| Papers [1-15] of 100 :: [Page 1 of 7] | | Go to page : 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 —> | Search results on "WAGE DISPARITIES CANADA": |
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Wage Disparities in Canada, 2006.
An overview of the problem of wage disparity in Canada, the depth of the problem and the consequences of not dealing with it.
1,350 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 2 sources, $ 53.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the problem of wage disparity across Canada, which has long been a concern not only of the general population but also of the various federal government administrations throughout the years, as well as the provincial governments. The paper explains that a genuine concern of government bodies and researchers alike is that of ensuring not necessarily wage parity across professions, but of ensuring livable wages across all demographics. The paper maintains that discussing and properly framing the wage disparity issues for Canadians is important because the consequences of not addressing this issue are enormous and, ultimately, far more costly to ignore than to repair.
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Regional Economic Disparities In Canada, 2002.
Examines the regional disparities in Canada using data from 1966-1996 and argues that the disparity is growing.
900 words (approx. 3.6 pages), 5 sources, $ 35.95
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Abstract
Over the past thirty years, rather than improving, it is clear to see that the regional disparities, economic and otherwise, have been getting worse. Looking to census data over the circa 1966-96 period, we can see that Eastern Canada, in particular, has fared very poorly. This paper will bring this evidence to light, and argue that, not only have regional inequalities been exacerbated in the past 30 years, but that they will continue to get worse as globalization intensifies.
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Income Disparity and Age, 2005.
A comparison of income disparity and pension plans for the elderly in the US and Canada.
2,475 words (approx. 9.9 pages), 10 sources, $ 97.95
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Abstract
This paper compares statistics from the United States and Canada in terms of income disparity and age, showing how the elderly earn less and may be retired so that they are dependent on pensions and government payments to live,. The paper analyzes how the retirement system in Canada is better shaped to maintain a level for the elderly than is the Social Security system in the United States.
From the Paper
"Income inequality has been examined from a number of perspectives, noting the wide disparity between the income of the richest and the poorest, between people in different jobs, between genders, between different racial groups, and on the basis of age. Many such inequalities are evidence of unfair distribution, while that for age suggests certain characteristics of working life as the cause. An examination of the age disparities in the United States and Canada show why this is so and also suggest some differences between the two countries. Income disparities exist within age groups and have more to do with unfair distribution caused by such other factors as race and gender, along with expected differences on the basis of education."
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Income Disparity Measurement, 2005.
This paper discusses the problems of measuring income disparity especially in the developing world.
5,390 words (approx. 21.6 pages), 23 sources, APA, $ 132.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that sociologists and politicians have become extremely worried about the growth in international and national income disparity especially in developing countries, which is considered to be the cause of political strife. The author stresses that calculating the level of income disparity in developed or under-developed societies is not easy; two different studies of one particular country, at the exact same time, can come to two different conclusions. The paper proposes a comparative analysis of the various structures and theories of income disparity measurements being utilized by the third world countries, which are comprehensive enough to accurately evaluate income disparities with all independent variable, such as color, gender, rural/urban, economical system and occupation. Tables and graphs.
Table of Contents
Introduction
Research Questions
General Questions
Specific Questions
Background of the Study
The Histories Context of Income Disparity:
Literature Review
A Brief Overview of the Income Disparity Measurement Methods Being Used
Critical Analysis of these Measurement Methods
Problems with the Use of these Methods within Countries
Ideas about the Gaps that Exist
What is Wrong with the Present Methods being Used?
Theoretical Framework
Summary of the Theoretical Framework
Hypothesis
General Questions
Specific Questions
Research Design
Operationalization Variables
Data Collected
Analysis Plan
Causal Diagram (Ordinary Least Squares Regression)
Conclusion
Table: World Population and Total poverty
Table: Education Spending in relation to the Total GDP and Total Expenditure of the Governments
Table: The Percentage of Income Sharing between the Richest and the Poorest
Table: Gender Related Income Distribution
Table: Occupation and Unemployment Rates
From the Paper
"A substitute structure of measurement frequently employed by the third world has been the use of per capita GNP facts and figures (GNP/c), however, the consideration of purchasing power parity (PPP) has been made and changes have been made accordingly. The changes made in this system compare the local prices of products, merchandise and services of that particular country with the international prices of the same commodities. By utilizing the identical comparative prices for each and every product and services, the researchers evaluated the income measurements that had been changed for purchasing power parity (PPP). The results of the measurements model that considers the purchasing power parity (PPP) and changes the GNP/c accordingly is different from the model that disregards the changes."
