| Papers [1-15] of 100 :: [Page 1 of 7] | | Go to page : 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 —> | Search results on "VALIDITY RELIABILITY MEDICAL": |
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Validity and Reliability in Medical Research, 2005.
An in-depth look at the issues surrounding validity and reliability in medical research.
2,504 words (approx. 10.0 pages), 14 sources, APA, $ 76.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the problems involved in ensuring the validity and reliability in medical research. The author provides many examples of the importance of ensuring validity and provides several relevant sources of research that have not always met the correct criteria.
From the Paper
"One way to understand a research study is to view it as an exercise in measurement (Rothman and Greenland 1998a, p. 115). To uphold the validity of the measurement process is to reduce the possibility of systematic error or bias, and to preserve thereby its accuracy. To uphold the reliability of the measurement process is to reduce the risk of random error and to ensure thereby its precision . A key purpose of a research design is therefore to ensure accuracy and precision by eliminating the twin dangers of systematic and random error.
Threats to validity in the form of systematic error due to bias can arise at any point in the research process: from the question addressed, the literature searched, the sampling and selection process, the intervention, its measurement, through to the analysis and interpretation of results. Rather than identify each and every type of bias that can skew a study (given that Sackett (1979) identifies more than fifty), it is perhaps more useful to understand validity in terms of the steps taken to reduce bias and confounding in the design stage of a research study."
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Concept of Reliability, 2007.
This paper offers a comprehensive analysis of the concept of reliability, in particular as it relates to the field of nursing.
1,300 words (approx. 5.2 pages), 12 sources, MLA, $ 43.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer reviews literature that discusses the concept of reliability. Specifically, the researcher reviews various definitions and interpretations of the term reliability and applies those definitions and interpretations to the field of nursing. The relevance of reliability to the field of nursing and healthcare compared with other uses of reliability is also examined. The writer concludes that the literature studied confirms that the term reliability may be defined in many ways. The writer notes that as applied to the healthcare field and nursing in particular, reliability relates primarily to whether or not the results of a given technique, method, procedure or protocol can be reproduced continuously with the same results.
Outline:
Literature Review: Concept of Reliability
Introduction
Reliability in Nursing
Summary of Literature
References
From the Paper
"Implicit in the definition of reliability or concept of reliability is the notion that something must be reproducible to be accurate or valid. Validity and accuracy are implicit in any attempts at establishing reliability for a given phenomena. Within the field of nursing anything that is deemed reliable suggests that it is reproducible and hence effective or trustworthy. Explicit interpretations of the concept of reliability however require more empirical data that provides observable and precise evidence that something is accurate, trustworthy or valid. An explicit demonstration of the reliability of a technique proposed for example in the nursing field may require that participants demonstrate positive outcomes in various settings when the technique is used on multiple populations. Explicit interpretations of reliability suggest that something is clearly defined and formulated hence readily observable. A case in point may be observing trends in patient care. In one study for example several documentation systems were analyzed to assess whether the value of using nursing diagnosis in home care would have in diagnostic selection."
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Software Reliability, 2002.
Provides several alternative definitions of software reliability.
2,250 words (approx. 9.0 pages), 31 sources, $ 79.95
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Abstract
Provides several alternative definitions of software relaibility. Discusses why reliability is an issue. Methods of estimating reliability (history of failure, seeded faults, etc.) Increasing complexity of operating systems & programming languages. Financial losses that incur from software errors. How software reliability is measured. Paper based on a series of quotations from scholarly sources.
From the Paper
"What is software reliability?
The literature provides several alternative definitions of software reliability. Among them are the following.
"Reliability is the probability that the software will perform its intended functions satisfactorily over its next run, or over its next quantum of execution time" (Stevenson, 1995, p. 450).
"Software reliability is the probability that a given software system will function without failure in a given environmental condition during a specified period of time. A software failure here means the inability to perform an intended task specified by a requirement. In software reliability, one emphasis is the analysis of failure mechanisms. Most software reliability models are analytical models derived from as ..."
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The Validity of Intelligence Tests, 2006.
This paper explores the meaning of intelligence, how it is defined and assessed while examining how well intelligence tests measure current and future performance of students.
