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Urban Spaces, 2007.
This paper discusses Howard's garden cities in contrast to the modern conception of urban spaces.
1,735 words (approx. 6.9 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 56.95
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Abstract
This paper examines Ebenezer Howard's design concept for the ideal urban space and explains why by and large the world has not traded in its image of the city for Howard's idealistic vision. The paper shows how Howard's plan was built on his values and ideas about what a city should be instead of necessarily what it was or has been. The writer maintains that his/her definition of the city and of urban spaces relies more on the historical role and realistic nature of cities in human societies. The paper provides Toronto as an example of a city and its use of resources. The paper concludes that had Howard's garden cities been built en-masse, they would have faced assimilation, transformation or abandonment.
Outline:
Introduction: Howard's Garden City
Conjuring a Definition of the City
An Example of a City and Conclusions
From the Paper
"Ebenezer Howard, 1850-1928, developed a significant--if somewhat naively utopian--model for urban planning based on his own specific conception of what constitutes an urban space. With limited formal education, Howard called for the creation of pre-planned cities that would be limited in size and surrounded by permanent belts of agricultural land that would be utilized to foster local independence from national and international markets for food (Reps par. 1). This conception of urban-ness was rooted specifically in sustainability and quality of life issues that Howard believed could be improved by synthesizing a closer relationship between traditional urban and country spaces."
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The Ideal Urban Space, 2007.
This paper looks at Ebenezer Howard's garden city design and the modern conception of urban spaces.
1,080 words (approx. 4.3 pages), 2 sources, MLA, $ 37.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses Howard's design concept for the ideal urban space. The paper provides personal definitions of the city and of urban spaces and asserts they are more realistic than the views of Howard. The paper defines the city and its consequent urban spaces by the hierarchilization of resource control and uses Toronto as an example.
From the Paper
"Ebenezer Howard, 1850-1928, developed a significant, if somewhat naively utopian, model for urban planning based on his own specific conception of what constitutes an urban space. With limited formal education, Howard called for the creation of pre-planned cities that would be limited in size and surrounded by permanent belts of agricultural land that would be utilized to foster local independence from national and international markets for food (Reps par. 1). This concept of urban-ness was rooted specifically in sustainability and quality of life issues that Howard believed could be improved by synthesizing a closer relationship between traditional urban and country spaces."
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Urban Spaces, 2007.
This paper compares and analyzes the two books "The Park and the People: A History of Central Park" by Roy Rosenzweig and Elizabeth Blackmar and "Nature's Metropolis: Chicago and the Great West" by William Cronon.
1,106 words (approx. 4.4 pages), 2 sources, APA, $ 38.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer introduces, discusses and analyzes the books "The Park and the People: A History of Central Park" by Roy Rosenzweig and Elizabeth Blackmar and "Nature's Metropolis: Chicago and the Great West" by William Cronon. Specifically, the paper contains a comparative analysis of the two books, including the role of market relationships in the use of urban space and conflict over the meaning of public space in cities. The writer concludes that urban and public spaces owe much of their existence to market relationships in the nineteenth century and beyond. Further, the writer notes that market relationships created the economies that brought people to the cities, and the open spaces provide the incentive to keep them happy once they have arrived.
From the Paper
"The meaning and use of public spaces have been contested it seems, since public parks and open spaces first appeared. It has been shown that Central Park was intended as a park for all New Yorkers, but for much of its history, the wealthiest New Yorkers were those who enjoyed it the most. Later in the park's history, different ethnic groups argued over such things as placement of statutes honoring Columbus, and other operational problems, such as funding, park policies, and such. Even as late as 30 years ago, conflicts arose over what ethnic groups could stage festivals or protests in the park, so even today, conflict over the use and who uses the space still abound."
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Raymond Chandler?s Urban Space, 2005.
A discussion on Raymond Chandler's representation of urban space in two novels "The Big Sleep" and "The Long Goodbye."
