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Undertakings, Decisions and Concerted Practices, 2006.
An interpretation of Article 81(1) of British law concerning agreements between undertakings, decisions by associations of undertakings, and concerted practices.
1,649 words (approx. 6.6 pages), 7 sources, MLA, $ 53.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that competition law policy has been implemented in many parts of the world in order to achieve 'workable competition' and prevent the formation of a 'cartelised' economy. In particular, the paper looks at how Article 81 of the European Community Treaty plays an important role in regulating competition in the Europe. The paper discusses how, although the Commission has been keen not to allow there to be legalistic distinctions between the treatment of agreements and concerted practices in Article 81(1), and has received the support of the community courts in this endeavour, there still seems to exist an artificial distinction that makes both terms conceptually distinct.
From the Paper
"From these cases, we can conclude that the notion of a 'concerted practice' has increasingly been given wider definitions, the crux of which consists of a mental consensus whereby practical cooperation is knowingly substituted for competition, and that such can be achieved through direct or indirect contact between the parties without it being verbal. Hence, in the Cement appeals , the CFI held that receiving information at a meeting about the future conduct of a competitor constituted a concerted practice, even if one was a mere passive recipient of such information . Also in Soda-ash/Solvay , the Commission stated that a formal agreement is not necessary to prove collusion, as long as each party infers commitment from the other on the basis of conduct . These cases seem to show that concerted practices come under the umbrella of 'agreements', but only covers the less formal ones."
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Decision Analysis: Decision Trees, 2004.
Reviews importance of modeling in policy analysis and the use of decision tree analysis
1,150 words (approx. 4.6 pages), 1 source, APA, $ 39.95
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Abstract
This paper reviews the importance of modeling in policy analysis and the use of decision tree analysis. It looks at the tools available to help policy makers. The writer uses the example of Firestone tires on the Ford Explorer sports utility vehicles as an application of decision trees in decision analysis.
From the Paper
"There is a large variety of tools available to help decision-makers. This paper focuses on one of these tools decision tree analysis. The consideration of the decision tree decision analysis tool begins with are view of the ..."
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Presidential War Decisions, 2004.
An analysis of U.S. President George W. Bush's war decisions based on Gary R. Hess' book about the Korean, Vietnam and Gulf wars, "Presidential Decisions for War".
675 words (approx. 2.7 pages), 1 source, MLA, $ 23.95
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Abstract
Using the experiences of Presidents Truman, Johnson, and George H.W. Bush in the Korean, Vietnam, and Gulf wars, this analysis examines some of the mistakes of these presidents and whether or not President George W. Bush has learned anything from those mistakes in his war against Iraq.
From the Paper
"If the ultimate use of historical knowledge is to avoid repeating mistakes of the past and using past ideas and techniques that have worked well, then President Bush is not ultimately using historical knowledge in the current war against Iraq. Based on the information provided by Gary R. Hess in "Presidential Decisions for War" regarding the Korean, Vietnam and Gulf Wars, President George W. Bush has not learned from the mistakes of predecessors Truman Johnson and George H. W. Bush. Hess maintains that the nature..."
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Supreme Court Decisions, 2005.
This paper discusses the Supreme Court's major decisions; The Dred Scott v. Sandford and Plessy v. Ferguson.
1,125 words (approx. 4.5 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 39.95
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Abstract
The paper explains two landmark decisions of the U.S. Supreme Court: the Dred Scott v. Sandford, and Plessy v. Ferguson decisions. The paper examines how these decisions institutionalized racism by giving the white majority the power to marginalize and discriminate against Black Americans.
From the Paper
"Today's judicial atmosphere has never been more charged. As the Supreme Court ages and the Senate debates the use of filibusters to stall judicial nominees, it is important to understand the power that Supreme Court Justices wield in their lifetime appointments. There are perhaps no better examples of the Supreme Court's ability to make pernicious decisions than their landmark decisions to institutionalize racism in the Dred Scott vs Sanford and the Plessy vs Ferguson decisions."
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FCC Decisions, 2004.
A look at recent decisions made by the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) regarding media ownership.