3,267 words (approx. 13.1 pages), 6 sources, APA, $ 93.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that there is no one definition of intelligence as the approach can cover many aspects of human potentiality. This paper also considers how intelligence testing discriminates between children in different racial and ethnic groups as well as special education groups. The author also discusses whether intelligence tests predict equally well for bilingual or limited English speaking groups when compared to English speakers.
Topics covered in this report include:
Importance of Statistical Significance and Base Rate
Clinical Relevance of Sub Test Configurations
Face Validity
Concurrent Validity
Predictive Validity
Construct Validity
Weaknesses
Strengths
From the Paper
"There are several considerations to be studied in questioning the validity of intelligence tests and the research that has been done on all of these. What is the importance of statistical significance and base rates? Is univariate, linear profile analysis less valid than multivariate, nonlinear profile analysis? What subtest configurations are unusual or clinically relevant? Do intelligence tests measure the model specified by the test developer? Do two or more intelligence tests measure similar models of intelligence? Do these tests measure the same model across different groups and races of people? What is the nature of genetic influence on intelligence? Do measures of intelligence demonstrate any type of diagnostic validity? How well do intelligence test measure current and future performance of students? Do subtest scores on intelligence tests discriminate between children in different racial and ethnic groups, as well as special education groups? Do intelligence tests have adequate subtests or total test floors to use with young children and what are the limitations of these tests with language delayed children or very young children."
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Value Engineering and Reliability, 2002.
Discusses how these two concepts can work together to improve the end result of a product or service.
1,443 words (approx. 5.8 pages), 5 sources, APA, $ 47.95
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Abstract
Value engineering is viewed in many industries as an excellent strategy for reducing costs, increasing reliability and improving quality. It can be implemented in hardware and software; development, production and manufacturing; specifications, standards, contract requirements and other acquisition program documentation; facilities design and construction. Value engineering is a technique directed toward analyzing the functions of a project or product to determine "best value," or the best relationship between reliability and cost. In other words, "best value" is represented by a project or process that consistently performs its required basic function and has the lowest cost. In this context, the application of value engineering in a construction project can yield a better value when construction is approached in a manner that incorporates environmentally sound and energy-efficient practices and materials. This paper discusses the important relationship between reliability and value engineering, in an effort to explain how the two work harmoniously to improve projects or products. The paper includes a table.
From the Paper
"Many engineers are resentful of value engineering because they believe it often does the opposite of what it is intended to do, which is cut costs while improving reliability and value. Some say that many companies introduce value engineering solely to cut costs, rather than implementing it professionally and mainly for engineering purposes."
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The Nature and Validity of Relativism, 2002.
Discussion of the philosophy of "Relativism" as viewed by Protagoras and Plato.
900 words (approx. 3.6 pages), 1 source, $ 35.95
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Abstract
Relativism, although it contains several variants, can be succinctly defined as the viewpoint that no objective standards of good and bad, right and wrong, can be discovered by mankind, and that, furthermore, no objective knowledge of the world is available to us either. This paper explores the validity of relativism by looking at the Philosopher's Protagoras' definition as well as his beliefs on the topic. Plato's views are also discussed on this topic.
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Article Analysis: Bias and Reliability, 2008.
An analysis of the article "Change in Work Values and Norms among Dutch Young Adults. Ageing or societal trends?" by Mandy E.G. Van der Velde, Jan A. Feij and Hetty Van Emmerik.
1,332 words (approx. 5.3 pages), 1 source, APA, $ 44.95
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Abstract
This paper reviews the research methods of a 1998 article appearing in the International Journal of Behavioral Development that explores whether or not work values and norms among young adult Dutch people have changed over time because of societal trends or because of aging/maturation. The paper examines, in addition to the methodology employed, the issues of bias and reliability as they emerge in the work. The paper also looks at the conclusions of the article and whether or not these findings are compromised in any way. In the final analysis, this writer finds that the article carefully controls for all variables, uses a large sample size and contains a strong understanding of previous literature and its relevance to the work at hand. The writer shows, however, how the article is compromised by the fact that traces of bias are found.
From the Paper
"Research in the fields of psychology and sociology has become increasingly complex in recent decades as advances in multivariate analysis and the development of new conceptual tools have both emerged. Because of this, the standards to which professional publications are held have risen dramatically. Happily, a 1998 release by Mandy E.G. Van der Velde, Jan A. Feij and Hetty van Emerik measures up to the new requirements and offers an interesting look at the question of whether or not work values and norms among young adult Dutch people have changed over time because of societal trends or because of aging/maturation."
