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U.S. and Israeli Political Parties, 2006.
A comparison and contrast of the U.S. and Israeli political systems and processes.
2,648 words (approx. 10.6 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 79.95
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Abstract
This thesis compares the political processes and parties of the United States to that of the much younger and quite differently structured Israeli nation. The paper discusses the synchronic as well as the diachronic aspects of the two political systems and discusses the parallel purposes for which both political entities are structured.
Table of Contents
Historic Comparisons, U. S. vs. Israeli Structures
Current Political Structures in U.S. and Israel
Conclusions and Summary
From the Paper
"The thesis of the first subordinate comparison is to show the historic significance and structural differences between the political structure in the United States verses the political structure of Israel. This becomes an imperative as both nations essentially were formed to sever their ties to British Colonial Rule albeit in different centuries and under differing degrees of historic developments and circumstances."
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Political Parties in the U.S., 2006.
This paper examines the development of political parties in the United States.
1,172 words (approx. 4.7 pages), 2 sources, MLA, $ 40.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses how political party development originally met with strong opposition in the United States. The paper then explains that political competition and a need for organization, mobilization and expansion allowed political parties to attain a stronghold in U.S. politics. The paper also shows how changing views of acceptable political culture, generational replacement and the election of 1800 were events that allowed the political community to accept the American political party system and eventually embrace it.
From the Paper
"Today political parties in the United States play an integral role in political elections, local, state and national. Parties have become a vehicle for exerting the ideas and agenda of large and collective groups of citizens. However, political parties in colonial American and the early Republic were viewed negatively, by both early politicians and philosophers. Even the founding fathers had issues with political parties. Parties were thought to divide Americans. Also, thinkers of the time thought that forming parties would result in spawning a winning side and a losing side in elections, which would further split Americans."
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Political Parties and the U.S. Constitution, 2002.
This paper discusses how the U.S. Constitution led to the emerging of political parties.
630 words (approx. 2.5 pages), 2 sources, MLA, $ 22.95
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Abstract
An examination of how political parties emerged after the Constitution was drafted in the late Eighteenth Century. The author looks at the Federalist and Republican parties, investigating how having political parties has been beneficial. The well-known argument, the "Whiskey Rebellion" between these two parties in 1794 is discussed.
From the Paper
"The Federalist Party was one of the first two parties to arise after the Constitution. The Federalist faction was founded primarily by the Secretary of the Treasury, Alexander Hamilton and by Vice President, John Adams. (Burke) The Federalists desired for the government to have a very active role, along with a National Treasury that would play a strong role in the national economy. The Federalists were also pro-Britain regarding foreign policy, which was a popular viewpoint with most citizens in the New England area. The Federalists also had strong support from the businessmen of America, like the manufacturers, and merchants."
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Political Parties and the U.S. Government, 2002.
A look at the political parties in America and their affect on the democratic character of the country.
1,829 words (approx. 7.3 pages), 8 sources, MLA, $ 58.95
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Abstract
The paper explains how the political party system functions in the United States' government, showing how Democratic and Republican parties exist in each of the 50 states, largely organized around the state governments. The paper explores the benefits of a two-party system including the fact that the majority rules and that it promotes stability. The paper also examines issues such as party identification and membership, constitutional power, influence and the the role of the media .
From the Paper
"Party identification serves as a primary source of orientation for an individual?s political attitudes. (Wattenberg, p. 12). A certain amount of socialization and identification dictates the choice of the individual as regards personal partisanship; people become committed to their preferred dominate party and even socialize their children into it. These loyalties and behaviors have become part of the ongoing socialization process that perpetuates the two party system. Habit and tradition tie voters to the major parties, and the system itself with its electoral arrangement and organization supports two parties."
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Political Parties: The U.K. and the U.S.A., 2004.
An overview of the Labor and Conservative Parties of the U.K. and the U.S.A.'s Democratic and Republican Parties.
1,341 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 7 sources, APA, $ 45.95
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Abstract
This paper first defines the two main political parties in the United Kingdom and the United States. It then presents the policies of all four parties, the Labor, the Conservative, the Democratic,and the Republican parties. The paper looks briefly at each of the countries' forms of election, trade policies, and legislative bodies.
From the Paper
"The elections themselves are somewhat different from those in the UK, because the voters actually vote for electors, who form an Electoral College. ?Each state has the same number of electors as it has senators and representatives? . It is up to these electors to vote for the president of the United States and for his vice- president (the two run together) and the candidate that obtains more than one half of the electoral votes will lead the country in the following presidential mandate."
