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Urbanization and Rural Urban Migration in China, 2006.
A discussion on the emerging-entrepreneurial class and rural urban migrations in China.
1,800 words (approx. 7.2 pages), 6 sources, $ 71.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses urbanization and rural urban migration in developing countries. In particular, the paper discusses the role that the entrepreneurial class, made up most of rural peasant migrants, has had on China. Basically these individuals are responsible for all of the political and economic changes in China.
From the Paper
"Urbanization and rural-urban migrations are two very closely related phenomena. According to K. Jegasothy in "Population and Rural-Urban Environmental Interactions in Developing Countries," urbanization is conventionally defined as a process of spatial movement of a population towards towns and cities and their resulting expansion" (Jegasothy 1031). Urbanization is the direct result of rural-urban migrations. This is because urbanization is caused by people from rural areas moving into cities and towns. The rate of urbanization and rural-urban migrations has been increasing in recent decades."
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Urban and Rural English Culture, 2002.
Comparing & contrasting urban & rural cultures in contemporary England.
5,471 words (approx. 21.9 pages), 12 sources, MLA, $ 134.95
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Abstract
This comparison is limited to England, and does not consider the other regions of Great Britain—Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland. This paper concentrates on urban culture, and refers to lifestyles, outlooks and social environments in the urban areas of cities such as London, Manchester, Birmingham and Liverpool. Rural culture, as the term is used in this comparison, refers to lifestyles, outlooks, and social environments not only in the villages and farm country of England but also to the same factors prevalent in smaller cities and towns located outside the urban rings surrounding England’s larger cities.
Introduction
The Approach to Comparing and Contrasting Urban and Rural Cultures
The Myth of England?s Rural Edens
Issues and Factors Differentiating Urban and Rural Cultures
Land Use and Control
The Animal Dichotomy
Roaming the Land
Social Factors
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Neither the differences nor the similarities between urban and rural cultures in England may be fully appreciated through the recitation of masses of statistics concerning the proportions of school leavers, the underemployed, the poorly housed, or any of the other macro-statistical of which economists and politicians are so enamoured. Rather, the variations in outlooks on life that drive frequently conflicting goals between urban and rural populations, the intrusion of modern social ills that threaten to engulf urban and rural culture alike, and mythology about the realities of urban and rural life are the more meaningful contexts within which urban and rural cultures in England may be compared and contrasted."
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Urban vs. Rural Characters in Balzac's "Lost Illusions", 2000.
This paper studies the contrast between the Parisian and the provincial characters in Honoree de Balzac's novel "Lost Illusions".
1,276 words (approx. 5.1 pages), 1 source, MLA, $ 43.95
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Abstract
This paper focuses on Balzac's depiction of urban vs. rural characters in "Lost Illusions". The writer cites examples from the text to support the argument that Balzac believes that Paris is a corrupting influence on the way of life in the rural French provinces. The paper also examines the novel's main characters in order to support this argument.
From the Paper
"The problem begins with the provincial characters? fascination with Paris. There is within the provinces a certain inferiority complex that leads its citizens to believe that everything in Paris is somehow better than anything in the provinces. In every realm of life provincials try to emulate their Parisian cousins. Thus, it is in an effort to duplicate Parisian society?s elitism with regard to persons from rural areas that Angouleme?s ?society? looks down on citizens from the lower-class town of L?Houmeau. When Lucien says that he has been invited to Madame de Bargeton?s salon, David responds in surprise, ?But there?s a wider gulf of prejudice between you and her than if she were in Pekin and you in Greenland!? Because they fully believe in the superiority of Paris to their own home, the provincials mimic the urban culture, oftentimes resulting in the degradation of their ethics."
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From the Rural to Urban Areas: China and India, 2004.
This paper discusses the problems of urbanization, industrialization, and housing security in China and India as their populations immigrate from rural to urban areas.
