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American Vietnam Policy During the Eisenhower Administration, 2002.
Examines the change in the U.S.'s policy on Vietnam between the years 1953 and 1961.
8,304 words (approx. 33.2 pages), 28 sources, MLA, $ 177.95
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Abstract
This paper traces the evolution of the United States' policy toward Vietnam during the administration of President Dwight Eisenhower (January 1953-January 1961) and discusses the factors which shaped that policy and contributed to its ultimate failure. The focus of this paper is on the mind-set and operating assumptions of President Eisenhower and other key members of his national security team and their manifestation in Vietnam policy. The paper includes an annotated bibliography.
From the Paper
"After Japan occupied military bases and ports in southern Indochina in June 1941, the oil resources of the Dutch East Indies lay exposed. The United States then restricted the export of high octane gasoline to Japan which Fall said "hardened the Japanese Navy's insistence upon an attack on Southeast Asia before its petrol supplies were completely exhausted." According to the historians of the Pentagon Papers, "ambivalence characterized U.S. policy [toward Indochina] during World War II." President Franklin Roosevelt opposed the return of French colonial control over Indochina. On January 24, 1944, FDR said: "France has had that country . . . for nearly one hundred years, and the people are worse off than they were at the beginning." However, Winston Churchill and Charles De Gaulle vigorously opposed FDR's plans to place Indochina under international trusteeship so Indochina's postwar status was left unresolved. In late August 1945, President Harry Truman assured De Gaulle that the United States recognized French sovereignty over Indochina. Truman never replied to letters sent to him by Ho Chi Minh, leader of the communist Vietminh and the Democratic Republic of Vietnam which Ho announced on September 2, 1945."
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Vietnam Policy Under Eisenhower, 2000.
An snalysis of the President's policy in Indochina, based on Cold War ideology and the iImpact of the Trumam policy, relations with and aid to the French, military and political issues, leadership, diplomacy, the Geneva Agreement and intervention.
8,100 words (approx. 32.4 pages), 27 sources, $ 135.95
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From the Paper
"American Vietnam Policy During The Eisenhower Administration
This research paper traces the evolution of United States policy toward Vietnam during the administration of President
Dwight Eisenhower (January 1953-January 1961) and discusses the
factors which shaped that policy and contributed to its ultimate failure. The focus of this paper is on the mind-set and operating assumptions of President Eisenhower and other key members of his national security team and their manifestation in Vietnam policy. Its theses are that:
(1) from the late 1940s and throughout the Eisenhower administration, American policy toward Indochina/Vietnam was strongly shaped by Cold War tensions and was dictated primarily by Cold War considerations --i.e. the imperative need as..."
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JFK and Farm Policy, 2005.
This paper discusses the farm policies during the years of Eisenhower and Kennedy.
4,520 words (approx. 18.1 pages), 30 sources, $ 135.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer studies the farm policies in America during the Eisenhower and Kennedy years. The writer places primary focus on the specific moves of President Kennedy in this field. The writer discusses President Kennedy's actions, including raising farmer income, improving supply management and using farm surpluses to augment other programs.
From the Paper
"...... American agricultural production grew dramatically while the number of farm workers declined by nearly one-third. What some historians have described as nearly miraculous agricultural productivity was achieved. This was accomplished as a consequence of greater crop specialization, intensive use of fertilizers and increased mechanization of farm work itself. The decline of the family farm and the growth of what came to be called agri-business changed the environment in which agricultural production in the United States took place. Larger farmers benefited ... "
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Eisenhower and Cuba, 2007.
This paper discusses the relationship between the Eisenhower administration and Cuba.
5,612 words (approx. 22.4 pages), 9 sources, MLA, $ 136.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer researches the political developments in Cuba during the Eisenhower administration. The writer looks at how the Eisenhower administration viewed and reacted to political developments in Cuba during the presidency of Dwight Eisenhower. The writer notes that the relationship between the United States and Cuba changed under the leadership of Dwight Eisenhower for many reasons, which include the fact that during the Eisenhower administration the United States had begun with a plot to overthrow Fidel Castro's leadership in Cuba. Further, the writer points out that there are certainly other factors that were key to many of the policies and decisions made by the administration during the presidency of Dwight Eisenhower and that all of those cannot be within the scope of the present work. However, the writer notes that it is clear that economic drivers were largely calculated into U.S. policy during the time of Eisenhower's presidency. These were characterized by nuclear arms creation and buildup and communist threats arising throughout the globe. Furthermore, the writer concludes that the proximity of Cuba and the association with communist forces played a great role in the decision-making process in Washington.
Outline:
Objective
Introduction
American Interests in Cuba Defined
The Background of Dwight D. Eisenhower
The Background of Fidel Castro
Economic Reasons Castro Gained Support in the Revolt
American Policy Toward Cuba - Assistance to Batista
Fidel Castro's Revolt Ousts Batista
Bilateral Attack Launched on Castro by the U.S.
