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U.S. Policy in the Persian Gulf, 1991.
This paper discusses the policy of the United States in the Persian Gulf: Historical and strategic background, national interests, economics, oil, Iran-Iraq War, Kuwait, re-flagging of ships and U.N.and Reagan Policy.
2,250 words (approx. 9.0 pages), 8 sources, $ 79.95
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From the Paper
"This paper will be concerned with the policy of the United States in the Persian Gulf. U.S. policy-makers see the Persian Gulf as being a strategically important area. In particular, the area is seen as being important because of the oil resources which are located there. By maintaining a presence in the Persian Gulf, the United States is not only protecting its own oil interests, but is protecting those of its Western allies as well. Prior to the United States adopting this role, Great Britain was the major Western force to be found in the Persian Gulf. Oil was first discovered in the region at the turn of the twentieth century. At about the same time, the British government began obtaining oil concessions there. These concessions gave Britain powerful control over the local politics of the Persian Gulf. However, after the Second World War, ... "
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U.S. Involvement in the Persian Gulf Conflict, 2000.
An analysis of the reasons behind U.S. involvement in the 1991 Persian Gulf conflict.
1,775 words (approx. 7.1 pages), 7 sources, $ 57.95
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Abstract
An analysis of the developments that lead the U.S. to become involved in the Persian Gulf conflict. The author discusses aspects such as image, economics, priorities and interests of the U.S. that lead her to become involved.
From the Paper
"On August 8, 1990, President George Bush announced that he had sent American troops to Saudi Arabia to protect it during Iraq?s invasion of Kuwait. This was the beginning of U.S. military involvement in the Persian Gulf Conflict, which had started with Saddam Hussein?s decision to invade only a week earlier. What made Bush decide to get involved so quickly? What did he stand to lose, and what did he expect to gain? Given a thorough understanding of the United States? priorities and relationships with other countries in the Middle East, the answers to these questions are easy to find."
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U.S. Policies Concerning OPEC, 2002.
A comprehensive analysis of the role of economic sanctions in U.S. foreign policy.
10,420 words (approx. 41.7 pages), 19 sources, APA, $ 208.95
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Abstract
This paper describes how U.S. foreign policy has developed as the result of American efforts to influence the price and supply of oil in OPEC countries. Also examined are the impact of variations in the supply and price of oil on the U.S. economy, the 1970 oil crisis, the impact of the Persian Gulf War, and the current unrest in the Middle East in this context. A summary of the research is presented in the conclusion.
Outline
Major Players and Events Influencing U.S. Foreign Policy
Overview of Issues Related to Economic Sanctions
Overview of the Persian Gulf
Impact of the Persian Gulf War of U.S. Foreign Policy
U.S. Foreign Policy and the Strategic Petroleum Reserve
From the Paper
"Since the 1973 OPEC oil embargo, U.S. dependence on oil imports has risen to record levels, from 28 percent in 1973 to 48 percent in 1997 (?The 1973 Oil Embargo: What Have We Learned In the Last 25 Years?,? n. pag.). Through 1972, Americans had become accustomed to expanding energy consumption with minimal concerns about the constancy of supply or sharp price escalations. In 1973, however, expectations about energy supply changed dramatically. The turmoil started early in 1973, as customers experienced the first symptoms of something being wrong with electricity brown outs and rapidly rising prices for fuels and other necessities. Price controls and allocation systems not only failed to resolve these problems, they seemed to aggravate them. Most memorably, October brought an oil embargo by members of the Organization of Arab Petroleum Exporting Countries, cutting further into the supply of oil and elevating prices to levels previously thought impossible. Customers experienced lines and sometimes no fuel at gasoline stations. A year of bad news was punctuated in December, when the President announced that because of the energy crisis the lights on the national Christmas tree would not be turned on. Throughout the year, energy stayed at the forefront of public attention. Interruptions in energy supplies were also closely related to other issues of national importance-a weakening of the economy and a reassessment of America's strategic position in the world. From 1973 to the mid-1980's, prices continued at very high levels, in part because of a second oil shock in 1979-80. During this period, rapid progress was made in raising American oil production, reducing dependence on oil imports, and improving end-use efficiency. After the oil price collapse of the mid-1980's, however, prices retreated to more moderate levels, the pace of efficiency gains slowed, American oil production fell, and the share of imports rose. Other, more violent events in the Middle East, however, would soon create a new political situation in which the U.S. was to be forced to create foreign policy directly as a result of America?s need for oil."
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U.S and the Persian Gulf War, 1995.
Analyzes the effectiveness of American statecraft, military tactics and strategy in the war with Iraq.