2,664 words (approx. 10.7 pages), 9 sources, APA, $ 80.95
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Abstract
This paper looks at some of the specific locations in the texts and their metaphorical significance before taking the discussion of urban representation to a wider scope by looking at Chandler's depiction of the Los Angeles and its inhabitants. It also examines the author's use of media and architecture as symbols of facade in both novels.
From the Paper
"Firstly, Chandler paints an image of Los Angeles as a "new centre-less city in which the various classes have lost touch with each other because each is isolated in his own geographical compartment." As an urban sprawl, Chandler's Los Angeles accommodates a social structure that is similarly sprawling away from any central sense of community. "Neighbourhoods are irrationally segregated from each other...and expensive ones like...Idle Valley are made inaccessible to those without cars or credentials." This quotation raises two important observations. The first is the significance of the name Idle Valley. As a valley it geographically shelters its inhabitants from exterior influences, presumably the citizens of the greater metropolis of Los Angeles and of the lower classes. "
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"The Social Production of Urban Space"( Gottdiener, M ), 1997.
Reviews work on political & material relationship between spatial & social relations, focusing on space as a force of production.
1,125 words (approx. 4.5 pages), 1 source, $ 39.95
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From the Paper
" The essays assembled by Scott Cummings in Business Elites and Urban Development constitute a response to the Reagan era's emphasis on the privatization of urban services and minimization of federal and even local government involvement in private sector development. The essays consist of critical responses and case studies, all of which question the ability of the private sector to effect a transformation of cities that would benefit most residents. For the most part the writers agree that existing programs are not effective either. But they are unconvinced that business elites can ever successfully address the root causes of the urban crises which, in so many cases, they either cause or exacerbate. They agree that the private sector will continue to have an even greater impact on American cities but argue that without greater control that impact will continue.."
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Trade Spaces in "Trading Spaces", 2002.
A representation of hegemonic masculinity in the popular television series "Trading Spaces".
3,010 words (approx. 12.0 pages), 13 sources, APA, $ 88.95
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Abstract
The textual analysis of the TV series "Trading Spaces" explores the possibility of interchanging gender roles in this home improvement showcase. A strong case is built on the unchanging male hegemony. However, the paper shows that the series does focus, in a particular way, on issues of gender and power, and especially on the supposedly changing nature of masculinity. Provides limitless examples from the show to exemplify gendered television.
From the Paper
"Since its launch in September 2000 as a late-afternoon show, Trading Spaces has regularly scored a 2 or 3 household rating in its universe in prime time, according to Neilson Media Research data, peaking one Saturday evening in April at a 3:2 for an episode featuring the Dixie Chicks. With that all-time household record for TLC, Trading Spaces also beat out all broadcast networks in delivery of adults 18-49 that night (the network regularly ranks in the top 10 of all cable networks in delivery of adults 18-49 and adults 25-54). By the conclusion of its third season, Trading Spaces will have taped 65 new episodes compared to last season?s 40, and can be seen in 70 million homes in America, and internationally in Canada, Japan, Australia, Thailand, and the Philippines (Foege)."
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Urbanization and Rural Urban Migration in China, 2006.
A discussion on the emerging-entrepreneurial class and rural urban migrations in China.
1,800 words (approx. 7.2 pages), 6 sources, $ 71.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses urbanization and rural urban migration in developing countries. In particular, the paper discusses the role that the entrepreneurial class, made up most of rural peasant migrants, has had on China. Basically these individuals are responsible for all of the political and economic changes in China.
From the Paper
"Urbanization and rural-urban migrations are two very closely related phenomena. According to K. Jegasothy in "Population and Rural-Urban Environmental Interactions in Developing Countries," urbanization is conventionally defined as a process of spatial movement of a population towards towns and cities and their resulting expansion" (Jegasothy 1031). Urbanization is the direct result of rural-urban migrations. This is because urbanization is caused by people from rural areas moving into cities and towns. The rate of urbanization and rural-urban migrations has been increasing in recent decades."
