventory means more cash, which is good for most businesses, and demonstrates the application of this principal. The author writes that with Just-in-time manufacturing, stock is wasteful and eliminated, but there are also negative effects on the environment involved in this alternative process.
From the Paper
"Just-in-time manufacturing is a method of manufacturing goods that was developed by Toyota in the 1980?s. Since that time, many companies around the world have begun to successfully implement just-in-time processes, including several companies in the United States. (Maskell, 1989)
"Just-in-time manufacturing is a method of manufacturing in which non-value-adding activities (or are identified and removed for the purposes of reducing costs, improving quality, improving performance, improving delivery, adding flexibility and increasing innovativeness."
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Nuclear Waste Disposal, 2005.
This paper discusses why the disposal of nuclear waste is a contentious issue that is often the subject of heated debate.
3,421 words (approx. 13.7 pages), 15 sources, MLA, $ 96.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the problem of nuclear wastes and how it presents a particular dilemma on various fronts including health and security issues. Nuclear energy and technology has become an endemic part of modern society. The paper points out that concomitant with the significant advances in the production of nuclear energy as well as its application to the areas of medicine and defense has been the escalation of the problems of nuclear waste disposal.
Includes several graphs and tables and diagrams.
1. Introduction
2. Classification of Types of Nuclear Waste
3. Sources of Nuclear Waste
3.2. Storage of Low Level Waste
3.3 Long-Term Storage of High Level Waste
3.4. The Storage of Plutonium
3.5. Transmutation
4. Conclusion
From the Paper
"This debate emphasizes the dilemma and the importance of finding a permanent and less environmentally hazardous solution to the problems of nuclear waster. All of the methods discussed above provide some solutions to the problems - but they do not as yet present a permanent and fully acceptable means of waste disposal and many of the methods have significant drawbacks and are often manpower intensive and open to the vicissitudes of human error. The answer to what to do with nuclear waste has not yet been adequately answered."
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