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Urbanization and Rural Urban Migration in China, 2006.
A discussion on the emerging-entrepreneurial class and rural urban migrations in China.
1,800 words (approx. 7.2 pages), 6 sources, $ 71.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses urbanization and rural urban migration in developing countries. In particular, the paper discusses the role that the entrepreneurial class, made up most of rural peasant migrants, has had on China. Basically these individuals are responsible for all of the political and economic changes in China.
From the Paper
"Urbanization and rural-urban migrations are two very closely related phenomena. According to K. Jegasothy in "Population and Rural-Urban Environmental Interactions in Developing Countries," urbanization is conventionally defined as a process of spatial movement of a population towards towns and cities and their resulting expansion" (Jegasothy 1031). Urbanization is the direct result of rural-urban migrations. This is because urbanization is caused by people from rural areas moving into cities and towns. The rate of urbanization and rural-urban migrations has been increasing in recent decades."
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The Urbanization Process, 2002.
Looks at global variations in levels of urbanization and the relationship between urbanization, economic development and social conditions.
2,900 words (approx. 11.6 pages), 9 sources, $ 106.95
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Abstract
For people who live in a country such as Canada, most are aware of the prominence of urban centers. In fact, the majority of people live and work in urban areas in most, if not all, industrialized countries. But this only serves to focus attention on topics such as global variations in levels of urbanization as well as the relationship between urbanization, economic development and social conditions. These topics will be covered in the analysis of this paper.
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Urbanization, Poverty, Growth and Inequality, 2006.
Presents an overall picture of development and urbanization with various factors affecting them.
3,386 words (approx. 13.5 pages), 6 sources, APA, $ 96.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the effects of urbanization on various factors affecting development, poverty and income inequality, based on empirical data obtained from various sources. The following factors are analyzed across various countries, based on the latest data available: Economic growth measured in terms of GDP per Capita in US$ (PPP), absolute poverty at $1 per day standard, poverty gap, Gini Index, openness of trade, percentage of population living in urban areas, annual percentage migration of population to urban areas, the Corruption Perception Index ,etc. These factors are analyzed to arrive at correlations they have with urbanization in order to determine to some extent whether urbanization is inevitable for development of a country and what are the consequences associated with the phenomenon.
Paper Outline:
Urbanization and other factors affecting Economic Growth
Factors affecting Urbanization
Determinants of Poverty Deepening (Poverty Gap)
Factors Affecting Absolute Poverty
Factors Affecting Gini Index
Determinants of Human Development Index
Concluding Remarks
References and Bibliography
From the Paper
"However, contrary to above, it can be seen that absolute poverty alone is not the cause for urbanization. In other words, where even in urban areas people do not find enough jobs, they would like to stay in rural areas. The negative correlation between absolute poverty (measured in terms of earning per capita less than $1 per day), and the percentage of urban population means that as poverty increases, urbanization decreases. However, this may not be the trend the world over. If we have a glance at the countries considered in this analysis, it can be seen that they are least developed countries."
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The Pros and Cons of Urbanization, 2005.
Examines the advantages and disadvantages of urbanization and industrialization.
2,356 words (approx. 9.4 pages), 8 sources, APA, $ 72.95
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Abstract
In 1938, Louis Wirth wrote an article about his observations and critiques of urbanization. While many of his observations are held to be true today, nobody can clearly define what makes up a city or an urban area. The paper argues that whether urbanization and industrialization are good is all a matter of personal opinion. While urbanization poses a threat to certain social classes and even the environment, it has also helped to evolve the way goods and services are made available to a broad area. The paper argues that ,if urbanization continues on the path that it is currently on, guidelines and boundaries will have to be put in place to prevent the destruction of all that urbanization has helped us achieve.