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Racial Disparity in Sentencing, 2006.
An analysis of the reasons for the racial disparity that is evident in the sentencing system in the United States.
1,792 words (approx. 7.2 pages), 7 sources, MLA, $ 57.95
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Abstract
This paper relates that there is evidence indicating a disparity between the sentencing of white and black individuals in the United States. The paper discusses the many reasons that exist for such a disparity, such as law enforcement strategies that target low income areas. It also discusses other reasons, including the ability to hire a private attorney versus having to depend on a public defender. The paper concludes with some suggestions for reducing racial disparity.
Table of Contents:
Abstract
Introduction
Reasons for Racial Disparity
Extra Legal and Non-Legal Factors in Sentencing Consideration
Suggestions for Reducing Disparity
Conclusion
From the Paper
"A large racial discrepancy exists in the court system when sentences are handed down to individuals. There is sufficient evidence to support that a black individual is more likely to receive a harsher sentence than a white individual who committed what would appear to be the same crime. Many theories exist for the explanations of the racial disparity such as law enforcement strategies, disproportionate number of minorities involved in crime, the implementation of mandatory sentencing guidelines, and even how plea bargains are handled. As well as there are theories for the reasons why racial disparities in sentencing existing, so are suggestions as to how to attempt to remedy it such as restricting judicial discretion, and maintaining sentencing within certain guidelines."
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Discrimination versus Disparity, 2006.
An analysis of examples of the differences between discrimination and disparity within the criminal justice system.
844 words (approx. 3.4 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 30.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the differences between disparities and discrimination within the court systems and criminal justice system as a whole. The paper defines the differences between discrimination and disparity and gives examples of how they have been used in the past in the United States. It particularly focuses on areas of race, women and juvenile justice.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Discrimination v. Disparity: Definitions
Examples of Discrimination and Disparity
Conclusion
From the Paper
"The juvenile justice area of criminal justice is another area where disparities are seen. In an adult court, preferential treatment may be given to those who have jobs in terms of how they are sentenced. (Rivera, 2006). However, the goal of sentencing in juvenile justice is geared more toward rehabilitation rather than retribution. Therefore, the opposite case may be seen here in terms of how a juvenile maybe sentenced. By this what I mean is, let's say that two juveniles have committed the exact same crime except one juvenile has a stay at home parent and the other one has a single parent who is working one or more jobs. The juvenile with the stay at home parent maybe allowed to go home because the parent has stated and demonstrated that they have the ability to monitor the juvenile. The juvenile with the working parent may not be afforded the same option because of the fact that he or she is in fact working and does not have the same ability to monitor the juvenile."
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Racial Disparity in Incarceration, 2004.
An analysis of racial disparity within prisons and corrections institutions.
1,484 words (approx. 5.9 pages), 7 sources, MLA, $ 49.95
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Abstract
This paper claims that the rate of incarceration in the United States exhibits extreme racial disparity. The paper contends that the effects of racial disparity in incarceration reach much farther than the effects inside the social and economic structure of the prisons themselves and this disparity is likely to continue to feed itself through the societal effects to the whole population.
From the Paper
"It has been clear for decades that the rate of incarceration in the United States exhibits extreme racial disparity. There are significantly more African Americans in the prison system than there are in the general population in fact, almost 50% of those incarcerated at any given time are black men and yet the U.S. population is comprised of only 12% African Americans. (Clear & Cole 2002, Chapter 19) Cole and Clear give three main explanations for this disparity, differential criminality among minorities, racist criminal justice system and lastly a racist general population. (Clear & Cole 2002, Chapter 19) Within all three of these arguments there is some limited validity, yet it is also clear that there is still problem in need of serious address. Racial disparity within prison and corrections in general is the most serious issue facing the corrections industry today. "
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Disparity in Papua New Guinea Education, 2002.
The paper studies the disparity between the education of males and females in Papua, New Guinea.
820 words (approx. 3.3 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 29.95
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Abstract
The paper begins with a synopsis of the state of general education in the country, and then turns to the social beliefs and the traditional roles between women and men that are responsible for this disparity. It explores primary, senior and higher education.