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U.S. Political Parties, 2002.
A sociological analysis of the Democrats and the Republicans.
2,650 words (approx. 10.6 pages), 8 sources, $ 97.95
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Abstract
This paper is a sociological analysis of the 2 major US political parties, the Democrats and the Republicans. The Democrats, who have aligned themselves both with labor unions and with minorities in many states, are analyzed according to the sociological works of Karl Marx, whose social politics foretold the success of the masses over the individual players in the world economy. The Republicans, on the other hand, have promoted a more Social Darwinist, free-market social policy that dictates the supremacy of the individual and is more in tune with the ideas of Herbert Spencer.
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Political Parties In U.S., 1999.
Examines the origins of the parties and compares them to Europe. Looks at their reasons for endurance, role of cultural norms, third parties and electoral behavior.
1,575 words (approx. 6.3 pages), 3 sources, $ 55.95
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From the Paper
" This research examines the prospects for building a successful third party or independent candidacy in American politics, especially at the presidential level. The factors affecting voting behavior are discussed as well as the historical and structural features of American government that have impacted third party movements.
Origins of Political Parties
Political parties are among the most researched yet elusive political institutions in the United States. Parties are not sanctioned in the U.S. Constitution as legitimate institutions of government, yet they have become a centerpiece of political life. In Western Europe parties perform rather obvious functions in government. European parties are most distinctive as cadre organizations in which due-paying members, staff.."
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American Political Parties, 2002.
Discusses the role of the anti-federalists and the constitution in the development of political parties.
976 words (approx. 3.9 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 34.95
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Abstract
Even before the adoption of the Constitution, political parties were beginning to form in American. The paper shows that those who favored the Constitution were called Federalists and were led by Alexander Hamilton and James Madison. Another group, led by Thomas Jefferson, opposed the adoption of the Constitution and was known as Anti-federalists. The paper describes how the Anti-federalists broke up after the Constitution was ratified, but they set the stage for the development of other political parties, resulting in the two party system that we have today.
Table of Contents:
I. Introduction
II. The Development of Political Parties
III. The Constitution and Political Parties
IV. The Changing Ideology of Political Parties
V. Conclusion
From the Paper
"Political parties realign their ideologies to meet changing times and sentiments. For example, the Antifederalists and their successors favored an agrarian economy and a strict interpretation of the Constitution. But, once Jefferson became President, he had to change his philosophy because the Louisiana Purchase could only be justified by a broad interpretation of the Constitution. He also saw that the future of the country was tied to manufacturing and trade, so he dropped his opposition to these activities. Today, Democrats, who started out as states rights advocates and who preferred limited federal power now generally favor bigger government, federal involvement, and social intervention."
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A Third National Political Party, 2008.
Asks the question if the U.S. is ready for a real third national political party.
930 words (approx. 3.7 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 33.95
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Abstract
This paper wonders if, given the similarity of all the candidates for U.S. President in both parties, it is time for a third party candidate who has an actual chance of winning rather than just splitting the votes so another candidate can win. The author presents arguments in favor of a major third party including that the parliamentary approach to government in other countries is superior to the two party system in the United States. The paper concludes that a viable third party is impossible not because of the high costs and media support critical in an election but because of the problem of the mindset of the voters who see a third party as only speaking for a niche group.
From the Paper
"Second, does America represent a democracy when only two parties are running, and these individuals are chosen by a select few? When anyone else who wants to run does not have a chance of being heard unless he/she has millions of dollars (or backing of well-to-do-supporters) and the media? And when anyone who desires to hold a high position has to have been around long enough to have shared political favors with a number of prominent individuals?"
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Western European and English Political Parties, 2004.
This paper discusses Western European and English political parties, based on the assumptions of Rokkan?s and Lipset?s freezing hypothesis.
900 words (approx. 3.6 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 31.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that Lipset and Rokkan based their freezing hypothesis on the assumption that if men were given equal right to vote, then a level of social freezing would take place, limiting the emergence of oppositional parties. The author believes that, although much interpretation of mass politics in Western Europe is derived from Rokkan?s and Lipset?s freezing hypothesis, this approach suffers from two problems: it pays little attention to the underlying values, as opposed to issues, which inform class and religious, and treats the relationship between social divisions and party politics as too deterministic, leaving little room for the human element in political movements, political leadership. The paper stresses the proof the freeze hypothesis needs to be reconsidered can be found in the success of alternative parties in Western Europe and England, such as the Green party.