From the Paper
"Alan Booth raised an issue of concern about overpopulation and crowding in urban areas. Urban crowding can affect a number of factors. First, the more people there are in an area, the more space people will desire due to the need for privacy. This can cause rapid expansion in what was a small crowded area. When an area expands rapidly, it can cause great environmental damage. It crowds wildlife populations and often destroys useful and fertile farm land or forests. Wildlife ecosystems respond with biological controls on fertility and birth rates that reduce populations and can lead species to become endangered in certain areas. The destruction of farm land is becoming more and more of an issue, especially in the mid-west where many of the United States' crops are grown. Land in the mid-west is fairly plentiful and peoples' desire for more personal space is leading real-estate developers to buy up land in the central U.S. and clear it for housing developments. This also applies to the metropolitan areas and some suburban areas within which the government provides housing (Booth 1976:1-10)."
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Urbanization in Mesopotamia, 2005.
This paper discusses a program of urbanization in Mesopotamia, which was implemented to ensure the stability and security of the empire.
2,825 words (approx. 11.3 pages), 11 sources, APA, $ 84.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that urbanization, the arrangement of the design of the private and public buildings of a city and that of the intra-city arteries of communication and fortifications, reflects the needs and aspirations of the community within the existing frame of the ecological and technological areas of the period. The author points out that during the last phase of the Assyrian empire, beginning with the reign of Ashur-Dan II (934-912 BC) and lasting until almost 600 BC, when the Assyrian empire dominated most of Mesopotamia and parts of Palestine, Egypt, Media and Anatolia, the Assyrian kings radically transformed the cultural, political and geographical landscape of Upper Mesopotamia by the implementation of the processes of urbanization. The paper stresses that the Chaldean tribal groups, a loosely connected with prominent chieftains opposing urbanization, shifted allegiance according to the distribution of military strength, refused to pay taxes or to render services to the government, waylaid caravans and to attack and plunder settlements and small cities.
Table of Contents
Introduction
Program of Urbanization
Administrative Restructuring
Capitals
Economic Foundation
Southern Societies
Uruk and Ur
Anti-Urban Bias
Citizenship
Conclusion
From the Paper
"In these Mesopotamian cities, there grew a concept of citizenship that was the result of the driving force of the urbanization process. The old and important cities enjoyed certain privileges and exemptions with respect to the king and his power. They had a legal status that differentiated in essential points from that of any other community, In Babylonia, these cities were Nippur, Babylon, and Sippar, in Assria, the old capital Asur, and later, Harran in Upper Mesopotamia. In principle, the inhabitants of these free cities claimed freedom from work, freedom from military service, as well as a tax exemption. These privileges were neither new nor exception, Certain persons with restructed libery, in the Sumerian empire of Ur were said to be exempted from carrying earth, and inhabitants of Nippur were exempted from military service and paying tribute in silver and gold. This shows that the resistance against the claims of a central authority for services of its subjects is characteristics not only of a non urbanized group, but also one of the aspirations of city-dwellers."
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Urbanization and the Ecosystem, 2004.
A discussion on how urbanization negatively impacts the area of Chicago, U.S.A.
976 words (approx. 3.9 pages), 4 sources, APA, $ 34.95
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Abstract
As the world's population has grown, it has become increasingly concentrated in large urban areas. The extent to which urbanization impacts the ecosystems of these cities is an important, emerging area of study. Access to nature is vital to the physical, mental, emotional, and social health of humans and their communities. This paper examines how increasing urbanization is depriving current and future generations of exposure to functional, productive, green space; contributing to rising crime, violence, social alienation, poverty, and hunger; and other individual and community-level dysfunctions. This paper examines the effects of urbanization on Chicago, an older developed city.
From the Paper
"The rapid development of land for urban uses is the main threat to the remaining unprotected natural lands of Chicago, and in some cases it is causing serious degradation of protected lands, too (Chicago Wilderness, 1999). Development affects natural communities in a variety of ways. Urban development increases the number of paved surfaces, which changes the natural flow of water across the landscape (because the water is not absorbed). This changes the structure of wetlands, streams and rivers, and reduces water quality by allowing more silt and chemical pollutants to pollute the city?s bodies of waters. Sprawling development reduces air quality because it forces residents to drive more than they might in well-planned communities. The more time people spend in their cars, the more air pollution they produce. Sprawling development also breaks natural areas into small fragments, threatening animals that can only breed successfully in large continuous habitats."
