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Urban Planner Lewis Mumford, 2005.
This paper examines the role of organic urban city development as pioneered through the genius of Lewis Mumford.
900 words (approx. 3.6 pages), 2 sources, $ 35.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the fusion of naturalism and industrialization in urban planning as presented in Lewis Mumford's Organic Theory. The author includes aspects of urban planning such as more municipal land control, less mechanization in urban planning and organic balance in cities of steel, which were the innovation of Lewis Mumford. The paper relates that these three concepts demonstrate how Mumford helped to forge a city, which included nature within the formation of the new modern American city.
From the Paper
"This study examines the role of organic urban city development, as pioneered through the genius of Lewis Mumford. By evaluating the issues of industrialization and the growing problems of privatized capitalism of his times, Mumford offered a newer public array of city planning that would infuse naturalism into modern cities. By the acceleration of industrialization slowly eroding the overpopulating cities of America, Mumford forged a new path by offering a balance between capitalistic interests and the organic beauty of Nature that created healthier and more open city environments."
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"The Myth Of The Machine" ( Lewis Mumford ), 2002.
Discusses the premise of the book that today's professional sports are manufactured.
1,125 words (approx. 4.5 pages), 1 source, $ 39.95
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Abstract
Discusses the premise of the book that today's professional sports are manufactured. Sports have become professional entertainment, performed by a human machine with the goal of riches for players and owners. Gives example of the Cincinnati baseball team known as "The Big Red Machine." The buying and selling of sports events and sports heroes.
From the Paper
"Until man had made something of himself he could make little of the world around d him" (Mumford 1967 9) While Mumford is looking at the early ascent of man from a tool-bearing erect mammal to something else, this quote serves as a perfect introduction to Question 25- - professional sports as another example of "profit-making mechanism".
There surely can be no quarreling with Mumford's thesis on this subject. Man as machine, man as a cog in a giant machine named the NBA or the NFL, or Major League Baseball, or the PGA, or LPGA: Initials which introduce the machinery of publicity, sponsor endorsements and untold riches for those who capture the eye and imagination of the general public.
If the computer has turned the world into a new mega-machine perhaps meta-machine ..."
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Urban Planner Patrick Geddes, 2005.
This paper explores the visionary contributions of Sir Patrick Geddes to modern urban planning.
1,125 words (approx. 4.5 pages), 5 sources, $ 44.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses Patrick Geddes' contribution to the'garden city' concept of urban planning, a movement that gained strength throughout the twentieth century. The author points out the impact of Geddes upon urban planning thinkers such as Lewis Mumford and Ebenezer Howard. The paper relates that these planners owe a great deal of their own views to Geddes' firm belief in the marriage between the city and the urban landscape and between nature and human creation.
From the Paper
"This paper explores the impact of Patrick Geddes upon the development of contemporary urban planning. Chiefly, this paper focuses upon Geddes' contribution to the 'garden city' concept towards urban planning as that movement gained strength throughout the twentieth century. In particular, this paper examines Geddes' undeniable influence upon later thinkers - most famously Lewis Mumford. In the final analysis, perhaps no short paper can make complete sense of Sir Patrick Geddes, but the very exploration of the man is a rewarding and illuminating pursuit in and of itself. "
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Urbanization and Rural Urban Migration in China, 2006.
A discussion on the emerging-entrepreneurial class and rural urban migrations in China.
1,800 words (approx. 7.2 pages), 6 sources, $ 71.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses urbanization and rural urban migration in developing countries. In particular, the paper discusses the role that the entrepreneurial class, made up most of rural peasant migrants, has had on China. Basically these individuals are responsible for all of the political and economic changes in China.