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Quasi-Public Privatized Spaces, 2002.
A discussion of the increase of quasi-public privatized spaces using Universal?s City Walk, Los Angeles as an example.
2,283 words (approx. 9.1 pages), 7 sources, MLA, $ 70.95
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Abstract
This paper examines how public space should be democratically organized to support communal usage from people in all walks of life and how today access to true public space has become a scarcity. It evaluates how people are more commonly flocking to quasi-public privatized spaces such as Universal?s City Walk, which is representative of a typical sequestered quasi-public space. It looks at how it is surrounded by high fences, set high upon a hill, how visitors are required to follow strict guidelines and how their activity is monitored. It analyzes how the development of quasi-privatized spaces such as City Walk are more representative of a demoralizing and hierarchical society, where certain groups feel more privileged than others. It shows how by creating walled cities and gated communities, Americans are shutting themselves off and creating exclusive mini-communities, that have nothing to do with democracy and everything to do with exclusion.
From the Paper
"The creation of such quasi-public spaces are actually much more representative of the increasing paranoia that exists throughout the nation in urban cities like LA. Universal?s City Park was created for the purpose of expression of the ideas and desires of a small group of people, not representative of the community as a whole, inclusive in reality of vagabonds and the elite alike. Steven Flusty, in his work ?Building Paranoia? also describes the Park as a ?Jittery Space.?
He describes this as "space that cannot be utilized unobserved due to active monitoring by roving patrols and/or remote technologies feeding to security stations." People entering City Walk are subject to constant monitoring, whether on the walkways, in the shops or by the fountains. "
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The Gendered Geography of Fear, 2005.
How gender identities are determined by the fear of public urban spaces.
1,575 words (approx. 6.3 pages), 6 sources, $ 62.95
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Abstract
The subject of the paper is gender and geography. The paper argues that gender identities are determined by the fear of public urban spaces. In order to maintain the patriarchy women are convinced that there is something to be afraid of. Men on the other hand build identities as aggressors or protectors. The paper examines how it is not just the physical environment that determines spaces within cities, but also social, political, ideological, economic and cultural factors.
From the Paper
"Spaces within cities are not just determined by the physical environment. Social, political, ideological, economic and cultural factors are just as important. This is what Tracey Skillington is saying in The City as Text when she uses the term "the city as text". Skillington argues, It was by way of a complex system of symbolic interaction that meaning was socially constructed and politically mobilized, that certain cultural codes of interpretation were mediated through the symbolic features of discourse on the city to justify the system of cultural and political authority as it is (Skillington, 1998:458)."
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European Public Spaces, 2002.
A description of two prominent examples of public space shaped by aesthetic and political forces: St. Mark's Square in Venice, Italy and the ULM, a German design and art college.
1,350 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 8 sources, $ 47.95
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Abstract
Describes two prominent examples of public space shaped by aesthetic & political forces: St. Mark's Square in Venice, Italy & the ULM, a German design & art college. Detailed descrption of the Square, its architecture & sculptures, its evolution, its place as the center of Venetial social life. Describes archtect Mies Van der Rohe's design for ULM; emphasis on environmental design.
From the Paper
"Public space is shaped by a number of forces, but primary among them is the use to which the space will be put, the political forces able to make this work, the aesthetic forces prevalent at the time, and changes that might take place through history. The Piazza San Marco and the ULM are public spaces both shaped by prevailing political and aesthetic forces and developed for specific purposes, and Piazza San Marco has been reshaped by history, while the ULM has not been in existence long enough to be so affected by time, though there have been changes in its short life just the same.
The Piazza San Marco, or St. Mark's Square, in Venice is not a strict rectangle but instead opens wider at the basilica end, thus enhancing the perspective and creating the illusion that it is even longer than it is. The square is bordered by..."
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Preventing Fatalities in Confined Spaces, 2007.
A manual that looks at established rescue procedures as a result of the growing number of worker deaths.