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Global Urbanization, 2005.
A looks at the relationship between urbanization, economic development and social change.
1,125 words (approx. 4.5 pages), 3 sources, $ 44.95
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Abstract
This paper illustrates the diversity of global urban experience and examines variations in levels of urbanization and rates of change in that level over the period 1975-2000 amongst different countries and world regions and particularly among developed and developing nations. It also examines the relationships between urbanization, level of national economic development and social conditions and the inconsistencies in these relationships within different countries and regions. The data for this examination comes from three tables that provide information on levels of urbanization, population, growth rates, income and economic development for UN countries.
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Social Urbanization, 2006.
This paper analyzes the social urbanization of America for the past 150 years, focusing primarily on Los Angeles, CA.
1,337 words (approx. 5.3 pages), 8 sources, MLA, $ 44.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the various methods of studying urbanization which include community formation and the process of urbanization. This paper also discusses advanced computer software programs that reveal concise developing patterns and complex sciences such as chaos and fragile theory which tell about the inner workings of cities. This paper describes how the emergence of new living patterns are a direct response to technology, modes of transportation and individual preferences. For more than 100 years urban theorists have contended that the balance of forces between white and black and male and female is a natural condition, yet this paper proves why this is no longer true. The writer focuses on the urbanization of L.A. which is more fragmented than most other multicultural municipalities due to its large Hispanic population. This paper also touches on the introduction of Islam into the African-American community and the resulting impact.
From the Paper
"Since 1966, and the theories of Jane Jacobs and post-modern urbanists, urbanists view the city as a living organism--one whose many cycles can be captured better on film then by a static plan. Indeed computer programs that reveal developing patterns and complex sciences, such as chaos and fragile theory, tell us much more about how cities really work than the old mechanic models of modern architects. An excellent candidate for such a study would be that complex, unexplainable entity known as Los Angeles. According to a United Nations report published in 1992, more than one million refugees migrated around the globe--compared to a World War II high of 16 million."
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Urbanization in the Third World, 2002.
Outlines numerous risks associated with urbanization in developing countries.
2,150 words (approx. 8.6 pages), 10 sources, $ 80.95
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Abstract
Urbanization in the developing world has various pitfalls, which often relate to the phenomenon of hyper-urbanization. This paper describes the patterns of much Third World urbanization with reference to related economic, social, and political problems.
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Urbanization, 2002.
Explores some of the concerns associated with urbanization in developing countries.
900 words (approx. 3.6 pages), 7 sources, $ 35.95
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Abstract
The paper addresses some important questions in connection with rapid growth of population in urban centers of the developing countries. Though rate of urbanization has decreased significantly in the industrialized countries, it is still a major cause of concern for the third world because of the delayed development of their urban cities.
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Urbanization, 2002.
A paper which discusses the problems resulting from rapid urbanization in developing countries.
1,955 words (approx. 7.8 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 62.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses how rapid urbanization in third world countries is creating many social and economic problems. This is because most developing countries are unprepared to accommodate a rapidly increasing population because of lack of resources and sufficient job opportunities. The paper shows that it is for economic reasons mostly that people in rural areas are forced to migrate to urban centers where they feel they would be able to improve their standard of living. The paper looks at meaningful and effective policies to help stop or divert this influx to a certain extent.
From the Paper
"For example in India and Pakistan, tens of hundreds of young men and women are moving to the United States and more developed countries because the pay scale is usually higher than it is in their own lands. But while it leads to brain drain in the native countries, it also creates several problems for the adopted countries. For example the one big problem that western countries have faced because of increased immigration is that not only its won citizens have lost jobs rapidly, there has been an increase in ethnic violence too. In the past many years we have noticed that people from Pakistan, Bangladesh, India and some other poor countries have moved to the western countries and since they were willing to work for less, they were offered the jobs that American citizens rightfully deserved. Now this creates a sense of animosity between the locals and the foreigners and also has a negative impact on the economy of the adopted countries."