1,201 words (approx. 4.8 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 41.95
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Abstract
This paper presents a detailed exploration of the recent FCC decisions concerning media and the percentage of ownership companies are allowed to have. The writer examines the issues, the decisions, and the Congressional intervention following public outcry about those decisions.
From the Paper
"One of the things that makes America great, according to many experts, is the diversity of the media. While one media source may be extremely conservative, another source may be more liberal. It is this balance of sides that has made the nation?s media the solid source that it is today. Media has been depended on for many generations as a source of information. While most people are aware that the media is biased in its presentation there have always been stopgaps in place to prevent a controlling bias. One of the stop gaps that has been in place for many years was the mandate prohibiting any one media company from owning a large percentage of the television market."
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Business Decisions Rationality, 2007.
An analysis of the shortcomings of various business decisions undertaken by the writer in a small business.
728 words (approx. 2.9 pages), 1 source, APA, $ 25.95
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Abstract
This paper examines a business decision undertaken by the writer within the past year. The paper expressly looks at the rational decision-making process and the six steps Max Bazerman identifies in "Judgment in Managerial Decision-making." It then illustrates the shortcomings of a computational approach and the errors of the writer in his business approach. In the end, the paper effectively argues that computational models to business decisions rarely work when human beings are involved because human beings are fairly unpredictable, dynamic company assets with emotions and feelings.
From the Paper
"In the end, it is clear that there are certain problems with the "fully rational" model of decision-making. Most of all, it assumes that all variables and eventualities can be accurately weighted - and this is simply not possible when unpredictable, volatile human beings are cast into the equation. Secondly, the process requires that managers have a thorough understanding of the problem before them before they begin the step-by-step march towards a rational solution (Bazerman 2006). Because it places so much emphasis upon mathematical calculations weighting different alternatives and criteria, the rational decision-making approach can easily lead to the wrong things being "added up" - with the predictably disastrous results. In the end, the process places too much emphasis upon quantifying things without appreciating the dynamics of their environment."
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Ethical Decisions, 2002.
Looks at the ethical decisions which have to made by people in the business world , the military and the government.
1,150 words (approx. 4.6 pages), 5 sources, $ 44.95
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Abstract
In all of our interactions, there are decisions to be made in relation to the people with which we interact. Most of those decisions are based upon the social rules specific not only to our society, but to the position, gender, age, relationship, familiarity and context in which the interaction takes place with the other person. While the vast majority of these interactions require little of us other than to follow those pre-established social guidelines, many require us to make and act upon our sense of morality. There are three contexts in which such situations occur which maintain a slightly 'altered' moral context. Business, government, and military environments carry with them not only vestiges of the generally acceptable social rules and ethical expectations, but also maintain an ethical subset of rules which is specific only to that environment. People who work and live in those environments are frequently faced with conflicts between societal ethics and their environmental ethics. It is the purpose of this paper to provide a brief examination of the types of ethical challenges that people face within the contexts of business, government and the military.
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Global and Domestic Marketing Decisions, 2004.
A brief analysis of global and domestic marketing decisions.
845 words (approx. 3.4 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 30.95
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Abstract
This paper contends that companies must keep abreast of the profound technical, cultural, and ethical shifts that have occurred in today?s business climate in order to make accurate marketing decisions. The paper discusses the technological, cultural, and ethical aspects of these changes and applies them to marketing decisions.
From the Paper
"Of course, it?s tempting to think of business decisions as occurring in a perfect economic bubble?wouldn?t it be nice to simply prepare a strategic SWOT (strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats) analysis based on one?s industry alone? Alas?or fortunately, depending on one?s perspective, however, no company exists within such a comfortable bubble in today?s business environment. (SWOT Analysis, 2004) Today, companies must keep abreast of the profound technical, cultural, and ethical shifts that have occurred in today?s business climate, reflecting the more forward-thinking yet bearish attitude climate of the 21st century, as opposed to the 1990s."
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Cross-Border Risks and Capital Allocation Decisions, 2005.
This paper is a research proposal to study the international management of cross-border risks and capital allocation decisions in a high risk environment.