2,565 words (approx. 10.3 pages), 10 sources, MLA, $ 77.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that the spectacular growth and development of the urban habitation over the past 16 years is just the beginning of a gigantic phase of extension. The author points out that China?s ecological problems from the speedy urbanization and industrialization process in the recent decades generate social effects, causing a great deal of harm to human health, instigating economic and welfare suffering, and harming the environment in both urban and rural areas of China. The paper relates that, because of increasing industrialization and urbanization, the majority of the Indian cities have exceedingly compact habitation that results in overcrowding, clogging, obstruction, traffic jams, air pollution, noise pollution, as well as major deficiencies of vital requirements and necessities of life
Table of Contents
Introduction
The Impact of Urbanization, Industrialization And Housing Security on China
Ecological Problems in Urban China
The Problem of Water and Cleanliness in Urban China
The Problem of Clearance of Waste-Water in Urban China
The Problem of Air Pollution in Urban China
The Impact of Urbanization, Industrialization And Housing Security on India
Conclusion
From the Paper
"The velocity of urbanization and industrialization was extremely slow prior to the late 1970s when contrasted with other developing states. The proportion of urban inhabitants was 11.2 in 1950, and still barely 17.9 by 1978. This low degree of urbanization had been the consequence from purposeful procedures of restraining rural-urban immigration and urban increase. Economic restructurings have since accelerated the industrialization and urbanization procedures. Large numerals of towns, as well as, cities have surfaced, at the same time as old cities are quickly increasing their managerial spheres."
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China: Migration and Urbanization in Beijing, 2005.
A discussion of the factors causing migration and urbanization in Beijing.
675 words (approx. 2.7 pages), 6 sources, $ 26.95
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Abstract
The history of hukou and the evolution of peasant enclaves in the city of Beijing suggest that spatial segregation can be both an economic pressure and a social choice of a migrant worker. This and combination of globalization and high migration has resulted in emerging problems of socioeconomic and spatial segregation. This essay discusses the perspective of three articles on this issue.
From the Paper
"The history of hukou and the evolution of peasant enclaves in the city of Beijing suggest that spatial segregation can be both an economic pressure and a social choice of a migrant worker. In the article, "Social Polarization and Segregation in Beijing," the authors Gu and Liu indicate that the city has developed two distinct classes that are both spatially and socially segregated (Gu, 211). Pointing to globalization and foreign investment as a reason for economic segregation, their approach is to explore the reasons for poverty and segregation of the migrant workers in that city in terms of similarities with Western countries (Gu, 204)."
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Migration and Urbanization in the People's Republic of China, 2005.
A discussion of the liberalization of the hukou system.
675 words (approx. 2.7 pages), 6 sources, $ 26.95
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Abstract
The paper looks at the question of why liberalization and urban/internal migration was permitted by The Chinese Communist Party (CCP) administration as part of economic reform. The paper looks at several articles addressing different aspects of liberalization permitting fairly free movement within The People's Republic of China (PRC). 100 million people are now thought to be migrants. Reflection of difficulties of enforcement in the old system is examined. The reduction of the old welfare system that required stationary public is discussed, along with the idea that by permitting people to visit large cities, for a set period, they would eventually resettle elsewhere. The paper looks at the idea of the population re-organizing or re-balancing itself without coercion.
From the Paper
"Wu remarks that the transition to a market economy has seen quite predictable shifts towards urban poverty and marginalization. (2004: 401) Like other capitalist and semi-capitalist economies, rapid growth has seen a rapid rise in social inequality. This has been one of the reasons to relax the hukou system that once regulated citizen mobility throughout the PRC. Xiang notes how the household residency control system that prevented spontaneous migration, after Reform, could no longer restrain mobility. (2003) To a large extent hukou (resident registration) restraints were no longer essential.."
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Female Teenage Depression: Rural vs. Urban Schools, 2003.
Examines the difference in depression levels among female adolescents attending rural schools and female adolescents attending urban schools.
2,300 words (approx. 9.2 pages), 11 sources, APA, $ 79.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the difference in depression levels among female adolescents attending rural schools versus female adolescents attending urban schools. The paper looks at the rationale for the study; presents a review of related literature; methodology and implications of the study. The focus is on urban versus rural schools.