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Urbanization and Community, 2008.
An analysis of the history of urbanization and the changing meaning of community within today's technological world.
1,524 words (approx. 6.1 pages), 7 sources, MLA, $ 50.95
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Abstract
This paper explores the historical meaning of community in reference to social network theory. It discusses this theory as the determinant of a new type of community in the urban technological world. The paper analyzes the history of population shifts and urbanization. It also looks at Aristotle's views of what makes up a community and the social reality of a new community developing in the information age of technology.
From the Paper
"Castells "network society" accurately reflects the social reality of a new community developing in the information age of technology. Simple facts such as those in the UCLA Internet Report (2000) (Hampton 110,) show that the use of technology does not have to mean an inversion of human interactions to a gesellshaft society. Early urbanization spawned the devastatingly anti-social realities of disease, poverty, and squalor as much as it provided the new opportunities it offered. Urbanization in the network society" can actually, not just virtually, realize as Aristotle desired, "the goodness of city" (Stalley 104) perhaps better than society has ever known."
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Urbanization and Community, 2008.
An analysis of the concepts of urbanization and community.
1,144 words (approx. 4.6 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 39.95
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Abstract
This paper explores the meaning of community in reference
to the historical changes that have taken place in the reality and the concept of community due to urbanization. Reference is made to Aristotle's definition of a citizen and the great shift of populations to the cities by the Industrial Revolution of the 19th century and the Information Age of the 20th century. The paper looks at how the traditional idea of community and the social links within those communities were destroyed and transformed.
From the Paper
"Although the word 'urban' refers, of course, to the idea of the city ("urbs" in Latin) and indeed is used as an adjective, urbane, to mean "refined, sophisticated, polished", there is another word more closely akin to the concept of community. The Greeks identified city as "polis"; their word for "citizens", "politai" was derived from this as was their word for "constitution", "politeia". This is significant because for the Greek city-states, Athens at least, the citizen was organically connected in his whole life to the city in "the belief that physical, in-person, place-based presence is the essential element of community" (Hampton 109). "
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Urbanization in Developing Countries, 2006.
A discussion regarding the three main issues relating to urbanization.
1,800 words (approx. 7.2 pages), 10 sources, $ 71.95
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Abstract
This essay looks at issues related to urbanization in developing countries. It focuses on the three interconnected factors of population, limited resources and inadequate infrastructure.
From the Paper
"One of the most important environmental phenomena affecting the world is urbanization. In Population and Rural-Urban Environmental Interactions in Developing Countries, K.Jegasothy states, "Urbanization is conventionally defined as a process of spatial movement of a population towards towns and cities and their resulting expansion" (Jegasothy, 1999, p. 1031). Urbanization has major impacts on the environment, economic systems, political process and social interactions. However, urbanization is not a monolithic or homogeneous phenomenon. Since urbanization processes are determined by a number of factors it is not the same in every country."
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African-American Urbanization, 2006.
An examination of African American migration and urbanization.
2,730 words (approx. 10.9 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 81.95
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Abstract
This paper explores the reasons for the surge in African-American migration from the rural south to the urban north of America in the early part of the 20th century. It continues to discuss the economic opportunities, oppression, injustices and denial of social equality experienced by the migrants. The author further explores the African-American culture which emerged within the cities and their unique socialization.
From the Paper
"The tale of the great black migration, their hardships and struggles to establish a life amongst the urban sprawl, was but another root forming a firm foundation upon which could be built a great future. Allen Ballard, a black professor of political science at New York University who lived during this period, expressed these ideas when he stated: "there was dirt, unemployment, sickness, and death all around our community. Yet, through it all, and out of the very depths of human degradation, came a triumphant sense of certitude about the Southern Blacks' ability to survive the city, as they had surmounted oppression..." "
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