From the Paper
"Urbanization and rural-urban migrations are two very closely related phenomena. According to K. Jegasothy in "Population and Rural-Urban Environmental Interactions in Developing Countries," urbanization is conventionally defined as a process of spatial movement of a population towards towns and cities and their resulting expansion" (Jegasothy 1031). Urbanization is the direct result of rural-urban migrations. This is because urbanization is caused by people from rural areas moving into cities and towns. The rate of urbanization and rural-urban migrations has been increasing in recent decades."
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Urban Culture and Innovation, 2007.
This paper explains how urban culture and society impacted and shaped achievement in science and in technology, especially as discussed by Lewis Mumford.
3,760 words (approx. 15.0 pages), 8 sources, APA, $ 103.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the role of the urban ecosystem in expediting the exchange of ideas, in creating vast local markets for new products, in forcing urban planners and engineers to look at new ways of meeting the pressing exigencies brought about by dynamic growth, and in concentrating human and productive resources in a geographically discrete location so that they can be exploited fully. The author points out that Lewis Mumford relates that, in the early American towns, businesses, in ceaseless competition, sought innovations to stay "one step ahead". The paper states that Mumford argues that the essential "garden city", which incorporates nature into the urban world and vice versa, actually existed in the colonial America of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries.
From the Paper
"One of the more controversial items Mumford raises in his work is the view that the urban community and the culture springing from it are not simply phenomena intrinsically designed to build human wealth and/or to fulfill basic human needs. Perhaps, at one time, that was indeed the case, but Mumford insists that the modern urban society is pre-eminently one in which the "conquest" of nature and the "control of life" are the chief aims of those who wield power over the productive appendages of the mega-machine."
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The Lewis and Clark Expedition, 2005.
This paper discusses Lewis and Clark expedition in the early 1800s, a symbol of the expansion of America
995 words (approx. 4.0 pages), 2 sources, MLA, $ 35.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that Lewis and Clark were not the first explorers to cross North America by land, but the Lewis and Clark expedition was monumental because President Thomas Jefferson arranged the journey, the expectations of the expedition, the members of the Corps of Discovery and the overall achievements. The author points out that some of the major achievements were knowledge gained about the Western lands through the maps of rivers, mountains and terrain, the discovery of almost 400 new species of plants and animals and the strengthening of the American claims on the territories of the West. The paper relates that not only are the names of Lewis and Clark famous from this expedition but also the names of York, a black slave, and Sacagawea, an Indian woman.
Outline
I. Why Jefferson wanted the West
A. It was a really long distance to travel
B. States allowed access to Louisiana
1. Louisiana obtained through Louisiana purchase
2. New Orleans had access to world through port
C. Land important status symbol
1. Jefferson and Washington both Virginia land owners
D. Vision of coast to coast land united
II. Preparing for the Expedition
A. Earlier explorer had made the journey
B. Congress made decision
1. Expedition would have twelve men
2. Would have budget of $2500
C. Group would need wide knowledge
1. Botany
2. Geology
3. Wildlife
4. Mapping terrain
III. Establishment of group
A. Dubbed "The Corp of Discovery"
B. Jefferson elected Captain Meriwether Lewis
C. Clark elected partner William Clark
D. Clark brought Black slave York
E. Joined later by Native American woman Sacagawea
F. Only member to die on trip was Sergeant Charles Floyd
IV. The Journey
A. Began May 14 from Camp Dubois
B. Followed Missouri River
C. Camped at Fort Mandan for first winter
D. Traveled west, crossed Rocky Mountains
E. Reached West coast in December 1805
F. Spent second winter at Fort Clatsop
G. Back home September 1806
V. Achievements
A. Knowledge of West
1. Rivers
2. Mountains
3. Terrain
B. New Species
1. Plants
2. Animals
C. Paved way for American expansion
1. Fur trade
2. Naive American contact
3. Claims on Western territories
D. Would guide Pioneers on part of Oregon Trail
E. Social Achievement through voting
1. Black slave
2. Native American woman
VI. Conclusion
From the Paper
"The expedition would eventually be called the Corps of Discovery, and would have between thirty and forty members in total. Jefferson himself selected the leader for the group, a captain named Meriwether Lewis. Lewis was allowed to select his own partner, and chose William Clark. An interesting fact about Clark is that although he was known by the other members of the expedition, as well as by many history books, as a captain, he was in fact only a Lieutenant, apparently because of delays in Army paperwork. Also on the mission was York, who was the Black slave of Clark. Later on the journey, they would be joined by a Native American woman names Sacagawea, who was of the Shoshone/Hidasta tribe."