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Rural-Urban Conflicts in Western Asia from 1100 to 1700, 1996.
Social, economic, political, religious, agricultural & military unrest caused by decline of central power of dynasty.
1,350 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 4 sources, $ 47.95
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From the Paper
"This research paper explains how conflicts between rural and urban interests were expressed in Western Asia from the 12th to the 17th centuries. Tensions between those groups increased during the latter period of the Abbasid Caliphate (750-1258) because of the disruption in rural areas caused by the decline of the central power of that dynasty, increasingly onerous taxing policies, a decline in agriculture and the social and economic disruption which occurred due to war and other causes. The Ottoman Empire restored peace and stability to these regions for many centuries, but its rule was sporadically interrupted by provincial, pastoral and rural unrest which assumed serious proportions as the power of the central Ottoman Empire began to decline during the 17th century."
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China's Migration, 2005.
This paper discusses China's inward migration to international migration in the 20th and 21st Centuries.
2,025 words (approx. 8.1 pages), 9 sources, $ 80.95
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Abstract
In this paper, the writer discusses that inward and international migrations are very close in their motivations for Chinese citizens to seek employment for better economic conditions. The writer discusses that by the massive influx of rural workers coming into China's big cities, there is an obvious demand for workers that will become the new Chinese urban working classes. The writer points out that essentially, China has become a growing power that has released its tight grip on insular Communist policy in global economies, making it possible for an industrial complex to be created outside of the mostly rural farming classes of the 20th century.
From the Paper
"This migration study examines the inward and international aspects of migration that have been steadily growing over the past one hundred years and into modern times. By realizing the differing aspects of economic issues, which have caused many Chinese to migrate internationally, the inward migratory patterns in Chinese society are equally progressive. In seeking greater wealth in foreign lands due to lack of jobs and economic opportunity, International migration often portends a lesser trend in migration in China, and ultimately, inward migration has become a rising trend due to labor and economic values in modern rural China."
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Rural China, 2003.
Discusses the impact of economic development on rural women.
2,250 words (approx. 9.0 pages), 5 sources, $ 79.95
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Abstract
Shows how there are 500 million rural females in China. Examines the direct and indirect impact of China's industrialization, immigration of rural Chinese to urban areas, and new factories in rural districts as an employment alternative.
From the Paper
"China, along with India, are the two largest countries that are now undergoing economic "takeoff" from developing to newly-industrialized country (NIC) status. Since these two countries alone account for ..."
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The Urbanization Process, 2002.
Looks at global variations in levels of urbanization and the relationship between urbanization, economic development and social conditions.
2,900 words (approx. 11.6 pages), 9 sources, $ 106.95
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Abstract
For people who live in a country such as Canada, most are aware of the prominence of urban centers. In fact, the majority of people live and work in urban areas in most, if not all, industrialized countries. But this only serves to focus attention on topics such as global variations in levels of urbanization as well as the relationship between urbanization, economic development and social conditions. These topics will be covered in the analysis of this paper.
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African-American Urbanization, 2006.
An examination of African American migration and urbanization.
2,730 words (approx. 10.9 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 81.95
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Abstract
This paper explores the reasons for the surge in African-American migration from the rural south to the urban north of America in the early part of the 20th century. It continues to discuss the economic opportunities, oppression, injustices and denial of social equality experienced by the migrants. The author further explores the African-American culture which emerged within the cities and their unique socialization.
From the Paper
"The tale of the great black migration, their hardships and struggles to establish a life amongst the urban sprawl, was but another root forming a firm foundation upon which could be built a great future. Allen Ballard, a black professor of political science at New York University who lived during this period, expressed these ideas when he stated: "there was dirt, unemployment, sickness, and death all around our community. Yet, through it all, and out of the very depths of human degradation, came a triumphant sense of certitude about the Southern Blacks' ability to survive the city, as they had surmounted oppression..." "
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Urbanization, Poverty, Growth and Inequality, 2006.