From the Paper
"Papua New Guinea is located in the South Pacific. The island is rich in resources and has been called "an island of gold awash in a sea of oil" (Schaper). The natural resources haven't been exploited because of the expense associated with building a modern infrastructure along with the area's naturally rough terrain. So, with all of its natural wealth, the island has failed to develop economically. Around 37 percent of the population are living in poverty (Papua New Guinea). Due to gender disparities in education, only half of the nation is educated with an opportunity to obtain high-paying jobs."
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Pay Disparity Between Men & Women, 1986.
Examines the issue of pay disparity between men & women for comparable jobs.
1,350 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 2 sources, $ 47.95
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From the Paper
" In spite of the gains made by the women's movement toward gender equality in American life, true equality has not been achieved in many areas, including the economic sphere. Surveys show that women on average earn significantly less than male workers, and indeed more than this, that women are paid significantly less than men for the same work. The overall figure usually given is that women earn sixty cents for every dollar paid to a male worker. One of the ways activists have tried to address this issue is to raise the solution of Comparable Worth whereby the nature of every job would be analyzed so that people doing the same job would be paid the same for their work regardless of gender. Legislation could be introduced, at the federal level, calling for the implementation of a national program of comparable (...)"
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Exploration of Knowledge: Health Care Disparity, 2008.
A discussion of the agenda of "Healthy People 2010" in the US and critical social theory (CST) knowledge as it relates to health care disparities.
1,050 words (approx. 4.2 pages), 7 sources, APA, $ 36.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the goal of "Healthy People 2010" to eliminate health care disparity among different segments of the population. The paper points out that this national agenda of Healthy People 2010, in the United States, focuses on the importance of finding solutions to make health care access, disease prevention, and health promotion available equally for all in the new century. The paper's exploration of critical social theory (CST) knowledge as it relates to health care disparities exposes social inequities that prohibit people for reaching their full potential as healthy beings. The paper maintains that these disparities arise from environmental, social, political, and economic policy differences, therefore, the knowledge is biased. The paper asserts that equity in health implies that everyone should have a fair opportunity to attain their full health potential. The paper concludes that future research and knowledge development is important in understanding what contributes to inequities so that problem solving can occur.
From the Paper
"Each year in the United States, the numbers of people who are underinsured and uninsured climbs. As the population of the United States becomes more diverse, minorities are more likely to be uninsured due to lack of education and cultural barriers to health care. The United States census bureau reports the number of uninsured rose by 1.4 million to 41.2 million (2002). Critical social theory is important because it fosters self-consciousness and empowerment which is lacking in many minority groups. Racial and ethnic influences are more likely to determine where one lives and whether health care resources are underserved. According to the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (1994) cultural barriers to care include the lack of ethnic-specific and language appropriate prevention, care, and services. Minimal clinical trials, lack of services for certain groups, and insensitivity from providers occurs. For example, women are seventy percent more likely to live in poverty, be under represented in medical studies, and suffer cultural biases and violence which all contribute to poor health (Craft, 1997, p. 1154)."
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Income Disparity in the United States, 2004.
Shows the gap between the very rich and the very poor in the American economy.
1,315 words (approx. 5.3 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 44.95
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Abstract
As the disparity grows between rich and poor in America, so does the inequality in the country, which threatens the very fabric of lives of its citizens. Income disparity does not allow those living in poverty to climb out and join the middle class and puts the greatest wealth, power, and privilege in the hands of a select few. This paper argues that, until this trend turns, there will always be two distinct "nations" in America, the very rich and the very poor. Using U.S. census data and information from economists and political experts, the topic of income disparity between the wealthiest and the poorest is established, discussed, and evaluated in this paper.
From the Paper
"While we are one of the richest nations on Earth, we do not share the wealth equitably, and the poor in America continue to struggle to make ends meet. These people at the lowest income levels not only lack basic necessities, such as health care and even decent housing conditions, they also drain the country's social and welfare services, for most of them simply cannot afford to live on the income they earn. As the nation's economy and tax structure changes, there are fewer resources available for these social services for the poor, and so, while the wealthy get wealthier, the poor suffer with fewer healthcare services, lower welfare payments, and a further reduced standard of living."
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Economic Disparity in Education, 2007.
A research proposal for investigating the impact of social and cultural capital on academic performance.
1,165 words (approx. 4.7 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 40.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses the impact of President Bush's "No Child Left Behind" Act. The writer proposes a research study to investigate the impact of social and cultural capital on student educational attainment. Through longitudinal research, the writer proposes to further investigate the long-term impact of social and cultural capital on occupational attainment. The proposal examines social capital, which will be measured by parent surveys and by a tabulation of student involvement in structured extracurricular activities. The proposal further examines cultural capital, measured by demographic data and surveys regarding parental involvement in school-related issues. In conclusion, the research covers symbolic-analytic content, measured by investigating class content and teaching style, through both direct classroom observation and teacher surveys.