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"The Journals of Lewis and Clark", 2003.
This paper reviews Bernard DeVoto's "The Journals of Lewis and Clark", which remained unpublished for 100 years.
1,205 words (approx. 4.8 pages), 1 source, MLA, $ 41.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that the key point of the journals of Lewis and Clark was, in 1803, when President Thomas Jefferson sent his secretary Meriwether Lewis and Lewis' friend William Clark on a mission to explore the uncharted West; Jefferson called the group the Corps of Discovery. The author points out that DeVoto considers these journals as a "national literary treasure", which detail the interior of the American West. The paper relates that the Corps of Discovery returned to St. Louis with comprehensive maps of their route and the surrounding regions, specimens and descriptions of the plants, animal life and potential mineral resources and a wealth of information about the native peoples of the West.
Table of Contents
Introduction
Evaluation of Key Points
Did the Authors Achieve Their Objectives?
Primary and Secondary Sources
Personal Assessment
Relevance Today
From the Paper
"Whenever a company brings a project in under budget, there are big celebrations and back-patting all around. Lewis and Clark managed to accomplish at lot with $2,500, even for the beginning of the 19th century (although the historians say that in reality they had a blank check for whatever unexpected expenses they may have experienced and the expedition actually cost more). Captains Meriwether Lewis and William Clark accomplished all of their objectives according to the guidelines set out by President Jefferson to Lewis and more, but they did not just stumble into their success. According to the research, both Lewis and Clark had much experience of command and of wilderness life."
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C. S. Lewis, 2002.
This paper is a critique of C. S. Lewis.
3,500 words (approx. 14.0 pages), 14 sources, MLA, $ 98.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the life and works of C. S. Lewis. The author shows how C. S. Lewis took the everyday questions about religion and faith, tackling them head-on. It is illustrated with various examples how Lewis was a Christian writer who was deeply influenced by the teachings of God and His Scripture, although Lewis?s views differ greatly from the fundamentalist view of scripture.
From the Paper
"CS Lewis was born, in 1898, in Belfast, Ireland. He was educated at various schools throughout England (Hooper, 1996). In 1914, he began studying Latin, Greek, French, German and Italian and later moved to Oxford. His education was disrupted by the first World War but within two years, he resumed his studies.
In 1924, Lewis became a teacher of Literature and Language at Magdalen College in Oxford, where he remained until 1954. During this time, he wrote the majority of his work. Lewis later moved to Cambridge where he spent the rest of his life teaching Medieval and Renaissance Literature."
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Pain as Represented in the Works of C. S. Lewis and David Morris, 2002.
This essay explores how the issue of pain is reflected in the writings of C.S Lewis and David Morris.
800 words (approx. 3.2 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 28.95
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Abstract
This essay explores the works of David Morris and C. S. Lewis and how each believes that pain contributes to spirituality and faith. Particularly, the paper explores the texts "The Culture of Pain" (Morris) and "A Grief Observed" (Lewis). The author of the paper discusses how pain was treated in the past via religion as "visionary" and how it is treated these days as first crippling, then visionary. The paper shows that Morris believes pain can be visionary?hence his term ?visionary pain? while Lewis believes pain is the instrument not of a cosmic Sadist, but a cosmic Healer.
