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"Understanding Media", 2002.
A review of "Understanding Media" by Marshall McLuhan.
1,689 words (approx. 6.8 pages), 1 source, MLA, $ 54.95
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Abstract
This paper analyzes Marshall McLuhan's book "Understanding Media", which describes and explains media and cultural transformations. This paper reviews the first seven chapters of his seminal book, which contain his central ideas on mass communication and contemporary culture. The writer explores McLuhan's comparison of media to anything that amplifies or intensifies a human faculty and that extends man's reach and increase in efficiency.
From the Paper
"McLuhan's conception is expressed in the seemingly simple statement, "The medium is the message." He offered different views of what this meant, but it basically relates to the idea of persuasion in that he believed that the medium itself changes people more than the sum of the messages of the medium. How we communicate is as important as what we communicate, if not more important. McLuhan relates the different modes of communication to different human epochs, and the most effective means of persuasion shifts in each epoch according to the prevailing technology."
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Technology and the Media, 2002.
This paper analyzes Marshall McLuhan's theories in his book "Understanding Media".
1,336 words (approx. 5.3 pages), 1 source, MLA, $ 44.95
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Abstract
The paper examines the book chapter by chapter, discussing McLuhan's strong opinions about the way in which the introduction of electricity and the media of television and technology have changed the face of humanity in relation to the natural world. In the end, the writer shows how McLuhan's fears of technology go so far as to explain that people themselves don't understand the effects of technology on our own lives.
From the Paper
"Chapter 2, "Media Hot and Cold," analyzes the nature of certain media in terms of the specific impacts they have on our senses and the amount of information they give us. The telephone is a "cool" medium because it gives only one sense (hearing) a small amount of information (whatever the other person says on the end of the line). A cool medium requires more participation on the part of the individual using it than does a hot medium (radio), which gives far more information and requires less activity on the part of the individual in putting together the pieces of information provided."
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America's Understanding of the Governmental Process, 2004.
Discussion of the influence that the media has on voters and how they think about issues and candidates.
2,618 words (approx. 10.5 pages), 16 sources, MLA, $ 78.95
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Abstract
This paper looks at the impact that the media has on America's understanding of the governmental process. It addresses the questions of how the media should cover political issues and candidates and how media coverage can influence voter opinion.
From the Paper
"Virtually everyone agrees that the media have a profound effect on the electorate's thinking. Given their enormous influence, however, it is remarkable how little has been said about what the media should cover in a properly functioning democracy. There are pundits of various types who bemoan both the lack of focus on the issues and the excessive attention paid to the "horse race," but no one has developed a rationale to explain why this state of affairs is wrong. Because of the media's enormous influence, it is worth asking how issue and candidate coverage should be balanced."
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Ong and McLuhan, 2004.
This paper discusses Marshall McLuhan's book "Understanding Media: The Extension of Man."
675 words (approx. 2.7 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 23.95
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Abstract
The paper examines Marshall McLuhan's book "Understanding Media: The Extension of Man," and his concept of "The medium is the message" in terms of Ong's theories of orality and oral cultures.
From the Paper
"Ong's theories of orality make the claim that since oral cultures have no fixed texts, they organize and transmit information in unique ways and the basis or oral thought is memory. Orality relies on the oral visual world. Ong believed that Words come into being through time and exist only so long as they are going out of existence; when I pronounce "reflect," by the time I get to the flect, the re is gone and necessarily and irretrievably gone."
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Communication on the Internet, 2002.
A discussion of Marshall McLuhan's 1959 book "Understanding Media" as predicting electronic communications and the Internet.
1,125 words (approx. 4.5 pages), 1 source, $ 39.95
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Abstract
Discusses Marshall McLuhan's 1959 book UNDERSTANDING MEDIA as predicting electronic communications and the Internet. Interactive computing; access to its various forms. McLuhan's theories regarding "cool" and "hot" technologices and their relationships. Internet as a prime example of incorporating existing media with a new way to access it. How communication on the Internet is accomplished; transmission of files.