From the Paper
"Demanding that schools show improved test scores in order to receive increases in funding, one of the primary principles of the No Child Left Behind Act, might exacerbate existing sociological problems. Standardized testing and standardized curricula widen the gaps between privileged and underprivileged student populations and perpetuate a negative feedback cycle in which the children of low-status families are less likely to succeed in school and beyond because social capital and cultural capital both have a stronger bearing on students' future performance in school and in the working world."
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The Efficiency Wage, 2004.
This paper analyses the practice of some firms to pay a wage above the market clearing wage level called the efficiency wage.
1,920 words (approx. 7.7 pages), 7 sources, APA, $ 61.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that some firms, especially in third world economies, will attempt to increase their profits by improving their worker productivity by paying a wage that is above the wage paid by other competing firms because, at the market level wage, workers may not get the necessary nutrients they require in order to carry out the working day's hard labor and to maintain a healthy lifestyle. The author points out that the ability of a firm to increase profits by setting these wages may not necessarily apply in other more industrialized labor markets where there is not a strong correlation between worker productivity and their nutritional intake. The paper relates that the efficiency wage model indicates that the behavior of a firm seeking to increase its profits is no longer limited to just decisions on how many workers to hire.
From the Paper
"It has been mentioned once before in this essay that efficiency wages may not necessarily hold true in today's modern, industrialized economies. However, there is empirical evidence that efficiency can hold true in an industrialized setting and not just in a subsistence one. If this is the case, then the economic rationale behind firm's setting wages above the market clearing wage, is a sound rationale. There is evidence that shirking-related employee problems are reduced when companies pay higher salaries. A study of large manufacturing companies in the United States shows that fewer workers are dismissed for disciplinary reasons when a firm pays a high rate of wage. In particular, a 10 percent increase in the wage reduced the rate at which workers were dismissed for disciplinary reasons . Hence, the economic rationale behind firms setting an efficiency wage is very plausible indeed, as back by empirical research such as this."
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Affirmative Action and Wages, 2008.
An examination of affirmative action, wage inequality and wage differentials.
2,220 words (approx. 8.9 pages), 10 sources, APA, $ 68.95
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Abstract
This paper examines affirmative action and its impact upon the wage gap found among various groups. While the initiative has met with some success, it is evident that various groups continue to lag behind. The paper looks at the advances that have taken place in recent decades as well as at the areas - mostly in enforcing compliance - where it appears affirmative action is not eliminating workplace discrimination. The paper also suggests that corporate cultures need to change. Finally, it concludes by offering a solution to the enforcement issues plaguing affirmative action in America.
From the Paper
"Interestingly, just as the different groups of women comprising the female population in America gain from affirmative action at a different rate when it comes to pay increases, some scholars argue that affirmative action really works best in industries that have a high incidence of federal contracts or in industries that, because of their high growth rates, invite more government reviews. In other industries, it appears as though the rate of compliance is not quite so high because the extent of government review and involvement is less significant (Walker, 2000). Evidently, the manner and degree of discrimination can only be sharply reduced through rigorous government oversight; simply having federal legislation in place is insufficient to reduce discrimination if those laws will not be strictly enforced. "
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Minimum Wage, 2002.
Briefly discusses the history of the minimum wage and examines some of the legal aspects concerning minimum wage.
2,172 words (approx. 8.7 pages), 8 sources, MLA, $ 67.95
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Abstract
This paper looks at a variety of aspects regarding minimum wage. It looks at the laws enacted, the rates set, and exceptions to minimum wage laws. The deterioration of the buying power of minimum wage is addressed, and statistical evidence of this deterioration is provided. Also included is an account of the economic impact of minimum wages.
Brief History of Minimum Wage
United States Minimum Wage
Minimum Wages Economic Impact
Different States Minimum Wages
From the Paper
"The minimum wage as part of the Fair Labor Standards Act was passed in the year 1938. The first minimum wage was .25 per hour. However, it has increased over the decades with now as current federal minimum wage $5.15 per hour. But even with the increases, the Coalition on Human Needs has observed that the buying power of the federal minimum wage has deteriorated by almost twenty five percent over the last twenty years (about.com)."
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