1,992 words (approx. 8.0 pages), 8 sources, MLA, $ 63.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses the statistics of worker deaths where 60% of these are deaths of would-be rescuers. The paper explains that the lack of established rescue procedures and the workers failing to follow technical data provided are among the causes of the fatalities. The paper therefore presents a manual that discusses entry, confined space entry, entry permit, enclosed area, hazards and safe entry. The manual contains an emergency response plan and roles, ten requirements for fuel systems confined space, guidelines for fuel systems safety and an occupational, physical and respiratory protection program.
Outline:
Introduction
Entry, Confined Space Entry, Entry Permit
Enclosed Area, Oxygen Deficient Atmosphere, Safe Entry
The Entry Chief, Entrant, Attendant, Runner and Monitor
Requirements for Training
Maintenance Requirements
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Entry is any act, which results in any part of an employee's body breaching the plane of the opening of a confined space or enclosed area (Porter). It includes any ensuing work in a confined space or enclosed area. Entry into a fuel tank can be in the form of fuel leaks, structural problems, fuel quantity problems, or NDI inspections (Porter)."
"A confined space is one that is large enough for a body to enter, has limited means for entry or exit, and is not designed for continuous occupancy (Porter). A confined space must meet all these three conditions in order to be considered a confined space. All aircraft fuel tanks are considered "permit-required" confined spaces, according to T.O 1-1-3. Center-wing dry bay will be tested with 514 Bacharach before entry for inspection or fuel maintenance (Porter)."
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Wide Open Spaces, 2006.
A review of the novel "Wide Sargasso Sea" by Jean Rhys.
1,700 words (approx. 6.8 pages), 1 source, MLA, $ 55.95
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Abstract
This paper studies the Jean Rhys' novel "Wide Sargasso Sea", about Antoinette and her family at Coulibri Estate. The author of this paper attempts to understand the novel from the perspective of defining and confining space, which proscribes any possibility of escape, change or hope. The paper shows how this definition of space limits not only what the characters within Rhys' novel can do but also what Rhys herself can accomplish with the novel. Quoting lines from the book, the paper emphasizes that even with the novel's proscribed narrative framework, Rhys attempts to push the boundaries. Through an analysis of the main character Antoinette's emotions and actions, this paper further concludes that she essentially becomes controlled by the very space that she seeks to fill.
From the Paper
"Even with the very first sentence of the novel, Rhys presents an idea of the space enclosing the characters, "They say when trouble comes close ranks" (17). Immediately we are given a figurative idea of how trapped and enclosed Antoinette and her family are within their own land. Despite the literal space that surrounds Antoinette and her family at Coulibri Estate, they become more and more enclosed and controlled by the wild growth of the garden, the animosity of the freed slaves, and their own poverty. The dynamic between the literal size of the estate and the emotional distance between Antoinette and her mother, exacerbates the lack of control and the sense of inevitability that the characters have."
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"A World of Strangers", 2002.
A book review of "A World of Strangers: Order and Action in Urban Public Space," by Lyn H. Lofland.
1,370 words (approx. 5.5 pages), 1 source, MLA, $ 45.95
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Abstract
This is a critical report of Lyn Lofland's "A World of Strangers: Order and Action in Urban Public Space,"an interesting study of urban neighborhoods, and what makes them the way they are today. The paper shows how Lofland contends that neighborhoods are far different today because of the growth of cities. We live in a neighborhood of strangers, and our interactions with them cause little or no discourse or meaning. It shows how the author of the book makes it clear from the beginning that her premise is about the people who inhabit the cities of her topic, and not so much the cities themselves.
From the Paper
"Lofland also discusses the threat we feel from strangers, and how we react to this implied threat. In today's society, strangers are often a threat, and so we tend to avoid them at all costs, especially in public situations. The person standing across from us on the subway platform could be the man of our dreams, or an axe murderer looking for his next victim. We are afraid of strangers because of the autoimmunity of our society, and our cities. There are many different types of avoidance behaviors people exhibit when strangers surround them, such as in terminal waiting for a bus or a plane, or at a social engagement where they know none of the others in attendance. People go to fairly elaborate measures to ignore strangers in these situations, such as reading books, sitting in one spot and ignoring everyone around them, and moving from place to place investigating everything in the room so they are never in one place long enough to make contact with anyone else. These avoidance mechanisms say a lot about our society, and how we are all strangers to one another."
