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Voluntary Euthanasia in the United Kingdom, 2004.
This paper is an extensive discussion of voluntary euthanasia in the United Kingdom based on secondary research.
13,785 words (approx. 55.1 pages), 36 sources, APA, $ 249.95
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Abstract
This paper focuses on voluntary euthanasia, euthanasia in which a clearly competent person makes a voluntary request for assistance in dying, which is different from non-voluntary euthanasia because, in this case, a person is either not competent or unable to express a wish about euthanasia. The author points out that many critics believe permitting voluntary euthanasia, which is supported by many people, will lead to permitting non-voluntary euthanasia. The paper states that, in the United Kingdom, physician-assisted suicide and voluntary euthanasia is illegal, but euthanasia was legalized in certain circumstances in the Netherlands in 1994, in the Northern Territory of Australia in 1997, and, in November 1997, Oregon voters approved the Death with Dignity Act (DWDA); the United Kingdom also should legalize a humane death.
Table of Contents
Introduction
Hypothesis
Literature Review
Legalized Euthanasia
About Euthanasia
United Kingdom Law
A Look at the Issue
Conditions for Candidacy for Voluntary Euthanasia
A Case for Voluntary Euthanasia
Objections to Voluntary Euthanasia
A Closer Look at U.K. Legislation
The Importance of Autonomy and Consent
Methodology
Results and Conclusion
From the Paper
"Many religious groups oppose euthanasia because it goes against their faiths. Thomas Aquinas documented traditional Christian beliefs on the issue of suicide (Gula, 1997). Suicide was condemned because it harms other people, and because life is the gift of God and can only taken away by God. Muslims, and Jewish are amongst other faiths that believe life is given by God, and can only be taken away by God. One of the other major points made by religious groups is that "God does not send any experience that we cannot handle (p. 145)". For some faith groups, such as the Roman Catholics, "human suffering can have a positive value for the terminally ill and the caregivers"."
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Voluntary Euthanasia, 2004.
Considers the arguments that both favor and oppose voluntary euthanasia.
840 words (approx. 3.4 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 29.95
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Abstract
This paper presents some of the religious and non-religious arguments that oppose voluntary euthanasia. The paper then presents rebuttals to these arguments, which are based on concern for the sanctity of life, concern for the emotional well-being of the family members of the terminally ill, and the legal right to personal choice.
From the Paper
"Religiously based arguments against voluntary euthanasia further cloud the fundamental ethical issues at hand. Imposing a set of religious beliefs upon the entire population is dangerous and violates the cherished American separation of church and state. Euthanasia therefore ranks with abortion as a religiously tainted ethical issue. Personal choice and sovereignty are more important than satisfying the consciences of religious groups. However, even some Catholic priests are beginning to understand the motives and merits of ?death with dignity?."
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Voluntary Euthanasia, 2002.
A look at the pros and cons of euthanasia.
1,150 words (approx. 4.6 pages), 5 sources, $ 44.95
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Abstract
Voluntary euthanasia triggers many feelings from different people. The thought of taking a life, even at the wish of a loved one, is difficult to accept. Euthanasia is the active termination of life at the patient's request. However, aiding a person in committing suicide is illegal. Why? What are the pros and cons of euthanasia?
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Passive Voluntary Euthanasia, 2001.
A look at the difficult procedure of making ethical health care decisions
2,140 words (approx. 8.6 pages), 4 sources, $ 66.95
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Abstract
This paper offers a recommendation on a biomedical ethics' case concerning passive voluntary euthanasia where the patient's family and health care providers are divided on how to proceed.
From the paper:
"In Case # 6, the dilemma facing the health care provider is whether or not to continue life preserving measures while considering an advance directive (living will), family wishes and disagreement between the Health Care Team on the matter. The patient in this case is a 27-year old male who was left with multiple rib fractures, a pelvic fracture as well as basal skull fractures after a serious motor vehicle accident. The patient?s wife and daughter died as a result. This patient also suffered a brainstem hemorrhage and mild cerebral edema. He is expected to recover from his fractures, though it is not likely he will recover from the head injury, which has left him with no voluntary movement other than vertical movements of his eyes."
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Voluntary Euthanasia, 2004.
Discusses the debate surrounding the heated topic of euthanasia.