1,350 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 2 sources, $ 47.95
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From the Paper
"AMERICAN STATECRAFT AND THE PERSIAN GULF WAR
This paper analyzes the uses made by the United States of various tools of international statecraft during the period leading up to, during and immediately after the Persian Gulf War. In dealing with the threat posed by Iraq's invasion of Kuwait on August 2, 1990, the United States had as options deterrence, diplomacy and the use of military force. It had available to it different crisis management techniques and, once war ensued, it had to choose how to terminate the fighting. The thesis of this paper is that the United States, after a fumbling beginning, made effective use of all these tools; however, certain unique features were present in this situation which suggest that not all that worked in the Persian Gulf war is likely to serve as a guide for the resolution of other crises."
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U.S. Involvement in the Persian Gulf War, 2000.
An analysis of foreign policy decisions, diplomacy and military events leading up to, during and after the 1990-91 war between the Western allies and Iraq.
2,025 words (approx. 8.1 pages), 10 sources, $ 71.95
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From the Paper
"This research paper summarizes and analyzes the United States foreign policy decisions and military events which led to, perpetuated and ended American involvement in the Persian Gulf War, including the military strategy employed by Iraq and the United States during that war.
The Persian Gulf War was precipitated by the invasion of Kuwait by Iraq in August 1990 and the determination by the United States that its vital interests were thereby threatened. American foreign policy, because it sought to maintain a balance between Iraqi and Iranian power in the region, sent Iraq mixed signals which failed to deter the invasion, but many other factors lay behind Saddam Hussein's decision to invade. Thereafter, the United States effectively built up its forces in..."
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The Persian Gulf War, A War Without Formal Declaration, 2002.
Looks at how the United States government engaged in the Persian Gulf War and several other wars after WWII without officially declaring war.
1,208 words (approx. 4.8 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 41.95
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Abstract
This paper looks at the history of U.S. military engagement since the end of WWII, with particular emphasis on the Persian Gulf War of 1990. It points out that Congress has not formally declared war since December 11, 1941, against Germany and that, during the course of the last several decades in United States history, the citizens of the U.S. have been continually forced into war without a formal declaration of war supported by the U.S. Congress. The paper then discusses the War Powers Act, which has made it possible for Congress to avoid making actual declarations of war while still permitting major military engagements such as the Persian Gulf War.
From the Paper
"Congress has not formally declared war since December 11, 1941 against Germany in response to a formal Declaration of War by Germany against the U.S. (Paul, 2002). When Congress does formally declare war, a task that requires small effort on the part of representatives, an enemy is clearly defined and the task at hand is readily made clear. A clear cut victory is also expected as was the case of the Declaration of war against Germany and Japan. During the course of the last several decades in United States history, the citizens of the U.S. have been continually forced into war without a formal declaration of war supported by the U.S. Congress. The most recent example prior to 2003 of this was the war started in the Persian Gulf. Such action taken by the president of the U.S. exemplifies the pomposity and overbearing authority the president has placed upon himself over the citizens of this country."
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The Persian Gulf War, 2001.
This paper discusses the 1990 Persian Gulf War.
1,590 words (approx. 6.4 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 52.95
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Abstract
This paper is an overview of the conduct of the Persian Gulf War. The author looks at the alliances that were created, the power struggles that influenced the outcome of the war between governments and within the U.S. Government in particular. Operation Desert Shield's different personalities and the affects they had on U.S. government policy and in turn, on the outcome of the war, are also discussed in detail. The background to the controversy is presented, including Iraq's invasion of Kuwait, the response of the international community and Middle East personalities and politics are also important to one's understanding of the War.
From the Paper
"The United States drafted a four-phase offensive plan in the autumn of 1990: ?Phase one would be an air attack on Iraqi command, control and communications?.Phase Two would be a massive, continuous air bombardment of Iraqi supply and munitions basics, transport facilities and roads?.Phase Three would be an air attack on the entrenched Iraqi ground forces?.the fourth phase consisted of a Marine amphibious landing on the Kuwaiti coast and an Army frontal attack directly into the Iraqi defensive positions? (Summers, 195). General Powell accepted the first three phases and wanted a better ground campaign. On November 8, 1990, Bush approved a war during the winter of 1991 with Iraq. On January 16, 1991, the U.S.-led coalition began its air campaign against Iraqi forces in Kuwait and Iraq. It would be a short time before Iraq would face the combined air, naval and ground forces of the U.S. and its allies. On February 24, 1991, a force of 620,000 soldiers, Marines, and airmen from nearly forty nations launched the most massive attack across a 400-kilometer front against an Iraqi force. The revised ground assault strategy included a Marine amphibious assault group off the coast of Kuwait."
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The Second Persian Gulf War: The Unfinished War, 2000.
This is a look at the causes of the Persian Gulf War and its effects, as well as reasons why it is not finished, in a sense.