From the Paper
"The pain C. S. Lewis describes feeling after the death of his wife in A Grief Observed is?at least initially?radically different than the pain David Morris describes in the chapter six, ?Visionary pain and the politics of suffering,? in his book The Culture of Pain. The design of this essay is to explore these two authors, uncovering how each believes pain contributes to spirituality and faith."
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C.S. Lewis, 2002.
An overview of the life and works of C.S. Lewis - 20th century religious writer.
1,879 words (approx. 7.5 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 60.95
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Abstract
This research paper reviews the teachings of Lewis, as reflected in his work and shows how they were largely influenced by his experiences throughout his life. Initially, major events and experiences in Lewis?s life are discussed. In order to demonstrate the thesis of the paper, some of the primary teachings of Lewis are reviewed and discussed in relation to the experiences and events within his life.
From the Paper
"C.S. Lewis (1898-1963) was born in Belfast, Ireland, the younger of two sons; he was named Clive Staples Lewis. Born into a family of book lovers, Lewis spent may hours in his childhood and adolescence reading, entering into the world of authors such as Conan Doyle, E. Nesbit, Mark Twain, and Henry Wadsworth Longfellow (Olsen, 2000). As reported by Olsen, after his older brother for boarding school in 1905, Lewis became increasingly reclusive, devoting more of his time to reading as well as exploring an imaginary world of "dressed animals" and "knights in armor." In 1908, only three months prior to his birthday, Lewis?s mother died from cancer which served to drive him further into his solitary world (Olsen, 2000). According to Olsen, Lewis?s father never recovered from the loss of his wife, creating a widening sense of estrangement between Lewis and his father."
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Charity in ?The Four Loves?, by C.S. Lewis, 2002.
A paper which discusses the most important form of love - charity - in C.S. Lewis' book "The Four Loves".
990 words (approx. 4.0 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 35.95
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Abstract
The paper shows that associations among the characters of Perelandra, the Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe in C.S. Lewis' "The Four Loves" reveal the qualities of primary three kinds of love, namely: erotic love, affection, and friendship. It discusses how the author, however, overwhelms and outshines these three forms by a superior form of love, charity. This is the fourth form of love described by Lewis for being the fountainhead of all loves. The paper shows that in the opinion Lewis, all other forms of love take their origin from charity. It shows how this fact is also obvious in the story that it is not easy to classify the kind of love that exists between two entities - it can even be the case that two or more kinds of love be present in one association simultaneously.
From the Paper
"Ransom's desperation to contact was the culmination of the instinctive desire of making friends in human beings. Though this desire is deeply-rooted in the usual familiarity of all individuals in the world, it is not a ?must?. C.S. Lewis illustrates friendship in The Four Loves as a simulated need and states, ?We can live and breed without friendship.? (The Four Loves, p.58). Ransom?s distraction towards friendship was a ?need-love? case that is profound in humans. Lewis says in relation to this ?need? component of human liking, ?Our craving for the affection of others.? (The Four Loves, p.39)."
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Thomas Jefferson and the Lewis and Clark Expedition, 2004.
A look at the impact of Thomas Jefferson's character on the Lewis and Clark expedition.
1,680 words (approx. 6.7 pages), 4 sources, APA, $ 54.95
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Abstract
This paper explores the impact of Thomas Jefferson's character on the famous Lewis and Clark expedition. The paper explains how Jefferson's character influenced the objectives of the expedition itself as well as the personality of Meriwether Lewis thereby affecting the expedition-related tasks completed by both Lewis and William Clark.
From the Paper
"Thomas Jefferson is perhaps one of America's most admired early statesmen. He is often seen as a man of complex and exemplary character, who through his many efforts played a crucial role in the formation of the new American nation. Jefferson's character was indeed noteworthy, as he was both a known admirer of the natural world, a profound proponent of democracy, and a noted scholar with wide interests. As a child, Jefferson was schooled in a variety of subjects, including Latin and Greek, and he retained an appreciation for learning through his life. In speaking of his ability to read Greek and Latin authors in their original, he noted "I thank on my knees him who directed my early education for having put into my possession this rich source of delight" (Peterson, 7). He was both a diligent student, and developed a love of nature (Peterson)."