2,180 words (approx. 8.7 pages), 12 sources, APA, $ 67.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that, besides the risks inherent in domestic operations, banks, which are engaged in international activities also are exposed to "country risk," or the risk that economic, social and political conditions and events in a foreign country will adversely affect an institution's financial interests. The author points out that, from a practical perspective, accurate and timely country risk assessment is important not only because it affects individual investors but also because it can be systemic; one of the primary purposes of financial regulation is to manage systemic risk. The paper states that the research will be done using a case study methodology to study various country risk/cross border risk management models adopted by a sample of international banks and to assess their robustness and how well they are associated with a framework of planned management actions and capital allocation decisions.
Table of Contents
Introduction
Statement of the Problem
Overview of Study
Purpose of Study
Key Term Definitions
Capital Allocation Decision
Country Risk Ratings
Risk
Preliminary Literature Review
Background and Overview
Current and Future Trends
The Countries' Performance in International Trade
Leverage
Various measures of liquidity
Methodology
Description of the Study Approach
Data-gathering Method and Database of Study
From the Paper
"A significant amount of cross-border lending takes place through offices in a bank's home country (or even one of its subsidiaries located in a third country), with no subsidiary (or even branch presence) located in the country in which the borrowing firm is headquartered. Retail banking requires a physical presence of some sort to provide points of contact with customers; by contrast, wholesale banking requires a much smaller investment. "For example, banks with no physical presence in a country can lend substantial volumes of funds to firms and governmental entities of that country through project finance and loan participations." The composition of borrowers will differ, though, depending on whether a foreign bank has a physical presence in a country or manages its loans from offshore locations."
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Supreme Court Decisions, 2003.
This paper summarizes two Supreme court decisions relating to the First Amendment and the other to the Americans with Disabilities Act.
2,760 words (approx. 11.0 pages), 12 sources, $ 95.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the issues in the Supreme Court decisions relating to the First Amendment and other the Americans with Disabilities Act. The author relates the expansion of the scope of the First Amendment and free speech. The paper criticizes the Court's decision in the case involving the Americans with Disabilities Act.
From the Paper
This essay analyzes two cases before the Supreme Court New YorkTimes v. Sullivan U. S. and Toyota Motor Manufacturing Kentucky Inc .v. Williams Case No. ... decided January... . New York Times v Sullivan Parties. L. B. Sullivan, an elected Commissioner ..."
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U.S. Foreign Policy Decisions, 2004.
An examination of whether U.S. foreign policy decisions are more beneficial to the United States itself or to the world it is aiming to 'protect'.
2,451 words (approx. 9.8 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 74.95
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Abstract
This paper looks at the question, "Is the U.S. seeking to protect its own national security or simply to secure its own national interests throughout the world by having a unilateral approach to foreign policy decisions?" The paper uses two main sources as the basis for the analysis of this question: "Logic of American Foreign Policy" by Patrick Callahan, published in 2004; and the fifth edition of "American Foreign Policy" by Glenn Hastedt, published in 2003/4. These two main sources are introduced, in depth, and the frameworks that arise from these books are then used to frame an analysis of the question posed in this paper; supplementary examples are taken from recent political involvements of the U.S. in Bosnia, Iraq, Kosovo, and China. The final section of the paper, therefore, looks at the question from the viewpoint of the book reviews, with supplementary information where necessary.
From the Paper
"Essentially, Callahan?s book looks, in depth, at six facets (or ?logics?) of the role the United States plays on the world stage: hegemonism, liberalism, realism, isolationism, liberal internationalism, and anti-imperialism. The book looks at each of these logics, and essentially traces the development of these logics through the study of the relevant policy documents and historical responses to these policies; a critical summary is then given for each logic. Three case studies are then presented at the end of the main body of the text: the debate following US intervention in Kosovo; the debate surrounding the 1990 Chinese trade debate, and the events following the events of September 11th 2001. These issues will be discussed, when relevant, in the present paper."
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"Good Managers Don't Make Policy Decisions", 2006.
A discussion on Edward H. Wrapp's article "Good Managers Don't Make Policy Decisions" from the "Harvard Business Review", July - August 1984.
1,040 words (approx. 4.2 pages), 1 source, MLA, $ 36.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses three of the five qualities, which the article "Good Managers Don't Make Policy Decisions" identifies that a successful manager is likely to have. It points out that this article indicates that a manager is likely to succeed in a competitive environment if he or she is well-informed with a network of connections at all levels inside and outside the organization from which he or she can both extract and diffuse information. The paper concludes that this article is applicable to any type of organization, which bases its activity on a strategic vision and planning that is developed at the upper levels of the hierarchical pyramid and implemented at all other levels by the operational managers.