2,785 words (approx. 11.1 pages), 7 sources, $ 83.95
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Abstract
In this paper I look at the causes of the Persian Gulf War. What Kuwait did to provoked the Iraqi invasion? Why Iraq felt it was necessary to invade Kuwait? What could the United States and other Arab Nations have done to prevent the invasion? Then I briefly write about the events of the fighting in the Persian Gulf War. Finally I evaluate the United States? policy towards Iraq since the War. Has it had an effect? Have we achieved any of our goals? What else can we do?
In my paper I conclude that the Persian Gulf War was necessary under the circumstances. Furthermore, I write about how our policy has failed towards Iraq and how it needs to be more aggressive. This paper is eight pages long and uses footnote rather then a bibliography. The paper is very informative, yet very opinionated.
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The Persian Gulf War, 2002.
A discussion of U.S. involvement in the Persian Gulf War (1990-1991).
2,546 words (approx. 10.2 pages), 10 sources, MLA, $ 77.95
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Abstract
This paper summarizes and analyzes the United States foreign policy decisions and military events which led to, perpetuated and ended American involvement in the Persian Gulf War, including the military strategy employed by Iraq and the United States during that war. It examines how the Persian Gulf War was precipitated by the invasion of Kuwait by Iraq in August 1990 and the determination by the United States that its vital interests were thereby threatened.
Outline
Background to the Iraqi Invasion of Kuwait on August 2, 1990
Pre-Gulf War Military Buildup and Diplomacy
Military Strategy of Iraq and the United States
War Termination
Conclusion
From the Paper
"American satellite photographs alerted United States intelligence to Iraq's buildup of forces north of the Kuwaiti border which reached over 100,000 troops by late July 1990. The administration of George Bush dismissed these moves as saber-rattling. American Ambassador to Iraq April Glaspie told Hussein on July 25, 1990: "we have no opinion on the Arab-Arab conflicts, like your border disagreements with Kuwait" (Bennis and Moushabeck 395). These mixed signals violated the first rule of an effective policy of deterrence, which Craig and George said was that any threat to an opponent must be "credible and sufficiently potent in the eyes of the aggressor to prevent him from attempting the undesired course of action" (190). "
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Oil and the Persian Gulf, 2001.
This paper is a detailed study of all of the issues related to oil production, transportation and the environment in the Persian Gulf.
10,555 words (approx. 42.2 pages), 27 sources, MLA, $ 210.95
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Abstract
This paper looks at every aspect of the oil industry in the Persian Gulf, using United Arab Emirates (UAE) as the specific case study to examine the affects of oil production and its transportation on the environment in the UAE.
The Table of Contents:
Introduction
Nature of Drilling in the United Arab Emirates
The Political and Social Organization of the United Arab Emirates
History of the UAE as a Nation-State
The Geography of the Persian Gulf as a Whole
Temperature, Climate, and Topography of the Land
The Ecological History of the Persian Gulf
Pollution Related to Oil Production and Transportation
Strategies for Improvement
Steps Being Taken
Steps to Take
Conclusions
From the Paper
"This does not mean that accidents are not of any concern of the UAE. There is a recognition significant future potential for oil-related accidents. The danger from oil spills is a worldwide problem and the Gulf presents a uniquely challenging environmental situation. There is a high level of traffic through the waters of the UAE by oil tankers and other shipping rigs. Since the Gulf War of 1991, the waters of the UAE have suffered from a number of significant oil spills within the country?s recent historical, collective memory. Most of these spills were accidental but the intentional release of Kuwaiti oil by the Iraqis at the end of the War raised serious concerns within the borders of the UAE as to the potential for spilling oil as a war-related tactic. This act gained the attention of all of the Gulf States, convincing them that they should take immediate steps to prevent damage from oil spills in the future. In this case, the political instability of the region acted as a ?wake up? call to all of the Gulf nations. (Zeitoun and Goudsouzian, 2001: 150) The most recent spill occurred when an Iraqi tanker called the Zainab, a container ship smuggling Iraqi crude, sank in April of 2001. It was carrying over one million gallons of Iraqi fuel and 300 tons of fuel oil when it sank off the port of Jebel Ali, south of Dubai. (Zeitoun and Goudsouzian, 2001: 150) The spill spread oil along the Sharjah, Dubai, and Ajam coast. Beaches were fouled, and local Ajmani authorities closed the emirate?s main desalination water plant as a precaution against pollution. This caused significant water shortages. (Zeitoun and Goudsouzian, 2001: 150; ?Gulf Tanker Spill Under Control?: MSNBC.COM)"
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Persian Gulf Security, 2000.
A discussion of the effectiveness of Operation Ernest Will in assuring continuous access to Persian Gulf oil during the Iran-Iraq War.