Bay of Pigs Invasion
Analysis and Discussion
Summary and Conclusion
From the Paper
"Eisenhower's form of leadership was one that delegated responsibility, appearing as though he was not making key decisions and working only behind the scenes. The Domestic Policy of Eisenhower one a middle of the road policy balancing the freedom of the individual with the needs demanded in consideration of the whole nation as well. Eisenhower did not believe in intervention on a federal level of economic or social aspects and stressed the balancing of the budget. During the Eisenhower administration the welfare state experienced growth and social security was provisioned to 10 million more than previously and minimum wage was raised as well. The Department of Health, Education and Welfare was created and the polio vaccine was distributed. During the Eisenhower administration the highway system came into being along with the Interstate Highway and Defense System Act of 1956 with 42,000 miles of interstate funded through fuel and vehicle taxes. Job growth was stimulated as the trucking and automobile industries fought for laws and up sprang the fast food and motel industries which accelerated the growth of suburbs and a homogeneous national culture simultaneously. It was the fear of Eisenhower that defense spending of massive proportions would result in an unstable economy and development of a military industrial complex."
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Truman?s Foreign Policy, 2002.
An examination of the contribution made by President Truman to the United States and its foreign policy and how other presidents have continued his legacy.
3,700 words (approx. 14.8 pages), 11 sources, MLA, $ 102.95
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Abstract
This paper presents a review of the main development in U.S. history under President Harry S. Truman from 1945-1951. It explores his foreign policy during the post WW II era and shows the many precedents he set. The writer then examines several of the Presidents who took office after Truman and how his foreign policy and legacy influenced their decision making policies. Presidents examined are Eisenhower, Kennedy, Johnson, Ford, Reagan, Bush and Clinton.
From the Paper
"President Harry S. Truman is considered by many to be one of the greater Presidents of the United States. Truman was Vice President for a few weeks before he became President on April 12, 1945. During his term as Vice President, he saw little of President Franklin D. Roosevelt and was not briefed on the development of the atomic bomb or of the United States? problems with Soviet Russia. When he became President, these problems became life. Truman later told reporters, "I felt like the moon, the stars, and all the planets had fallen on me." (Cochran, 1973)"
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Eisenhower and the Domino Theory, 2007.
A discussion on why and with what consequences Dwight Eisenhower unveiled the domino theory.
9,530 words (approx. 38.1 pages), 17 sources, MLA, $ 195.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses how, to justify his support for South Vietnam, President Dwight Eisenhower and Vice-President Richard Nixon put forward the domino theory. The paper looks at how it was argued that if the first domino is knocked over then the rest topple in turn and how. by applying this theory to South-east Asia, Eisenhower argued that if South Vietnam was taken by communists, then the other countries in the region such as Laos, Cambodia, Thailand, Burma, Malaysia and Indonesia, would follow.
From the Paper
"Some political scientists argue that domino theory had precedence and traces elsewhere. Donald J. Macdonald, for example, points to the Truman doctrine, the Berlin blockade, and the reaction to the Soviet detonation of the atom bombs as sharing the basic traits of the theory. Others would look to the Middle East, Africa and Latin American countries that equally became battlefields as a result of the application of this theory. Even though this author does not deny the ramifications of domino theory as global, the dissertation will focus on developments specifically in Southeast Asia because this was the area in which domino theory most clearly manifested itself between approximately 1945 and 1969. Most importantly, it was Southeast Asia which witnessed the most dramatic transformation from being peripheral colonial entities to global arbiters of the balance of power during the Cold War - a phenomenon that cannot ultimately be explained without reference to the take-up of domino theory. "
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President Dwight David Eisenhower, 2005.
This paper discusses the leadership style of Dwight David Eisenhower, the 34th President of the United States and the commanding generation of the forces in Europe during World War II, credited to a great extent with the victory in that conflict.
1,155 words (approx. 4.6 pages), 9 sources, MLA, $ 39.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that Eisenhower's leadership style was different from his immediate predecessors. The author points out that formerly the view of Eisenhower's leadership held that he showed little concern for getting programs passed and that he failed to establish legislative priorities; however, new assessments depict Eisenhower as a more careful legislative strategist, who achieved much by limiting the targets of his interest and efforts. The paper relates that Eisenhower clearly fit the era in which he was president and made use of the skills and character traits he possessed to lead the country.