From the Paper
"When Marshall McLuhan wrote his book on electronic communication, Understanding Media (1959), he envisioned technological changes supplanting existing media with new media that would incorporate old media an alter the social structure at the same time. He traced such changes through history and showed how they had taken place many times before, with new technologies arriving that incorporated older ones. The new technologies he called "hot," and the old ones "cool." The Internet did not exist when McLuhan wrote this book, but he seems to be predicting just the sort of change that the Internet is bringing.
Interactive computing is found on the Internet, a loose agglomeration of computing networks that enables the user to access vast amounts of information from sources all over the..."
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Moral Panics in Australian Media, 2003.
Discusses the media's coverage of young people in Australia, a case study of the Moral Panics Theory of Cohen.
1,929 words (approx. 7.7 pages), 9 sources, MLA, $ 61.95
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Abstract
This paper explains how Cohen?s concept of moral panic is helpful in understanding the media coverage of young people in Australian news media. It explains why it is necessary to mention media?s power to make things visible first to understand how and why media constructs prominent images of deviance on public agenda. While the media is drawing a stereotypical and stylized image of the group which is defined as the threat, methods of exaggeration, distortion and symbolization are used in the invention phase of the panics. Afterwards, the diagnoses and the solutions are offered by the social control mechanisms which instruct the inclusion and exclusion of certain elements of the society.
From the Paper
"First of all, journalism?s main effect derives from its ability to make things visible to the public, in either a positive or a negative way (McNair 1998, 49). News media defines which events or issues should be pointed out at by selectively reporting them. Even if the media do not directly determine what the public will think, what they will think about is described by the news (Entman cited in McNair 1998, 50). Thus, the public agenda is set out by what is on the news. What is left out by the news reporters should not be of concern, whereas there are issues to be thought about."
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The Mass-Media Pygmalion, 2006.
This paper studies the complex relationship between consumers and the mass media. Do we create the media, or does the media create us?
1,208 words (approx. 4.8 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 41.95
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Abstract
The author studies the give and take relationship between the media and our society to determine which is the cause and which is the effect. The author continues by showing a connection between the main icons of Western culture and the effects of the media. The fast food industry is highlighted and the author shows the great effects it has had on our trends and ideals, with conformity a notable outcome. After studying the diverse effects of our fast food culture today, the author concludes that only a corrupt society can allow the mass media such power.
From the Paper
"In the Classical Greco-Roman era, it was believed that Pygmalion, a sculptor, brought Galatea to life. However, today it seems to be a more common belief that Galatea creates Pygmalion. The question of whether members of our society create the media, or if the media influences members of the society to such a degree that it essentially creates the society, is a prominent one in the study of modern anthropology. Pop culture artifacts reveal a great deal about the modern society, including social trends, values, ideals, and more. The relationship between consumers and the mass media is a complex one that may not be simple enough to evaluate as a directional give-and-take diagram. There are many issues relating to social responsibility and the often clashing pursuits of individual wealth and greater good that come to play when discussing popular media, culture, and society."
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Society and the Media, 2002.
A study on the potential use of the Internet to remove the control issues from other typical media types.
2,500 words (approx. 10.0 pages), 8 sources, MLA, $ 75.95
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Abstract
Many theorists claim that the media acts as a tremendous stereotyping machine, perpetuating stereotypes and simplifying portrayals, while not being an accurate reflection of society. Others argue that the media has the potential to cure social fragmentation, encourage cross cultural understanding and an understanding of diversity. This paper argues that both these claims of correct. It shows that on the one hand, the media does create meaning by communicating certain views with this shaping social meaning. In this way, it is stereotyping and does not represent real society. On the other hand the media has the potential to do more than this. The author of the paper is of the opinion that one way this potential is being realized is with the rise of the Internet as a communication method. The Internet medium takes out the control issues associated with typical media and the qualities that the Internet medium brings to communication shows how the potential might be realized. To consider these ideas further, the paper describes how the media creates meaning and what this means for society. It then discusses how the Internet medium changes the media, showing how this contributes to promoting diversity and cultural understanding.