Table of Contents:
Talent 1: A Good Manager has to be Well Informed
Talent 2: A Good Manager can Focus Time and Energy
Talent 3: A Good Manager can "Muddle without a Purpose"
From the Paper
"The decision making process needs to take in account not only the business-related aspects, but also human resource issues, including 'politics' in the company etc. In this sense, the manager, in his role as the highest planner, will be able to ensure that the lower managers are aware of the importance of their role in the implementation of the strategic means devised by the top management. The managers at all levels are working together with the upper management, each in their particular field of activity (implementation vs. conception)."
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School Administrative Decisions, 2004.
This paper discusses that the most effective group to influence school administrative decisions are teachers.
1,035 words (approx. 4.1 pages), 4 sources, APA, $ 36.95
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Abstract
This paper outlines that one of the major disputes within educational institutions is the distribution of power and administrative responsibility: One side believes the administration and structuring of education needs to be left with ?professional? administrators, while the other side believes that teachers deserve a more central role. The author points out that teachers are affected by the decisions of administrators to a very high degree and need to have some control and influence over their fate. The paper concludes that the contention that teachers will advance their interests alone if given more administrative influence is absurd.
From the Paper
"Obviously, it is the unanimous opinion of those within our educational institutions is that teachers? opinions are not granted the same attention as others of power, so the next step in analyzing this phenomenon is asking ourselves?why? Paul Moreno, a reporter for the Massachusetts News, believes the problem lies within the teacher?s union. He writes of teacher?s unions throughout the nation using coercive power for control. Unions maintain strong positions of power within state legislatures and parental groups within school systems."
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Ethical Decisions for the Common Farmer, 2003.
A discussion of ethical decisions for the common farmer concerning agricultural change in a technological era.
2,405 words (approx. 9.6 pages), 9 sources, APA, $ 73.95
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Abstract
This paper focuses on the ethical decisions that farmers are forced to make. Since the introduction of GMOs (genetically modified organisms), globalization, new technologies, and agribusiness, farmers are either forced to sell out or jump on the global bandwagon. The paper discusses the role of politics and biotechnology, including specific discussions about Monsanto and other biotech companies, in modern day farming. The effects of specific GMOs are examined along with economic advantages and environmental disadvantages of using biotech products.
From the Paper
"The influence of technology and economic growth on agriculture is an issue that has been widely examined for years. Growing world populations and the need to increase productivity have put a strain on the common practices of farming. Since antiquity, the general public has depended on the productivity of farmers for food. Globalization and economics have forced an increase in the demand of agricultural products. With the development of these demands, corporations and government agencies have introduced ideas for better and more efficient production of foods."
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Capital Budgeting Decisions, 2007.
A case study analysis of capital budgeting decisions for the purchase of new equipment.
1,143 words (approx. 4.6 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 39.95
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Abstract
This paper addresses how financial managers make the tough decisions between interesting and profitable projects for a corporation to invest in. The paper presents a two-part case study. Part I addresses the purchase of new equipment. It presents an analysis, using net present value (NPV), internal rate of return (IRR) and payback and discusses how to determine if this new machine purchase is one that the company should pursue. Part II discusses what method (NPV or others) is the best method to use for capital budgeting purposes.
Table of Contents:
Part I
Part II
From the Paper
"If two investments, X, and Y, are mutually exclusive, then accepting one of them means we cannot accept the other. Given that, a question always arise, as to which one is best? The answer is simple though: the best one is the one with the largest NPV. Can we also say that the best one is the one with the highest IRR? The answer is no. As we have stated earlier, the IRR is biased towards projects with higher initial cash flows, hence the IRR would be higher for those projects whose initial cash flows are higher, yet that does not necessarily mean that those projects would have the higher NPV. Here, we must consider a very important point: the bottom line for any capital budgeting decision is accepting the project that would create the highest added value for shareholders, hence the higher the NPV, the more attractive the investment (Ryan, 2002)."
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