Table of Contents
Introduction
Review of Literature
Results and Conclusions
From the Paper
"Of course, these times were not completely quiet. The reaction to Sputnik and certain other incidents shows that during this period, the perception of the threat of a nuclear strike was raised to a high level in part as a means of driving American policy in certain directions. This was the beginning of the era when leaders were to be divided into hawks and doves, into those who sought more nuclear capability and those who sought disarmament and a reduction in confrontation. It was also the beginning of a time when more and more diplomatic and international tensions would be fueled by the response to the nuclear threat. Eisenhower responded to fear of the Soviets with increased observation by spy planes, such as the U-2 flight that crashed inside Russia and so created a major diplomatic problem for the United States."
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Eisenhower and the Suez Crisis, 2001.
A look at the Suez Crisis during President Eisenhower's term and the ways in which it affected his presidency.
1,309 words (approx. 5.2 pages), 6 sources, $ 44.95
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Abstract
This paper traces the Suez Crisis from its origins. The author follows the development of the crisis stating the positions of all those involved. This includes, France, Britain, Israel and America. Eisenhower's role in negotiating the peace in Egypt is discussed in some detail.
From the Paper
"In 1956, the Suez Canal became the focus of a major world conflict. The canal represents the only direct means of travel from the Mediterranean to the Indian Ocean, making it crucial to the flow of trade between Asia, the Middle East, Europe, and the United States. President Eisenhower had a major foreign policy crisis dealing with the Suez Canal. His decision during the Suez Crisis was one of the most important, delicate, and controversial of his presidency."
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U.S. and Vietnam?s Misperceptions during the Vietnam Conflict, 2002.
This paper explains how the U.S. and Vietnam?s misperceptions of each other affected the way they fought the war, mentioning the My Lai massacre and the affect this had on the way Vietnamese perceived the United States.
1,360 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 8 sources, MLA, $ 45.95
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Abstract
Because of the way the Americans fought this war, the Vietnamese had different perceptions or misperceptions of the United States. All of the assigned readings make this point valid. Many of the Vietnamese civilians saw the American soldiers as instruments for America?s leaders wanting their war machine to defeat the North Vietnamese, not to help Vietnam, but just to win. American leaders were making their decisions by listening to certain people ?who didn?t really know what they were dealing with.? This paper explains how the Americans misunderstood the Vietnamese and what went wrong when they tried to take over the fight between North and South Vietnam.
From the Paper
"After reading the assigned books for this paper, I have come to the conclusion that the way the US fought this war was not very honorable. The American military leaders back in the United States did not know enough about what was really going on in Vietnam and as a direct result, they underestimated the power of the Viet Cong and the North Vietnamese Regular Army. Herr makes this evident when he says ?there is a point of view that the United States got involved in the Vietnam War ... simply because we thought it would be easy.?1 "
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"Eisenhower, The President", 2003.
Presents a critique of Stephen Ambrose's 1984 biography.
1,125 words (approx. 4.5 pages), 1 source, $ 39.95
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Abstract
Discusses the main thesis of the book and Eisenhower's popularity during and after leaving office. Commends the book's historical perspective and coverage of the Eisenhower years. Discusses Eisenhower's pragmatism.
From the Paper
"Stephen Ambrose, the book's author died this past month. He is perhaps best known for his books dealing with World War II, especially the recent Steven Spielberg/HBO series, "Band of Brothers," the book written ..."
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The Eisenhower Doctrine, 2002.
Discussion of the Middle East in the 1950s.
1,125 words (approx. 4.5 pages), 3 sources, $ 39.95
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Abstract
Discussion of the Middle East in the 1950s. Formation of the Baghdad Pact, a military alliance to defend the Middle East. U.S. response to the pact. The Eisenhower Doctrine & its concerns regarding Communist penetration into the Arab world. Details the major poiints of the Doctrine. Economic interests of the U.S. in the area.
From the Paper
"The United States in the 1950s worked to draw the Middle Eastern countries into a broader military scheme that would encompass the region as a whole, but this proved impossible as the Arab world was reluctant to enter into such an arrangement. In some areas in the North, the Soviet menace was ever present, and the United States turned her attention in this direction. The Baghdad Pact of 1955 was part of this effort and united in a military alliance three non-Arab countries (Turkey, Iran, and Pakistan), one Arab country (Iraq), and one Western country (Britain). The U.S. did not formally adhere in part out of fear that it would alienate forever the revolutionary regime in Egypt and elsewhere in the Arab world, but American civil and military representatives were active on various committees of the Baghdad Pact organization."
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Hoover Commissions of the Truman and Eisenhower, 2002.
This examines the Hoover Commissions of 1947 and 1953 and their influence on Public Budgeting in America.
2,900 words (approx. 11.6 pages), 12 sources, $ 106.95
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Abstract
The paper also discusses why the commissions came about, what recommendations were made, which ones were used and which ones were not used, what impact they have had on budgeting today, what the pros and cons of the commission were, and what they left out.
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Vietnam, 2005.