From the Paper
"For the radical right party , or of Germany, this means appropriating the dominant concept that they are the true measure of the nation and nationhood. The parties which develop a ?radical right? position market themselves as nationalist, those who stand for the true values and priorities of the nation. The alternative parties, such as the Green party in England, tend to cast themselves as the respresenters of interests which are being ignored by the tradidional parties. By the efforts of these radical interest parties, minority interests have been able to move from the being perceived as a radical poitical fringe group to a party which is accepted in the mainstream. Because of the radical right's claim to represent ordinary people against an allegedly corrupt political class, their nationalistic counter-discourse cannot be too far from traditional concepts of nationhood that are available as cultural symbols to large segments of the public. As a result, the radical right dramatizes the vulnerability of the nation in times of a real or presumed crisis. During a time when traditional nationalism is at a low ebb, the alternative parties are able to make large in roads into the public consciousness."
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Political Parties and Interest Groups, 2007.
A comparison of the main political parties in the United States and interest groups.
1,437 words (approx. 5.7 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 47.95
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Abstract
This paper explores the history of the two main political groups in the United States and then compares them to interest groups. The paper examines the history and make-up of the Democratic Party and the Republican Party. It then looks at the ways that interest groups help to support them. It concludes by analyzing the differences between interest groups and political parties.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Democratic Party
Republican Party
Interest Groups
Interest Groups versus Political Parties
From the Paper
"The Republican Party did not come into existence until 1850. It was formed by activists working against the institution of slavery. The first meeting of the Republican Party took place in Wisconsin and the members believed that the government should give land grants to those settling in the west (Republican Party http://www.mcgop.net/History.htm)."
"Once the party became official a formal meeting was help in 1854 in Michigan at which time the name Republican was adopted. The name was chosen because the members believed that it mean equality (Republican Party http://www.mcgop.net/History.htm)."
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Human Rights and Islamist Political Parties, 2007.
A look at the use of human rights discourse by Islamist political parties in relation to the Kemalist establishment in Turkey.
12,266 words (approx. 49.1 pages), 124 sources, APA, $ 236.95
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Abstract
This paper attempts to explain the use and implementation of human rights and the EU discourse amongst Islamist political parties and how this change is directly related with the Kemalist establishment of Turkey and domestic policies. It also argues that the rising visibility of Islam in society and politics is interlinked with democratization in Turkey and is a vital departure from the traditional secularism.
Outline:
1. Introduction
2. Historical Framework
2.1. Kemalism and Turkish Modernization Project
2.2. Secularism - Freedom from Religion
2.2. A. The Role of the Presidency of Religious Affairs
2.3. The Headscarf Issue
2.4. The Imam-Hatip Schools
2.5. The Military-The Guardian of Secularism
3. Political Islamist Parties
3.1. 1980 Military Coup and De-Politicization of the Society through Islam
3.2. Welfare Party
3.2. A. RP and Human Rights
3.3. February 28 Process
4. The Change in Milli Goru
4.1. The Effects of February 28 on Milli Goru Hareketi
4.2. Virtue Party (Fazilet)
4.3. Felicity Party (Saadet)
4.3. A. Human Rights Approach of Sp
4.3. B. The Return to Anti-EU Discourse
5. Justice and Development Party
5.1. The Party Program
5.2. After 2002 Elections
5.3. The Reform Process
5.3. A. The Headscarf and the IHLS
5.4. 2007 General Elections and the Election of the President
From the Paper
"The Turkish Modernization project based on Westernization, Secularism and Kemalism constitutes the base of current socio-political crisis of nation-state in Turkey. The Westernization project in Turkey began two centuries ago, when Ottomans introduced reforms in military, education and social life. From the establishment of Turkey a modern Westernization project was intensified and Islam was excluded from the legitimate centers of political and intellectual activities by Mustafa Kemal Ataturk and the military-bureaucratic elite. The project aimed putting Islam in the private sphere and making it invisible in the public sphere. The Kemalist elite presented themselves as secular, progressive and in opposition to Islam. Turkey's perception of the West resulted in the exclusion of Islamists and marginalized them in social, political and intellectual representation. "
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Are Political Parties Necessary?, 2005.
A discussion of the necessity for political parties in Canada.
1,125 words (approx. 4.5 pages), 5 sources, $ 44.95
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Abstract
The paper addresses the issue of whether political parties continue to be an essential part of the political process today. With particular reference to the political system in Canada, the paper looks at the growing power of corporations being paralleled in developed countries of the Western world by increasing voter alienation from political life as symbolized by low turnouts at election time. The conclusion of the paper is that there is no longer a need for political parties.