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Branding and Two Israeli Products, 2002.
This paper discusses branding and its application in two Israeli companies, including the use of urban space for advertising via the method of advertising on buildings and on billboards.
7,405 words (approx. 29.6 pages), 14 sources, $ 163.95
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Abstract
This paper compares the background and marketing programs of two companies operating in Israel: the Neviot mineral water company, an Israeli company, which is an aggressive marketer; and the Buiron homeopathy company, a Belgian company, which is a more traditional marketer. The author points out that Neviot was one of the first companies to adopt the advertising-on-building media by showing a huge bottle of mineral water painted on the wall of a thirty-six-story tower building located next to a freeway. This paper states that advertising on buildings is a form of urban decoration.
Table of Contents
Introduction
Branding and Space - Theoretical Background
The Meaning of Branding
Branding and its Ramifications
Consumer?s Perspective
The Firm?s Perspective
Branding Approaches
Individual Product Brand
Family or Blanket Brand
Company Brand
Distributor Brand
Licensing
Brand Image and Perception
Marketing
Penetration
Market Development
Product Development
Diversification
The Art of Brand Construction
The Myth of Brand Loyalty
The ?Neviot? Company
The ?Boiron? Company
Background
Main Groups
The Products ? Strengths and Weaknesses
Strengths
Weaknesses
The End Consumer
The Market Characteristics
The Development of the Market and Estimate of the Market Size
Marketing Strategy
General Strategy
Entering the Market ? General
Activity When Entering the Market
Survey
The Salesmen Force
Sales Promotion
Medical Reliability
Professional Advertisement
Summary and Conclusions
From the Paper
"A brand is a name, concept, sign, symbol, example, decoration or combination of the aforementioned designed to identify the goods, products or services of an individual seller or a group of sellers, and to differentiate between these products and those of the competition. Brands shape the image and ?personality? of the product, lending it features perceived as having overall quality by the consumer when they evaluate it against another product. Coca Cola is the name brand of a soft drink. There are several parameters used to assess soft drinks (taste, color, texture) but the manufacturer brands the name Coca Cola so that consumers can classify the drink in a certain category that provides it with perceived features beyond the regular ones. When consumers purchase Reebok sneakers, they are not only purchasing shoes but shoes along with the added value derived from the name. As a result, consumers are prepared to pay much more for Reeboks than for regular shoes."
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Urban Sociology, 2008.
This paper discusses the term and the concept of urban and looks at how the urban setting directly impacts the social relations that are conducted within it.
1,207 words (approx. 4.8 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 41.95
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Abstract
In this article the writer looks at the meaning of the term urban and discusses the extent that the urban setting shapes the social life which occurs within it. The writer notes that these issues are closely interrelated. This paper argues, the term "urban" must be understood as a sociological concept whose characteristics fundamentally define the social relations that occur within the urban space. The writer concludes that models of human social behaviour, such as civility, are developed in urban settings as a means of coping with the stresses of population densities as well as a cultural production that is deeply intertwined with economic and emotional relationships of humans as groups and as individuals.
From the Paper
"The relationship between the urban setting and the social life that occurs within it is thus complex but clear. The population densities and uses of space that physically characterize urban settings lead to a range of impacts upon social relations that, in many cases as in the cultural realm, seem indirect and would likely not be predicted. To use a metaphor, within a physical setting human population densities increase until a "critical mass" is attained, at which point "urbanity" comes into existence with an explosion of social and cultural forms that are distinct to urban life.
"Consider, for example, the arguments of some urban sociologists that the urban setting has led to a radical revisioning of fundamental human social interactions."
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