Presents an overall picture of development and urbanization with various factors affecting them.
3,386 words (approx. 13.5 pages), 6 sources, APA, $ 96.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the effects of urbanization on various factors affecting development, poverty and income inequality, based on empirical data obtained from various sources. The following factors are analyzed across various countries, based on the latest data available: Economic growth measured in terms of GDP per Capita in US$ (PPP), absolute poverty at $1 per day standard, poverty gap, Gini Index, openness of trade, percentage of population living in urban areas, annual percentage migration of population to urban areas, the Corruption Perception Index ,etc. These factors are analyzed to arrive at correlations they have with urbanization in order to determine to some extent whether urbanization is inevitable for development of a country and what are the consequences associated with the phenomenon.
Paper Outline:
Urbanization and other factors affecting Economic Growth
Factors affecting Urbanization
Determinants of Poverty Deepening (Poverty Gap)
Factors Affecting Absolute Poverty
Factors Affecting Gini Index
Determinants of Human Development Index
Concluding Remarks
References and Bibliography
From the Paper
"However, contrary to above, it can be seen that absolute poverty alone is not the cause for urbanization. In other words, where even in urban areas people do not find enough jobs, they would like to stay in rural areas. The negative correlation between absolute poverty (measured in terms of earning per capita less than $1 per day), and the percentage of urban population means that as poverty increases, urbanization decreases. However, this may not be the trend the world over. If we have a glance at the countries considered in this analysis, it can be seen that they are least developed countries."
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The Pros and Cons of Urbanization, 2005.
Examines the advantages and disadvantages of urbanization and industrialization.
2,356 words (approx. 9.4 pages), 8 sources, APA, $ 72.95
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Abstract
In 1938, Louis Wirth wrote an article about his observations and critiques of urbanization. While many of his observations are held to be true today, nobody can clearly define what makes up a city or an urban area. The paper argues that whether urbanization and industrialization are good is all a matter of personal opinion. While urbanization poses a threat to certain social classes and even the environment, it has also helped to evolve the way goods and services are made available to a broad area. The paper argues that ,if urbanization continues on the path that it is currently on, guidelines and boundaries will have to be put in place to prevent the destruction of all that urbanization has helped us achieve.
From the Paper
"Alan Booth raised an issue of concern about overpopulation and crowding in urban areas. Urban crowding can affect a number of factors. First, the more people there are in an area, the more space people will desire due to the need for privacy. This can cause rapid expansion in what was a small crowded area. When an area expands rapidly, it can cause great environmental damage. It crowds wildlife populations and often destroys useful and fertile farm land or forests. Wildlife ecosystems respond with biological controls on fertility and birth rates that reduce populations and can lead species to become endangered in certain areas. The destruction of farm land is becoming more and more of an issue, especially in the mid-west where many of the United States' crops are grown. Land in the mid-west is fairly plentiful and peoples' desire for more personal space is leading real-estate developers to buy up land in the central U.S. and clear it for housing developments. This also applies to the metropolitan areas and some suburban areas within which the government provides housing (Booth 1976:1-10)."
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The Urbanization of the Late 19th Century America, 1972.
This paper discusses the urbanization of the late 19th century America with emphasis on population migration, European immigration, technology and city-based industries.
1,575 words (approx. 6.3 pages), 4 sources, $ 55.95
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From the Paper
"The years following the Civil War ushered in the modern era of cities. It was during the half century between the Civil War and World War I that the move from the country to the city took place. In 1860, less than a quarter of the American population lived in a city or town; by 1890 the figure had reached a third; by 1910, nearly half.
The urbanization of late 19th century America took place at a staggering pace. Chicago, for example, doubled its population every decade but one between 1850 and 1890, growing from 30,000 to over a million in little more than a generation. Los Angeles jumped from less than 5,000 in 1860 to more than 100,000 in 1900, and Denver from nothing at all to 134,000, while Memphis with 23,000 in the earlier year exceeded 100,000 in the latter. In the nation as a whole, the proportion of people living in towns ... "
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