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"What Went Wrong?" by Bernard Lewis, 2006.
An analysis of the book "What Went Wrong: The Clash Between Islam and Modernity in the Middle East" by Bernard Lewis.
1,004 words (approx. 4.0 pages), 1 source, MLA, $ 35.95
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Abstract
The paper introduces, discusses, and analyzes the book "What Went Wrong: The Clash Between Islam and Modernity in the Middle East" by Bernard Lewis. The paper examines how Bernard Lewis, a respected author and expert historian who has written on a variety of historical topics, presents the argument that Islam has gone terribly wrong in modern times, and that after medieval times, the Islamic world began a decline in power, learning, the arts, and economy that the region has never been able to regain. The writer explains that Lewis shows the Middle East has almost always been torn by war and strife, and that the modern Middle East suffers from many ills that lead Muslims to anger, dissent, external and internal warfare, and economic despair.
From the Paper
"Throughout the text, he shows his understanding of the Arabic world and her peoples, even down to their lack of modern time and measurement technology - simply because it is not exceptionally necessary in their world. The author writes, "Apart from prayer, there were few other activities that required even approximate timing. This was a society in which there were no parliaments, councils, or municipalities, and the conduct of public business required no kind of schedule" (Lewis 122). This is just one example of how Western technology, so very desirable in the West, was often unnecessary in the East, and technology and advances began to pass the Muslim Middle East by."
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Imaginary Worlds in C.S. Lewis' Stories, 2005.
A look at how author C.S. Lewis drew analogies between the imaginary world and the real world in his stories.
1,072 words (approx. 4.3 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 37.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses and analyzes stories by C.S. Lewis and looks at how they challenge the reader to make sense of the secondary worlds and to imagine themselves in the place of the heroes and heroines who populate those worlds. The paper explains that, in his stories, Lewis supplies the imagination with information that the reader uses to distinguish what is true in the primary world from what is not in the secondary world.
From the Paper
"In Prince Caspian, Lewis uses the metaphor of faith as seeing and the mystery that faith in the primary world is able to apprehend. The characters, Prince Caspian and Lucy Pevensie stand out as characters whose faith in the figure of Aslan is severely tested. Each rises courageously to the occasion and as a result serves all of Narnia. Lewis depicts the final fulfillment of faith and courage in the seventh concluding book of the Narnia series, The Last Battle. In this book, wickedness conspires against the primary world values of goodness and wins the struggle, and all of the heroes and heroines of Narnia end up on the other side of death in a better world. They have passed beyond the "Shadow-lands" where it is always "the morning" (The Last Battle 228)."
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Bernard Lewis' "Islam and the West", 2005.
A book review of Lewis' book about the relationship between Islamic culture and Western/European culture.
1,637 words (approx. 6.5 pages), 2 sources, MLA, $ 53.95
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Abstract
This paper presents a review of "Islam and the West" by Bernard Lewis by examining each of the different sections in the book. The paper talks about Lewis' theme that it is very difficult to study a culture that has few roots in the culture of the researcher and that both cultures look at each other from a xenophobic point of view. The paper concludes that "Islam and the West" is an important book that should be part of high school and college studies in world history.
From the Paper
"The author of Islam and the West, Bernard Lewis, has an extensive background in the study of Islam. He has both a B. A. and Ph.D. in history from the University of London. His B.A. emphasizes the Near and Middle East, and his Ph.D. focused on the history of Islam. He did additional graduate work at the University of Paris. He taught for many years at the University of London, and since 1986 has taught at Princeton University in Princeton, New Jersey. His long list of other published books include The Arabs in History (1950), The Political Language of Islam (1988), and his most recent work, A Middle East Mosaic: Fragments of life, letters and history (2000). "
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