From the Paper
"Another aspect worth noting is that the media also interprets events in television news. Just as the print journalist records their interpretation of what is newsworthy, the television news does the same thing. The one difference is that the television version does this in a far more succinct manner. In print journalism, the journalist decides how to report the story but still provides enough information that an individual could often look at the issue further and come to a new conclusion if they were so inclined. In television news, this range of information is not presented. Instead, the news reader summarizes the story very briefly, while at the same time pictures are shown that add to the meaning. A print story about the problem of obesity as seen in a new study may involve providing various details about the study, what it means, why it was conducted and other information. The television story about the same issue may just have the news reader say something like a new study reports that Americans are getting fatter while showing pictures of overweight people walking down a street. This example does not provide the range of information that allows the individual to assess the information. Instead, they are more likely to be convinced that everyone is getting fatter. It is relevant also that the footage chosen is especially created to enhance the meaning of the story. In this example, the news program is going to purposely choose footage that shows a significant number of overweight people. This footage is not a representation of the real nature of society, instead it is a bias towards creating a certain meaning."
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Chinese Media Industry, 2004.
A comparison of the Western media to the media industry in China.
1,290 words (approx. 5.2 pages), 15 sources, MLA, $ 43.95
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Abstract
This paper documents the shifts and changes that have shaped the media industry as to societal, political, organizational, or national influences in the formation, governance and processes within the media industry in China. Further, the paper focuses on elements, both in the historical sense and that of the present day, and attempts to determine what influences the political economy of the media industry. The paper examines the theories surrounding the political economy of communication and the culture industry in a theoretical framework. The paper explores the theories of political economy in media communications, while contrasting and comparing the Western media industry with that of the media industry in China.
From the Paper
"China entered into the World Trade Organization and gave rise to speculations that the world's largest media market might be much more easily accessible to publishers in the international media industry. The market economy in China is making gains however the media industry including the print remains in the governments hands which results in a product that is "forced-fed to all levels of governments offices, at a cost ultimately assumed by the taxpayers" (China Daily 2003) . In fact estimates for the taxes in China's media market are stated to be "16 to 20 billion a year. " (China Daily, 2003) Government spending pays approximately "6 to 10 billion Yuan" of that amount. (China Daily 2003) The media industry in China is under total government control with a very few foreign investors as well as private investors involved on the retail side of business."
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Islam and the Media, 2006.
A review of three Islamic websites.
1,172 words (approx. 4.7 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 40.95
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Abstract
This paper reviews and discusses three websites in an attempt to understands how the media portrays Islam. The purpose of the paper is to help the world understand that the idea that Islam is a religion of terrorists, is a baseless accusation. According to the paper, only 2% of Muslims support terrorism.
From the Paper
"Some other features such as Hawza which refers to Advanced learning are also available for those who wish to continue learning about Islam on a higher level. Since our main topic was media's handling of Islam, I browsed the library to find out if they had material concerning this important issue. Surprisingly my search generated a lot of haphazard results. I couldn't understand how I was supposed to look for this important topic if it doesn't appear in my search. I was seriously disappointed because a site that claim to contain information on Islam and boasts a large collection of articles and books should have had some articles dealing with this burning issue. Even the term terrorism which is closely aligned to what I needed to know about media and Islam, produced only three results- two of which were not even related to terrorism. Quick links also pointed to some very basic information about Islam and its two sects. "
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Astral Media, 2005.
This paper discusses Astral Media, one of the major media companies in Canada.
2,925 words (approx. 11.7 pages), 7 sources, $ 115.95
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Abstract
In this article the writer analyzes the Canadian media company Astral Media. The writer explains that this company is one of the leading media companies in Canada. The writer examines the Astral Media company that owns, among other media properties, television networks and radio stations.
From the Paper
"Astral Media is one of the leading media companies in Canada, and the company reaches the public by means of a combination of highly targeted media properties in specialty, pay and pay-per-view television, radio, and outdoor advertising. Astral Media is currently the largest operator of English and French-language specialty, pay, and pay-per-view television services. The company owns nineteen network licenses, entirely or in a partnership. The company and its television networks also stand as the largest private sector supporter of Canadian feature films. Astral Media also owns 24 radio stations, including 16 French-language FM stations in Quebec.
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War Coverage, Media Obsession, 2004.
A comparison of traditional media coverage and new media coverage.
1,532 words (approx. 6.1 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 50.95
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Abstract
This paper compares traditional media to new media in an attempt to determine which one is more influential and how they differ in their stories and presentation methods.