1,656 words (approx. 6.6 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 53.95
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Abstract
This paper looks at arguments presented on both sides of the debate about euthanasia. The reasons some fear not legalizing euthanasia, as well as the reasons some fear the legalization of euthanasia, are discussed ,and the solutions that each side proposes to address those fears are explained. The paper also presents a brief history of euthanasia and the different prevailing attitudes toward its practice. Finally, the author of this paper suggests that, in actuality, the issues both sides are concerned with are not that different. On the contrary, they are quite similar and can best be addressed by simultaneously decriminalizing suicide, and necessarily assisted suicide, while increasing enforcement of involuntary euthanasia laws and malpractice penalties.
From the Paper
"Euthanasia by doctors has been considered bad form since the beginning of Western medicine. In 400 BC the Hippocratic Oath stated "I will give no deadly medicine to any one if asked, nor suggest any such counsel". Through-out English and American common law, assisting or counseling suicide was considered both illegal and immoral. However, euthanasia and suicide have been treated with more respect at other points in history and by other people. Many more native people, including the ancient Spartans, have believed that abandoning certain ill or malformed infants was acceptable. (Of course, that is a far cry from the voluntary euthanasia anyone supports today, and might be closer related to the abortion issue) It was also more common for the ill and dying to seek hemlock solutions and kill themselves. Certain Native American tribes even found it noble for dying elders to leave the camp and seek their deaths where they would not be a burden. Even being shamed and losing one?s honor was in many cultures (including the Greek and Japanese) an adequate reason for assisted or individual suicide. Christianity changed all that to a great degree with the insistence that all suicides go to hell, and all those who assist as well. That idea, as indicated by the Priests for Life organization, continues to influence us today."
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Voluntary Euthanasia, 1994.
A look at the moral, practical, historical and religious argument for right to dignified suicide compared to euthanasia.
2,250 words (approx. 9.0 pages), 12 sources, $ 79.95
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From the Paper
"The subject of one's death embraces concepts and emotions that are beyond words: it is the ultimate individual experience, lightened in its import only very slightly by the knowledge that it is an inevitable experience for everyone. Artists try to "survive" the terminal experience via their works; the religious attempt to "transcend" death with beliefs in afterlives; philosophers "console" themselves; Everyman drinks heavily of alcohol and sings melancholy dirges.
Medicine, relative world peace and an improved standard of living environments have given us the opportunity to live longer than our forefathers. The lifespan of the average person in Western society is double that of two hundred years ago; a seven decade anticipation, barring accident, war and "acts of God" (the "force majeure" caveat clause in all modern contracts). That..."
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Voluntary Active Euthanasia, 1999.
This paper provides a definition of this concept then examines it in terms of legal, medical & ethical issues, pros & cons, patient autonomy and a utilitarian view.
1,575 words (approx. 6.3 pages), 6 sources, $ 55.95
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From the Paper
" Voluntary active euthanasia is a topic that raises many difficult moral questions. After considering arguments for and against this practice, however, it can be shown that voluntary active euthanasia is morally permissible--so long as it meets the terms as defined below. It is permissible because the autonomy of the individual allows him or her to decide whether extreme pain and suffering is a condition that he or she wishes to endure. But, since the practice involves both the individual who will die, and the person who ends that individual's life, it is necessary to consider the moral position of both parties. In the case of voluntary active euthanasia, the autonomy of the individual takes precedence over the usually morally impermissible act of taking another person's life. In addition, it must be asked whether the practice necessarily lends itself to.."
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Euthanasia, 2002.
Looks at the topic from a moral and philosophical point of view, within the context of articles written by Dan W. Brock and Daniel Callahan.
1,309 words (approx. 5.2 pages), 2 sources, APA, $ 44.95
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Abstract
Dan Brock, in his article "Voluntary Active Euthanasia: An Overview and Defense", claims that the moral difference is clear between physician-assisted suicide and between voluntary active euthanasia - in physician-assisted suicide the patient kills his or herself while in voluntary active euthanasia the physician is responsible for the killing. This paper evaluates the validity of Brock's arguments and compares them to those in Daniel Callahan?s article "When Self Determination Runs Amok". The paper then discusses whether voluntary active euthanasia should be legalized. The paper provides facts about Oregon (the only state where physician assisted suicide is legal). The paper provides the pluses and minuses of VAE (voluntary active euthanasia), the effects of legalizing VAE and offers an opinion of when VAE is morally permissible.
