| Papers [1-15] of 100 :: [Page 1 of 7] | | Go to page : 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 —> | Search results on "UNITED NATIONS POLICY FORMULATION IMPLEMENTATION": |
|
|
United Nations Policy Formulation and Policy Implementation, 2004.
Provides an overview of United Nations policy formulation and policy implementation in the context of international public administration organizations.
1,478 words (approx. 5.9 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 48.95
»
Click here to show/hide summary
Abstract
This paper examines, through a literature review, instances of policies that were developed and not effectively carried out, as well as recent requirements for the formulation of policies put into place at the UN. It looks at how a sustained public information campaign is extremely important for the success of the UN?s attempt to reinvent its system of policy formulation and policy implementation due to all the ?bad news?, including terrorism and war and AIDS, etc., dominating the TV and print news agencies.
From the Paper
"There are myriad examples of the UN?s good work ? in many and diverse areas where there are desperate human needs throughout the world ? and also, on the other hand, there is no shortage of evidence that some policies, although they were drawn up with the best of intentions, failed in their mission, or were thwarted either through no direct fault of the UN, or because the UN?s policy implementation could not match the promises in the policy formulation. One example of the apparent failure of a policy which was to be implemented was recently reported by the British Medical Journal (Tayal, 2003). The journal claimed that a UN policy designed to tackle the health and human rights needs of ?indigenous people? ? a policy which was formulated in 1995 ? has not been very effective in its implementation."
| |
|
Public Policy Formulation, 2004.
A look at the role that public opinion plays on policy formulation.
2,938 words (approx. 11.8 pages), 9 sources, APA, $ 103.95
»
Click here to show/hide summary
Abstract
This paper examines the relationship between public opinion and policy formulation and shows that
public opinion generally leads policy formulation rather than the other way around. The paper includes comparison of policy formulation in the US, the UK, and in Canada.
From the Paper
"The relationship between public opinion and policy formulation is a fundamental question in our understanding and evaluation of representational democracy. If a system is to qualify as democratic rule by the people then policy must have some positive relationship to public opinion embodying the will of the people in some concrete rather than purely abstract or symbolic way. Otherwise, democratic institutions would be mere window dressing. On the other hand, from at least the time of Edmund Burke in the..."
| |
|
Presidential Policy Formulation, 2004.
Political briefing and position paper intended to aid President George W. Bush in policy formulation.
5,393 words (approx. 21.6 pages), 18 sources, MLA, $ 132.95
»
Click here to show/hide summary
Abstract
This is an all-inclusive paper dealing with a wide range of issues, such as the American economy, in general, and discussing issues, such as budget deficits, tax cuts, medical assistance and benefits for retired people, the weakening American dollar, allocations for the military, intelligence and homeland security, job growth, and the regime and policies of free trade. With regards to security, it features the recent American initiative on the war on terrorism. The issues of weapons of mass destruction (WMD) and nuclear proliferation are also discussed, as well as the aspect of the ?future?, as it was viewed from the era of the Vietnam War. Furthermore, the relevance of the Cold War is outlined as a great American victory. Compelling issues, such as the role of oil, OPEC, the Middle East, and the socio-political and economic situation after the incidents of September 11 are also addressed. Additionally, the role of the United States government is outlined and made easy to understand.
From the Paper
"The appreciable factor in the entire issue is the surplus which is estimated at 5.6 trillion dollars spread over the next ten years. There is also a projection of a 500 billion dollar from Medicare surpluses. The democrats on the other hand intend to spend the entire Social security and Medicare surpluses towards paying off debt. This however cannot be a favourable idea since it leaves the government with no table funds. A better and agreeable solution would rather be paying up a whopping 80% of the debt, subtracting 2 trillion dollars from Social security surpluses and using the remaining 600 billion dollars as an investment into the promising avenues of the stock market. Thereafter, a reserve account can be created to haul in the funds that have come by way of medical surpluses which amount to 500 billion dollars added up with an extra 340 billion."
| |
|
Did The National Policy Stimulate the Rate of Prairie Settlement?, 2002.