This paper discusses the history of Vietnam prior to the Vietnam war, especially its relationship to France.
2,680 words (approx. 10.7 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 80.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that the conquest and colonialization by France of Vietnam began by using the Catholic Church and their missionaries as an advance party to eliminate the threat to France's other vast southeast Asia holdings and ended with France's embarrassing military defeat in 1954 at Dien Bien Phu. The author points out that the nationalist movement arose in Vietnam in the late 19th and early 20th centuries and gained momentum during the Japanese occupation of World War II; after the end of World War II, the Vietminh party (the League for the Independence of Vietnam, a coalition of nationalists and Communist groups), headed by Ho Chi Minh, established a republic with its capital at Hanoi. The paper relates that President Truman, not President Kennedy, were the first leader to entangle the U.S. in the Vietnamese malaise because Truman actually sent military forces to set up missions in Indochina to protect the United Nations troops in Korea from being attacked by Communists from both China and North Vietnam.
Table of Contents
Introduction and Thesis
The True Beginning and the Reasons Therefore
The Geography and History of Early Vietnam
Religion and French Imperialism in Vietnam
World War II and Post War Vietnam up to 1954
The French Indochina War
The Geneva Accords and U. S. Involvement
From the Paper
"The first European missionary executed in the Vietnamese Central capital of Hue was Frenchman Francois Isidore Gagelin. This of course was a public and highly publicized event wherein the Good Father Gagelin was publicly strangled. Not hanged mind you but strangled with two beefy hands of a huge Vietnamese executioner. This incident happened in the late 1830s and stuck in the minds of both the Catholic Church and the French government."
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Vietnamization, 2002.
This paper examines how the U.S. military policy of Vietnamization contributed significantly to the chaos and collapse of democratic and military structures and the eventual loss in the Vietnam War.
4,125 words (approx. 16.5 pages), 13 sources, MLA, $ 110.95
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Abstract
The first part of this paper examines the roots of American involvement in South Vietnam, as well as the American objectives in maintaining two separate Vietnamese nations. In the next part, the paper examines the origins of the policy of Vietnamization, tracing how this policy evolved through the terms of President Johnson to President Nixon. In this section, the paper also looks at how Vietnamization was enacted. The next section details how these Vietnamization policies ultimately proved insufficient in light of the North Vietnamese offensives from 1972 to the final offensive in 1975. In the last part, the paper concludes that Vietnamization failed not as a policy per se, but because Vietnamization failed to meet its own goals. The South Vietnamese armed forces were not yet equipped or trained to stave off their North Vietnamese opponents. This weakness was exacerbated by the fact that Vietnamization was enacted at the very time when the North Vietnamese armed forces were gaining strength in the countryside.
From the Paper
"More than 25 years after the last helicopter lifted from the United States embassy in Saigon, the Vietnam War continues to cast a shadow on American history. Whether the preservation of South Vietnam was worth the human and financial costs to both the Americans and Vietnamese continues to be the subject of contentious debate.
The chaotic withdrawal of US forces in 1975 was a blow to the collective American psyche that had, until then, yet to experience such a failure. By then, the United States had spent an estimated $150 billion on the Vietnam War, wreaking havoc on its economy in the process. It had dropped seven million tons of bombs in both North and South Vietnam. The war had served as a divisive force, causing tense civil unrest throughout the country."
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Vietnam, 2007.
A review of the United States' views and actions in relation to communism and Vietnam, from 1945 to 1963.
2,016 words (approx. 8.1 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 63.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the American reaction to communism from 1945 onwards and describes how this led to the US involvement in the conflict in Vietnam. The paper analyzes the views and actions of presidents Harry Truman, Dwight Eisenhower and John F. Kennedy to explain the United States' decisions regarding communism and Vietnam from 1945 to 1963.
Table of Contents:
President Harry S. Truman (1945-1953)
President Dwight Eisenhower (1953-1961)
President John F. Kennedy (1961-1963)
From the Paper
"As congressman from Massachusetts, Kennedy first set out for an extensive fact-finding mission to the Middle and the Far East in 1951 and, on its return, he re-stated his support for all Western efforts for freedom in the regions (Bostdorff and Goldzwig 1994, p 2-3). He stated that if the West did not promptly and appropriately realize their ideal, especially in Southeast Asia, the Chinese Communists could and would dominate the region. He also disagreed with the French's anachronistic colonialist mentality and nationalistic ideals. Instead, he called attention to complex realities in Southeast Asia and that these complexities required particular and concrete policies. He found the French and US policy in the region as lacking in practicality, while he continued to express support for the principle of freedom behind the policy. In 1956, he said that Vietnam was the cornerstone of the Free World in Southeast Asia and the "keystone to the arch (Bostdorff and Goldzwig, p 19).""
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