From the Paper
"According to the state of Oregon, physician-assisted suicide is legal and is legal under the U.S. Constitution also. Physician-assisted suicide may be legal in Oregon, but it has been utilized less than 50 times in a state that has a population of approximately 3.4 million people. There are far more than 50 terminally patients in the state of Oregon. This shows that physician-assisted suicide is not a way for people to commit suicides legally, it is a way for the terminally ill(less than 6 months to live) to have their lives ended legally, with the assistance of someone else. This is definitely morally permissible because they are no people harmed in this act. In this act, the physician is only legally supplying the lethal dose, and the patient is committing the final act. The fact that less than 50 people have had physician-assisted suicide shows me that people that originally want physician-assisted suicide cannot bring themselves to do it themselves, or change their mind during their sickness. This leads me to think that ending one?s own life is one of the hardest things a person can do, and typically most would prefer to have someone else that is qualified, such as a physician, perform this action."
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Voluntary Passive Living Wills, 1991.
This paper examines the creation and application of voluntary passive living wills (euthanasia) : Legal, ethical and practical issues related to the patient's right-to-die, theory of euthanasia and the role of the hospital.
2,700 words (approx. 10.8 pages), 24 sources, $ 95.95
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From the Paper
"The purpose of this research is to examine issues surrounding the creation and application of voluntary passive living wills. The plan of the research will be to set forth a description of the basic characteristics of the voluntary passive living will, to discuss such wills from the perspective of a nonprofit hospital administrator, and then to explore the political issues that enter into the resolution of problems surrounding their use. As appropriate, reference will be made to the various adversarial positions taken for and against the use of living wills, as well as those persons and entities that have the power to sanction or prevent the implementation of wishes declared in a living will.
The subject of euthanasia, or mercy killing, has been a subject of discussion in the contemporary period for more than 20 ... "
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Voluntary In-School Free Elementary Level Reading Programs, 2004.
This paper is a research proposal to identify the strengths and weaknesses of a voluntary, in-school, free elementary-level reading program.
4,145 words (approx. 16.6 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 111.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that the Free Voluntary Reading (FVR) heavily targets users of English as a second language in the hope that the program will result in higher student achievement. The author points out that reading as an integral part of the child?s development impacts on his personal and social development, as well as on his mental growth. The paper outlines the research project: Install a voluntary in-school free reading program for grade pupils; select only those students who are reading below their grade and mental levels, and who manifest a potential for improvement will join the program; and use the Durrell-Analyses of Reading Difficulty to evaluate. Charts.
Table of Contents
Introduction
Statement of the Problem
General Objective
Specific Objectives
Conceptual Framework
Definition of Terms
Free Voluntary Reading (FVR)
Sustained Silent Literacy (SSL)
Sustained Silent Reading (SSR)
Modified Silent Sustained Reading
Reading Workshop
Review of Related Literature
The Ungraded Primary Unit
Special Services
Reading Programs in School Systems
The St. Louis Reading Program
The Philadelphia Reading Program
Evaluation of Reading Programs
Methodology
Durrell Analysis of Reading Difficulty
From the Paper
"In the FVR program, the amount of leisure reading and reading achievement are correlated. Program endorses strongly believe that reading promotes reading ? the more the children read the more their vocabulary grows, the more words they read, the more words they can read, and the more reading they can do. Krashen 1993, opines that listening to stories read aloud promotes independent reading. In the same manner, light reading (comics, romance books) positively correlates with achievement. Reading activities such as teacher read-aloud, freedom of choice of reading materials and owning books were motivational."
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Voluntary Voting in Australia, 2007.
A look at th argument that voluntary voting is desirable in the context of liberal-democratic Australia.
894 words (approx. 3.6 pages), 3 sources, APA, $ 31.95
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Abstract
This paper contends that as Australia is a liberal democracy, voluntary voting is desirable. The paper argues this by stating the positive liberal democratic effects that a voluntary voting system would have such as
drastically increasing overall political activity, enhancing the current political system by making it more democratic in nature and the advancement of the fundamental rights of Australia's citizens.