Argues that the National Policy of Canada in the late 1890's was more destructive than beneficial to the Canadian economy.
900 words (approx. 3.6 pages), 4 sources, $ 35.95
»
Click here to show/hide summary
Abstract
Other than the staples thesis, the National Policy has probably engendered more debate among economic historians than any other issue in Canadian economic history. Though many credible positions can be taken on the issue, this paper will argue that the National Policy did induce settlement in the Prairies after 1896, but it likely did more harm than good into the longer term. While it is undeniable that it had some corollary if not positive impact, for the most part the National Policy was wasteful and unnecessary. It was a misdiagnosed prescription of the wrong medication at the wrong time.
| |
|
Foreign Policy Formulation, 2007.
A look at the the key factors that influence foreign policy decisions with reference to the foreign policy of Britain and Germany.
959 words (approx. 3.8 pages), 9 sources, MLA, $ 34.95
»
Click here to show/hide summary
Abstract
This paper discusses the varied and numerous factors and actors in international relations that influence foreign policy formulation in Britain and Germany. Transnational Organizations such as the UN and the EU are covered, along with NATO's role post WWII. Concepts such as 'chequebook diplomacy' are explained and also the emergence of a new national German interest post 9/11 is examined.
From the Paper
"The Anglo-American relationship is reputed to be the strongest bond to have existed between two independent sovereign nations, certainly in terms of foreign policy harmonization. The UK claims "a special relationship with the United States, not shared by others" (Kenneth Younger, 1964, p104), throughout Europe, although Germany shares some common interest with her through NATO, having occasionally stoically exhibited this commitment. "Germany prefers to compromise its tradition of military restrain, rather than weakening its reputation as a reliable partner within NATO" (Volker Rittberger, 2001, p179), as German participation in Kosovo demonstrated."
| |
|
Foreign Policy Formulation, 1999.
Roles of politicians & diplomats in developing & implementing foreign policy: president, state department and ambassadors.
1,350 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 7 sources, $ 47.95
»
Click here to show/hide summary
From the Paper
"FOREIGN POLICY: ROLES OF POLITICIANS & DIPLOMATS
Introduction
This research examines the roles of politicians and diplomats in the making and execution of foreign policy. Alexander George (1994) held that the making and execution of foreign policy involves (1) the establishment of objectives, (2) the development of a strategy to attain those objectives, (3) the design of a strategy implementation, (4) the execution of the strategy, (5) the maintenance of the policy and the strategy, and (6) the review of the policy and the strategy. Accepting this framework as a basis for this current research, the task then becomes one of determining which of the six functions are associated with the role of politicians and which of the functions are associated with roles for diplomats."
| |
|
Environmental Policy Formulation, 1994.
A look at the protection of public health from pollution, legislation, politics and economics including scientific knowledge, regulation, values, carcinogens, control of industry and chlorine.
3,600 words (approx. 14.4 pages), 21 sources, $ 127.95
»
Click here to show/hide summary
From the Paper
"Phasing-Out Chlorine: An Environmental Policy Examination
Introduction
From Love Canal to Columbia Beach to "Agent Orange" to the "ozone hole" to a myriad of other phenomena, the detrimental impacts on human health and environmental safety of chlorine byproducts gradually raised public awareness of the dangers associated with the industrial use of chlorine (Daniel, Reddy, Stober, and Olson, 1991, pp. 665-670; Daniel, Olson, and Stober, 1991, pp. 32-39). As public awareness of the hazards associated with the use of chlorine and chlorine byproducts has risen, so too have pressures for the..."
| |
|
National Policy Studies, 2005.
An understanding of the effectiveness and policy construct of the North American Free trade Agreement (NAFTA).
3,375 words (approx. 13.5 pages), 10 sources, $ 133.95
»
Click here to show/hide summary
Abstract
In this paper, the information and statistical data provided here on the NAFTA inter-governmental negotiations and policy regulation have been brought forth. By realizing the ideology and background of why NAFTA was originally created, the paper highlights the depleted and indebted economy of Mexico in relation to America and Canada. The debt accrued by former leaders of Mexico in the 80s reveal a need for stimulus in the Mexican economy, which the Americans were all too happy to provide.