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The Validity of Existence, 1997.
An analysis of madness and how it pertains to Shakespeare's Macbeth.
1,424 words (approx. 5.7 pages), 1 source, $ 47.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the surreality of existence, and whether subjective reality is as valid as objective reality within the context of Shakespeare's Macbeth. The conclusions drawn are then applied to real life.
From the Paper
"In ?Star Trek IV: The Voyage Home,? Leonard Nimoy quotes an ancient Vulcan adage: ?Nothing unreal exists.? But is this really true? The universe rarely operates on terms that concrete. If a group of people believe strongly enough in the existence of something imaginary, and pretend that it actually does exist and base their whole lives around it, does that not make this imaginary something real, at least to some degree?"
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Liberalization: The Validity of Established Methods, 2004.
An analysis of the necessary and neglected conditions for successful liberalization.
736 words (approx. 2.9 pages), 6 sources, APA, $ 26.95
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Abstract
This paper examines how the success of the liberalization thesis depends upon the enforcement of stability and control and how strengthening both institutions and regulation is important to the development of a robust securities market. It looks at the current liberalization and globalization methodology set down in the liberalization thesis and the Washington Consensus. It also investigates the neglected pre-conditions for successful liberalization.
From the Paper
"The development of strong securities markets is of great assistance to successful financial liberalization. A strong stock market provides capital which requires no repayment thus lowering a firms? cost of capital. Such equity financing alleviates the illiquidity and repression prevalent in many liberalizing countries- for example; Switzerland had a 1997 market capitalization and repression index of 226.0 and 84.2 respectively, compared to Armenia?s scores of 1.0 and 48.1 . Of further importance is the implementation of accountability and value creation- when coupled with the removal of government directed lending, firms become accountable to stock holders for capital; enforcing value creation and the productive use of capital."
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Examining the Validity of Repressed Memories, 2002.
A paper which explores the role of gender in suggestibility and memory elaboration.
3,228 words (approx. 12.9 pages), 18 sources, APA, $ 93.95
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Abstract
The repressed memory controversy has spawned numerous debates in a variety of fields, from clinical psychology to legal studies, from the utility of repressed memory testimony in the courtroom to the nature of memory storage and recall. This paper reviews the research literature around the concept of repressed memories and proposes that, despite its emerging salience as a factor, one area not elaborately researched is the role of gender in repressed memories. The paper proposes an experiment designed to test whether gender may affect the creation of false memories in undergraduates and postulates an outcome based on the hypothesis that the social acceptability of a suggested memory increases how readily participants assimilate new memories (and this can be correlated with gender socialization). The experiment's goal is to work toward understanding the role of gender in the occurrence of repressed memories.
From the Paper
"Given the predominance of repressed memory in females, the problem begs the question: does gender affect cognition? The full answer to that question is complex beyond the scope of this paper, but the general summary is that the evidence is inconclusive. From the popular view, it is generally believed that females are better at certain tasks such as facial recognition, color recollection, emotional recognition, and verbal memory; while males are better at tasks such as visuospatial reasoning, chronology, and number memory. At the same time, despite these persistent stereotypes, the evidence to support them is not conclusive (c.f. Caplan, 1997; Halpern 1986). We can say that there is some evidence indicating females may be more suggestible than males (McFarlane, 2002), which might account in part for of the difference in repressed memory, given that a predominance of clients are in therapy (under the influence of a therapist) at the time of the recovery (Freyd, 1999)."
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Psychological Tests, 2004.
An analysis of the validity and reliability of psychological testing.
1,871 words (approx. 7.5 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 59.95
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Abstract
This paper attempts to determine if psychologists and the courts should begin to question whether psychological tests such as the Rorschach and MMPI can retain their validity and reliability, particularly when test results are subject to public scrutiny or review by unqualified professionals. The paper provides a comprehensive analysis of the different types and uses of psychological tests. The paper examines the literature available relevant to psychological tests to determine whether or not psychological testing is a valid and reliable practice for measuring one's fitness for duty, mental stability and general condition.
Outline
Introduction
Analysis of the Efficacy of Psychological Tests: Types of Tests
Can Psychological Tests Retain their Validity?