From the Paper
"Media is always biased, less trained, unprepared, and hasty or simply looking for sensationalism and that is the reason why the news that we receive is either insignificant or highly distorted. Apart from the reporting of various events during the recent Iraq War, which I trust were never reported accurately, the media also tried to divert public?s attention from pressing issues to those of minor significance by obsessing over trivial events. That media cannot be fully trusted for accurate account of events became a big issue when the story of Private Jessica Lynch came forth. Newspapers, televisions, local channels, radio stations and even the Internet obsessed over Jessica Lynch and her rescue from Iraqi forces. Almost overnight, she became the most important person in the world- an icon that everyone wanted to know more about. Lynch was presented as an epitome of courage and bravery and it appeared as if the only real purpose of having US force in Iraq was to rescue Jessica Lynch. ?In the fourteen days after her rescue, Lynch drew 919 references in major papers, according to a Nexis search. In that same period, General Tommy Franks, who ran the war, got 639 references, Vice President Dick Cheney 549, Deputy Defense Secretary Paul Wolfowitz 389. She stood with the giants.? (Christopher Hanson, 2003)"
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Robert W McChesney's "The Problem of the Media", 2006.
This paper summarizes Robert W McChesney's book "The Problem of the Media" about politics and the media.
1,840 words (approx. 7.4 pages), 1 source, $ 63.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that Robert W. McChesney's book "The Problem of the Media," deals with inadequate journalism, hyper-commercialism and overwhelming media power in the United States. The author reports that the points out how the various issues in the media problem are inter-connected.
From the Paper
"Robert W McChesney's book "The Problem of the Media" takes an in-depth look at how politics and government policies have shaped the media in the United States and debunks long-standing myths regarding the media. McChesney also addresses ..."
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Media Policy in South Africa, 2007.
An analysis of media policy in South Africa and a comparison of media performance standards in Britain, Italy and Germany.
3,606 words (approx. 14.4 pages), 7 sources, MLA, $ 100.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that one of the main roles of the press in any democracy is that of a public watchdog that is vigilant over government activities on behalf of the people that government serves. The paper focuses on South Africa as a point of reference and refers to the history of South African policy as well as certain European media policy counterparts, in order to gauge standards of media performance.
Outline:
Introduction
Media and Democracy
Media Policy in South Africa
External Media Policy
Policy Formulation Aspects
Internal Media Policy
Policy Formulation Aspects
The Gate keeping Function
European Media Policy
United Kingdom Media Policy
Italian Media Policy
German Media Policy
South African Media Policy History
Apartheid Era
After Apartheid
Comparison
Conclusion
From the Paper
"One of the main roles that the press plays in any democracy is that of a public watchdog that is vigilant over government activities on behalf of the people that government serves (Krimsky, 2000). The media is a fundamental tool in the decision-making of the democratic government in any country. A democracy requires the people of the state to make choices and decisions on a daily basis. This therefore needs to be aided by a media and media environment that allows for objectivity through its content and the journalists and staff of the forms of media themselves. The media needs to inform, without judging (Krimsky, 2000)."
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The Representation of Women in the Media, 2001.
This paper discusses the way women are viewed in the media and the effect the media has on women's mentality both in current and past periods.
3,791 words (approx. 15.2 pages), 6 sources, $ 104.95
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Abstract
This paper is about representations of women and celebrities in the media and their effects on average American women. Some of the topics discussed in this paper are the media's portrayal of actresses and celebrities and their affects on teenagers and women, the differences and changes in images of celebrities through the past few decades, the ?Culture of slimming? , the objectification and subjectification of women, the psychological, social, physical, and mental effects on the average women, and the power of the entertainment industry.
From the Paper
"Over the past few decades, the so-called ?norm? for a female figure has drastically changed from voluptuous and curvy to waif-like thin. Many female celebrities have been known for their figures. Historically, Marilyn Monroe and Jayne Mansfield were two women who each wore a size 12 and were glorified by men all around the world. Today, celebrities from the likes of Jennifer Aniston and Calista Flockhart are admired for their abilities to become and stay so thin, almost appearing sick. As celebrities come and go, women compare themselves to whoever is ?popular? at the time."
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