From the Paper
"The North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) was an economic policy engineered during a period of international expansion of U.S. markets. During the 70s the American trade markets were being subjected to Japanese and Russian competitiveness, which forced the American government to set restrictions and guidelines that helped to help form bonds that would compete on the world market. Williams (1993) states: There are a number of factors that led up to NAFTA. By far the most important is the relative decline in US international competitiveness. Pivotal to US decline is the rise of Japan as serious rival in the US domestic market as well as the global market. By the 1970s it was clear that the international trade system the US had constructed was no longer working solely in the interest of American corporations."
| |
|
National Industrial Policy, 1996.
Examines interrelationship among policy, international trade & economic theory in general & applied to govt. & business in Australia.
1,125 words (approx. 4.5 pages), 16 sources, $ 39.95
»
Click here to show/hide summary
From the Paper
"An industrial policy attempts to provide an economic environment that either (1) supports industrial development generally, or (2) promotes the development of specific industries or sectors of an economy. Such a policy might include (1) tax incentives to support either investment or exports, (2) subsidies?direct or indirect?to industrial firms or industries, (3) protection against foreign competition, (4) worker training programs, (5) funding?full or participating?for research and development, (6) grants and loans to support (a) regional development, (b) the development of specific industries, or (c) small business, (7) export financing, (8) loans and loan..."
| |
|
Japan's National Security Policy, 1996.
Evolution after WWII. Dependence on U.S., treaties, economic power, neo-nationalism, politics, public opinion, defense buildup, energy issues, regional relations.
3,150 words (approx. 12.6 pages), 25 sources, $ 111.95
»
Click here to show/hide summary
From the Paper
"This research paper examines the policy alternatives facing Japan as it seeks to redefine its national security policy in the post-cold war environment and analyzes the factors which have in the past and may in the future influence its direction. Since the end of World War II, Japan has become an economic superpower, but its physical security as a nation has been largely dependent on the protection of American military power. Recently, Japan has become more assertive in world affairs and has strengthened its own military capabilities. The domestic economic difficulties and political instability of the 1990s have led to a period of strategic indecision in Japan. The future direction of Japanese national security policy will be affected by a number of factors, the most important of which are Japanese traditions, Japan's..."
| |
|
National Forest Policy, 1994.
Significance, laws and the conflict between environmentalists & the timber industry.
1,350 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 10 sources, $ 47.95
»
Click here to show/hide summary
From the Paper
"U.S. forest policy is an evolving doctrine influenced by new problems and new concerns raised by different interest groups, by environmental changes, by economic concerns, and so on, but at the same time there is an underlying forestry policy that guides decision-making and shapes the way Congress and other interested parties develop programs for the stewardship and controlled exploitation of resources in the national forests. When these lands were first designated a national forests, it was clear that they had been set aside for consumptive uses, but new priorities and new forces have brought into question many of the traditional guidelines for the use of this land. The U.S. Forest Service administers the National Forests of the nation under a mandate signed in 1905 by President Theodore Roosevelt. The political and social environment of the management of the national parks has.."
| |
|
National Environmental Policies in Australia, 2006.
A review of major national environmental policy-making institutions and policies in Australia.
2,551 words (approx. 10.2 pages), 15 sources, MLA, $ 77.95
»
Click here to show/hide summary
Abstract
This paper reviews how Australia is currently confronted with vital problems jeopardizing the condition of the environment and weakening its economic and social development. The paper reports how the important concerns are the conditions of the soil, water and the likely effect of changes in climatic conditions due to greenhouse gases.