From the Paper
"Far from decreasing political activity, voluntary voting would in fact increase political activity. This would be primarily caused by two major effects resulting from people no longer having to vote for the better of multiple parties, but rather only voting when a party shows itself as worthy of the effort. Firstly, parties and party supporters would be forced to become more involved in the local issues of the people and the community in order to motivate the electorate to vote for them. Secondly, campaigning would become just as prominent in safe seats as it is in marginal seats, as the number of votes from safe seats would no longer be guaranteed. When one considers that current party election efforts focus primarily not just on marginal seats but on swinging marginal seats, which make up only 7% of the population, it's obvious that the resulting increase in political activity would be drastic. "
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Voluntary Risk, 2005.
An analysis of a case on voluntary assumption of risk.
675 words (approx. 2.7 pages), 1 source, $ 26.95
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Abstract
This is a brief examination of a case in which the primary issue is whether or not the plaintiff's actions fall under the doctrine of the voluntary assumption of risk. The case involves George who is suing the Free Fall School because he broke his leg during his first jump. After a review of the facts and relevant precedent, the paper concludes that the doctrine applies and George should not be compensated.
From the Paper
"The issue in the case of George v. Free Fall School is whether or not the doctrine of voluntary assumption of risk applies to the injuries George sustained while skydiving. According to that doctrine, an individual cannot claim compensation if he put himself willfully into a situation that is known to be dangerous. George, the plaintiff, presumes to have a right to compensation from the Free Fall School because he broke his leg during his first skydiving jump. However, a brief examination of the facts of the case and a similar, relevant case reveals that this is not so. George had some experience skydiving, having made two tandem jumps with his father years before. His experiences with the Free Fall School constituted his first solo jumps. However, it is not as if George made this jump without any training."
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Voluntary Action in Law, 2005.
A discussion on whether one can be culpable without intentionally performing an act.
1,539 words (approx. 6.2 pages), 5 sources, APA, $ 50.95
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Abstract
This is a criminal law theory paper which talks about the need for a voluntary act to have taken place before culpability can be ascertained. The question at hand is whether or not it is necessary for the voluntary act requirement to be present within the criminal law. It addresses what the voluntary act requirement is, whether there any other aspects of law that must be considered and what effect the voluntary act requirement has on criminal liability.
From the Paper
"An actor can not be held responsible for the occurrence of an act that they are not responsible for or were completely unable to prevent. The prior example shows for the need to look the voluntary act requirement in conjunction with that of culpability and intention. At is most basic level A's actions can be considered as voluntary and the outcome can be attributed prima facia to A. However, this is ignoring a very important aspect, that of intention. It could be argued here using Glanville Williams point that if '[the] person in question could have refrained from [the act] if he so willed' then this act could be considered as involuntary. This is backed up by Harris who posits that an act needs to be a deliberate exercise of will."
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Euthanasia, 2004.
This paper discusses the euthanasia case of Woodrow Collums in terms of the morality of his actions and demonstrates that, while active euthanasia may be illegal, both passive and active euthanasia are not morally wrong.
1,550 words (approx. 6.2 pages), 3 sources, APA, $ 50.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that, in the case of Woodrow, his action of shooting his brother out of compassion for his condition qualifies as active euthanasia, the action of conscious and determined taking of specific steps to cause a patient?s death. The author points out that there are three types of euthanasia: voluntary euthanasia, the explicit and voluntary consent of the patient in either verbal form or written consent such as in a living will; non-voluntary euthanasia, the killing of a patient who is unable to make his or her intentions known because of their unconscious, comatose, or other disabled state; and involuntary euthanasia, the killing of an individual whose consent is either explicitly or not explicitly given because they do not wish to die. The third type is obviously morally wrong and will not be discussed in this paper. The paper relates that, if by allowing doctors to eliminate the unnecessary suffering of patients based on either the vocal expression of permission or based on the obvious facts in the case, then situations such as Woodrow?s would not occur.
From the Paper
"The case of Woodrow Collums is an example of euthanasia. Woodrow Collums went to the Oak Hills Care Home in Poteet, Texas on November 16, 1981, and saw his brother J.K. Collums. J.K. was a victim of severe Alzheimer?s disease, and was unable to care for his bodily needs, could not speak, and could not respond to others. He was fed through a tube. Woodrow made the conscious decision, on that day, to shoot and kill J.K. His defense for his actions was that is brother was suffering greatly, and he could not, in good conscience, allow that suffering to continue. This is euthanasia: the decision to take a life out of compassion."
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