From the Paper
"The question of whether or not political parties are necessary is a complex one in our 21st century society. In large measure this is due to the changing nature of governance in our modern culture, with the growing power of corporations being paralleled, at least in developed countries of the Western world such as Canada, by increasing voter alienation from political life as symbolized by low turnouts at election time. In this context, this essay will argue, with particular reference to Canadian political history, that political parties are no longer necessary."
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Political Parties and Representation in Modern Democracies, 2006.
A discussion regarding to what extent the functioning of political parties can explain the crisis of representation of the 'people' in modern democracies.
9,480 words (approx. 37.9 pages), 13 sources, MLA, $ 194.95
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Abstract
This paper takes an in-depth look at political parties and issues that surround representation of the people in modern democracies. According to the paper, political parties, in their organization and their functioning, display numerous problems in terms of representation. The paper focuses particularly on two of these problems, the modes of government and the modes of funding. The paper also analyzes the aftermaths of the logic of electoral competition for the representation of the membership and the electorate.
From the Paper
"Political representation is quite a hard concept to grasp. It was rejected by the French during the Revolution as an impediment to the self-government of the people. Nonetheless, I will try to show that political representation is necessary for ensuring freedom in our modern democracies.
But first let us turn back to our French Revolution and the establishment of what could be considered as a quasi-totalitarian regime. In France, traditional feudal aristocratic society was undermined by an absolutist and centralist state. When the French Revolution broke out, the remaining feudal instances were destroyed even further (loi Le Chapelier), so that in fact only the individuals and the state remained without the traditional feudal corporations to mediate between them. The question then is how a society can be held together when it has been dismembered and robbed of the intermediary associations that had given it its concrete form and reality. Most revolutionaries followed republicans like Rousseau or Sieyes. The only way for them to bring about a post-feudal democratic order was by converting particular interests to the common good. Individuals were now called upon to set aside their particular preferences and to identify fully with the common will of the people in order to establish real popular sovereignty and equality. The Jacobin revolutionaries thus assumed that a true democracy could only be established if abstract democratic principles like formal equality, popular sovereignty or the unitary will of the people were indeed completely "turned into reality" (i.e. "actualized" or "materialized"), rather than merely respected (Weymans: 263-282). This is characteristic of totalitarian regimes. More so, to Claude Lefort totalitarianism represents a society's attempt to fully "materialize" or "actualize" democratic principles by making the people really one, equal, free or sovereign. That is also what distinguishes them from democratic regimes. While the totalitarian state tries to realize the principles (by embodying them), a democratic state prevents a society from realizing these (through representation), thus remaining distinct from and dependent on society. This distinction or alienation of the state from society is indeed necessary."
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Crucial Role of Political Parties, 2005.
A look at the way that political parties continue to be an essential part of the political process.
1,000 words (approx. 4.0 pages), 1 source, MLA, $ 35.95
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Abstract
This paper makes a case for why political parties have become an essential part of political campaigns, primarily because of their enormous fund-raising capabilities. The writer demonstrates that parties as they are today are essential, because of their ability to run smooth and large-scale campaigns.
From the Paper
"Paul Herrnson said it best in his contention that, "American parties are primarily electoral institutions. They focus more on elections and less on initiating policy change than do parties in other Western democracies" (Maisel 47). While the influence of political parties has fluctuated greatly throughout their 150-year influence, one critical advantage of parties has seemingly guaranteed their undeniable essentialness in campaigns; their ability to raise vast sums of money. With vast sums of money came the ability to provide essential resources to candidates, and the "increased needs of candidates for greater access to technical expertise, political information and money created an opportunity for national...party organizations to become the repositories of these electoral resources" (Maisel 52). Party-run campaigns have supplanted candidate-centered campaigns, and this is a trend not likely to change as the years progress. Even with the inception of campaign finance reforms such as the Federal Election Campaigning Act of 1971 and the Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act of 2002, parties have continually adapted to changing legal limits on various forms of campaign finance, and monies raised continues to increase. Parties have used these increased funds to do whatever it takes to win elections, such as hiring campaign consultants who seek to ensure that the party gets enough votes when Election Day comes. As demonstrated in Thomas Frank's What's the Matter with Kansas?, the unlikely transformation of Kansas from one of the most liberal states to a now overwhelming majority Republican state is a feat in itself, and happened because of shrewd campaign tactics."
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