Summary
From the Paper
"Intelligence tests attempt to measure intelligence on a certain scale or the manner in which an individual is able to assimilate one's understanding of the world around them and applies the information they acquire (Richmond, 2005). Intelligence tests can be hard to validate because in order for them to truly be accurate they must be unbiased and culture free and the majority of intelligence tests that exist fail to do this to some extent (Richmond, 2005). Neuropsychological tests are typically used to measure any deficiencies that exist from a cognitive perspective, meaning related to the way people think, speak and reason (Richmond, 2005). These are considered far more accurate than traditional psychological tests, and may be used to assess whether or not an individual is suffering from brain damage due to an illness or injury."
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Personality Assessment, 1999.
Defines personality, examines major differences in personality tests, validity and reliability, as well as advantages and disadvantages of different approaches.
1,125 words (approx. 4.5 pages), 8 sources, $ 39.95
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Abstract
The purpose of this paper is to present a brief overview of personality assessment. To this end, the paper discusses the definition of personality: some of the major differences in the tests use to assess personality; validity and reliability concerns associated with different categories of assessment; and the advantages and disadvantages associated with assessment differences.
From the Paper
"PERSONALITY ASSESSMENT
Introduction
The purpose of this paper is to present a brief overview of personality assessment. To this end, the paper discusses the definition of personality: some of the major differences in the tests use to assess personality; validity and reliability concerns associated with different categories of assessment; and the advantages and disadvantages associated with assessment differences.
Definitions
Although, generally, personality refers to certain stable patterns of behavioral and psychoemotional traits (Samuel, 1992), there is a lack of consensus in terms of establishing a precise definition of the construct. This is because theorists ..."
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The Rorschach, 2004.
The history, validity, reliability, and nature of the world's second-most used personality test.
2,350 words (approx. 9.4 pages), 11 sources, MLA, $ 72.95
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Abstract
The Rorschach or ink-blot test is the second-most used personality test. This paper examines the history of the test, its validity and reliability, and how it is scored. The paper expresses a fairly critical view of the test, while providing a number of sources to back it up.
From the Paper
"The Rorschach Inkblot Test was introduced in 1921 by the Swiss Psychiatrist Hermann Rorschach. It uses the phenomena of pareidolia to examine the intricacies of the human mind, with a set of primary foci on the expressive capacities and potential mental disorders of its subjects. While initially disregarded as a serious instrument of evaluation, by 1947 it was ranked fourth out of twenty procedures in a study of instruments used by clinical psychologists (Louttit and Brown, 1947) and more recent studies show that it is second only to the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory in regularity of use."
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Satanic Ritual Abuse, 1995.
An evaluation of the research into the nature of abuse, effects, validity and reliability, treatment, religious and psychological aspects.
2,700 words (approx. 10.8 pages), 12 sources, $ 95.95
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From the Paper
"Introduction
Argyle (1990) has defined the psychology of religion as a search for psychological explanations of the religious experience. The field also includes research attempting to determine the influence of the religious experience on a person's subsequent psychology.
According to Argyle (1990), some of the most studied areas of the psychology of religion include satanic ritual abuse, the conversion experience, and psychological states associated with the awareness of a sacred presence in nature, music, and mystical experience. Of interest in these studies is determining the effects of religious experience in terms of health, subjective well-being, and a sense of inner meaning. Or, conversely, as in the case of satanic ritual abuse, the focus of the research is on ..."
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Data Collection and Analysis, 1994.
A lok at the basic concepts and techniques including validity, reliability, test-retest, quantity vs. quality, naturalistic research, field work, interpretation and limitations.
4,500 words (approx. 18.0 pages), 10 sources, $ 135.95
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From the Paper
"Basic Concepts of Data Collection and Analysis
Anastasi (1988) and Welch, and Comer (1983) report that there are several levels of measurement relative to data collection and analysis. These levels include, but are not limited to, nominal, ordinal, interval and ratio; and carry with them important limitations due to the need for differing statistical techniques. The first level, nominal, refers to a means of classifying the data. For this type of data collection and/or analysis, there is no order, in that the units of analysis are merely classified into two or more categories. As an example of nominal data, consider that all white houses would be categorized together, while all red barns would be placed in another category. The primary limitation of nominal data is that there is no order to the given units of .analysis; just classification. Further..."
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