1,823 words (approx. 7.3 pages), 9 sources, APA, $ 58.95
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Abstract
This paper examines how Operation Ernest Will was both a diplomatic and military action to preserve a critical world asset, crude oil, reinforce an alliance in the Persian Gulf and contain a regional war between Iran and Iraq and how the United States, through Operation Ernest Will, achieved their short-term political objective in 1987 by reflagging Kuwait oil tankers. It assesses why the U.S. felt it had to protect its national interests by force and analyzes what those interests were: protection of the U.S. homeland from attack, continued prosperity based in part on preservation of an open world economy, assured access to Persian Gulf oil and prevention of war among the great powers of Europe and the Far East along with preserving the independence of Israel and South Korea.
From the Paper
"As early as 1984, the Reagan Administration began to address the issue of Iran indiscriminately attacking non-belligerent Kuwaiti shipping. By 1987, the U.S. agreed to reflag eleven of their tankers and arranged to provide them protection in the Persian Gulf. In his report to Congress, Secretary Weinberger states ?our reflagging arrangement with Kuwait is a limited response to a very real threat?. Ironically, the United States? provided limited support, during different periods of the war, to both Iran and Iraq, perplexing several Arab nations as to the true intentions of the U.S. in the region creating an ambiguous foreign policy position."
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Causes of the Persian Gulf War, 2002.
A comparison of the conflicting accounts of the Persian Gulf War by Iraq and Kuwait.
955 words (approx. 3.8 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 33.95
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Abstract
This essay examines the regional causes for the Persian Gulf War between Kuwait and Iraq. It describes the history of Kuwait, and the alliance between Kuwait and Iraq during the Iran/Iraq War. The paper explains the reasons for the Persian Gulf War: The unending border argument, the quarrel over the oil deposited on that border, and the weakening of the relationship between Iraq and Kuwait after the Iran/Iraq War.
From the Paper
"From August 2, 1990 until February 26, 1991 Iraq and Kuwait fought in the Persian Gulf War. The two countries disagreed on many issues and causes. The causes of the Persian Gulf War between Iraq and Kuwait were the two countries' continuing boundary dispute, their feud over the oil deposited on the ill-defined border, and the continuing deterioration of the relationship between Iraq and Kuwait after the fallout of the previous Gulf War between Iraq and Iran."
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The Persian Gulf, 2003.
An examination of the causes of the contemporary crisis in the Persian Gulf.
920 words (approx. 3.7 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 31.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the reasons behind the contemporary crisis in the Persian Guld as viewed by three authors. It argues that blame for the crisis cannot be put on the United States alone, but also on the United Nations Security Council and nations using the Persian Gulf to exploit the crisis for their own end.
From the Paper
"The United States continues to take plenty of blame at home and abroad for the current crisis in the Persian Gulf. Nevertheless if the works of Butler, Trainor and Mylroie are any example there is plenty of blame to go..."
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The First Persian Gulf War, 2004.
A comprehensive analysis of why and how the United States fought the first Persian Gulf War.
3,347 words (approx. 13.4 pages), 2 sources, MLA, $ 95.95
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Abstract
This paper provides a summary and critique of Peter Cipkowski's book, "Understanding the Crisis in the Persian Gulf," and an analysis of how well the war was prosecuted, from the perspective of Dr. Philip Crowl, concerning what questions a nation must ask when considering going to war. A summary of the research follows in the conclusion.
From the Paper
"Much has been written about the military successes enjoyed by the U.S.-led coalition forces during Operation Desert Storm. The levels of strategic planning and professional prosecution of the air war campaign in the Persian Gulf provided the opportunity for many military analysts to make their claims concerning how well the Allies performed. As with any comprehensive historical analysis, this research will examine the events of Operation Desert Storm with a view to establishing how the political strategy was developed. While many Korean and Vietnam veterans would take exception to Peter Cipkowski's assessment that the war in the Persian Gulf captured worldwide attention as the first large-scale Allied military engagement since the Second World War, no one would likely argue with his observations about the importance of these events for the Western nations of the world today."
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The Persian Gulf War, 2005.
This paper offers an analysis of the events leading up to the Persian Gulf War.
2,250 words (approx. 9.0 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 79.95
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Abstract
The paper analyzes the events leading up to the Persian Gulf War of 1990 and examines the players involved. The paper offers reasons for Iraq's invasion of Kuwait. The paper explains the history of Iraq and the success of coalition forces there.
From the Paper
"The Persian Gulf War was a turning point in the twentieth century. It was the first major international conflict to be fought as the cold war was ending and it featured an unprecedented level of international cooperation. For the first time since World War II, the United States and the Soviet Union found themselves on the same side in a military conflict. Indeed the world at large united in its condemnation of Saddam Hussein's invasion of neighboring Kuwait."
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