From the Paper
"Yet another issue is that although Australia is the driest continent on this planet, it ranks fifth on the per capita consumption of water in the world. Per day average household consumption of water is estimated to be nearly 300 liters, which is double the worldwide average. Half of the domestic water usage is spent on watering of household gardens. The increased levels of water consumption due to rising populations and more water usage in homes is untenable, considering the reality that drawing out water from several catchments are reaching capacity levels. Even prior to the recent droughts, several catchment levels were at their unprecedented low as compared to their net potential. Whereas the water policy of 'pay as per use' has lessened or contained the demand of water since the bygone decade in majority of the principal capital cities, the argument goes on regarding the practicality of these policies on a more broad based manner. (Sustaining Australia sustainable development issues facing Australia to 2025)
In another effort to deal with the environmental problems, the Australian Government passed the Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act during 1999 in a wide-ranging initiative to delineate the environmental task of the Commonwealth in keeping with its consciousness of the environmental problems which the nation is presently passing through, inclusive of the urban air quality and pollution problems. The law took a leap in attempting to harmonize National, State and Territory measures to safeguard the environment, giving Commonwealth leadership with due respect to State and Territory control. Nevertheless, environmental headway for Australia continues to be sluggish due to want of unambiguous leadership at the federal level. "
| |
|
Policy Implementation, 2007.
This paper provides an assessment of strategies to promote public policy implementation.
2,281 words (approx. 9.1 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 70.95
»
Click here to show/hide summary
Abstract
The paper explains that the study of policy implementation is necessary in order to isolate strategies that have been effective in promoting policy change and effective policy implementation. The paper examines the works of three authors who have been active in improving the quality of the research on public policy; Charles E. Merriam, Michael Lipsky and Thomas R. Dye. The paper also describes the problems facing those responsible for public policy implementation and facing public policy researchers. To illustrate the scope of these problems, the paper uses the example of initial research into HIV/AIDS.
Outline:
Introduction
Three Noted Public Policy Researchers
Problems Facing Public Policy Researchers
Possible Reforms in Policy Implementation Research
From the Paper
"Study of policy implementation is necessary in order to isolate strategies that have been effective in promoting policy change and effective policy implementation. Persons who are prominent members of the policy change process are often classified as political activists, but there are numerous authors and analysts whose perceptions have helped facilitate a greater understanding of the policy change process. While not generally recognized as prominent social or political activists, such persons have nonetheless added a significant contribution to the overall study of public policy in general, and facilitating change and implementation in particular."
| |
|
Models of Policy Implementation, 2003.
A discussion on the main assumptions of models of policy implementation.
1,807 words (approx. 7.2 pages), 7 sources, MLA, $ 58.95
»
Click here to show/hide summary
Abstract
This paper looks at how once a decision is made with regard to a policy, a method of putting it into effect is required. It examines how implementation is a complex process whereby the means must make the goals achievable and how the process of implementation can be approached in two ways ? the ?top-down? (also known as ?the rational model? or ?forward mapping?) or ?bottom-up? (also known as ?backward mapping?. It shows how British policy is stuck with with the ?top-down? approach and how in order to make the best of it, each policy needs to come with clearly defined objectives, an implementation plan, sufficient support and resources and a system of communication and monitoring to ensure minimal deviation.
From the Paper
"The way things are interpreted by each individual can affect the implementation process. For example, a hospital manager may tell a G.P. that he needs to reduce waiting times for operations. The G.P. may interpret from that that he should perform some of the more minor operations at his surgery as he is qualified to do so. Alternatively, he could interpret that he simply needs to put people off operations if they are not an absolute emergency. The first interpretation would mean patients who have minor operations will be seen sooner and by reducing the number of people he is sending to hospital he is reducing the waiting times for those who are having operations there."
| |
|
Top-down Policy Implementation, 2003.
A look at the main assumptions of 'top-down' policy implementation.
1,826 words (approx. 7.3 pages), 7 sources, APA, $ 58.95
»
Click here to show/hide summary
Abstract
This paper discusses both 'top-down' and 'bottom-up' methods of policy implementation and the problems with each. It draws on theorists such as Babel and Lipsky.
From the Paper
"Once a decision is made with regard to a policy a method of putting it into effect is required. Implementation is a complex process whereby the means must make the goals achievable. Adding to the confusion is the number of agencies (and therefore individuals) involved. Each of these individuals can have an affect on the outcome that can complicate the process further."
|
|
|
