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U.S Farm Subsidies, 2005.
This paper discusses the U.S. policies of farm subsidies in relationship to the international agricultural market.
1,620 words (approx. 6.5 pages), 2 sources, MLA, $ 52.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that, although the United States provides proportionally less support for its farmers overall than the E.U., it is the second largest supporter of agriculture in the developed world; some commodities, such as sugar, have overall support at E.U. levels. The author points out that evidence suggests that the current U.S. barriers hit the very poorest countries hardest. The paper relates that direct support given to U.S. farmers and the presence of significant trade barriers for certain products means that the United States agricultural production is higher than it would be otherwise, which lowers world prices; moreover, U.S. direct export subsidies, export credits and food aid are likely to have a further depressing effect on world prices.
From the Paper
"This evidence also suggests that the United States Generalized System of Preferences, U.S. GSP, program is not particularly generous with respect to agricultural products, a point supported by some WTO calculations. The estimated gap between the average agricultural tariff faced by middle-income countries, who will largely have GSP terms, and OECD ones, who will mainly face MFN rates, in the United States is only 1.5 percent. A wide range of agricultural products are indeed excluded from coverage under the U.S. GDP, and even the U.S. Africa Growth and Opportunity Act, AGOA, excludes many significant agricultural products."
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Farm Subsidies, 2002.
This paper discusses an article on farm subsidies by David Hosansky in the "CQ Researcher."
900 words (approx. 3.6 pages), 2 sources, APA, $ 31.95
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Abstract
A reaction to the Hosansky article on Farm Subsidies in the "CQ Researcher" which discusses the Farm Bill implemented by President Bush on May 13 2002. The author illustrates how although the report contained sufficient information on the issue, it had an inward-looking bias and did not adequately emphasize the global impact of the U.S. Farm Bill. Furthermore the report is said to lack an international perspective of the issue and does not take a clear-cut stand on the merits or demerits of Farm Subsidies.
From the Paper
"The signing into law of the US Farm Bill in May 2002 has serious and profound international implications. These effects have only been mentioned in passing by the author and have not been analyzed or explained in sufficient depth. For example, the subsidies that have been built into the Bill (a massive 70% hike over the current levels) would result in overproduction of such food products as corn, wheat, cotton, rice and soybeans. This would drive down the market prices of these commodities and create huge surpluses in the United States. These products would then be exported to the poor countries of the world where the farmers cannot possibly compete with such low prices."
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Welfare and the U.S. Government, 2005.
This paper discusses issues of welfare support of children by the U.S. government.
4,440 words (approx. 17.8 pages), 8 sources, MLA, $ 116.95
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Abstract
This paper explains the controversy surrounding the marked increase in the govern financial support of families with dependent children by such programs as Medicaid, food stamps, housing subsidies and child nutrition programs. The author points out that, although some people are under the impression that it is welfare that causes a major financial difficulty for the government, corporate welfare, such as tax reduction and write-offs, is a large and growing component of the federal budget. The paper recommends that these federal subsidies to corporations be removed or reduced and the funds used to promote programs to support and protect children.
Table of Contents
Introduction
Analysis
Solutions
Conclusion
From the Paper
"No single policy of the government like no faults divorce or increased employment of women lead to this. The market economy now views individuals as producers and this makes occupational roles are more important than family roles. Some of the results of this can be seen directly in the father who sits in the office for extra time rather than taking his child to the softball game. This father is concentrating on the pay raise that will come the next time. This is what makes young people say that they can't afford to marry. Certainly their lifestyle will be worse than the common lifestyle of 1950 if they got married, but it is only that the young individual feels that he or she needs more."
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U.S. Policy Toward Cuba, 1999.
Examines the evolution in the 1990s. Discusses Cuba's loss of Soviet support, the impact of Cuban exiles, Castro's socialist leadership, human rights, politics, laws and the economic emargo.
2,700 words (approx. 10.8 pages), 7 sources, $ 95.95
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Abstract
Fidel Castro's government did not collapse following the U.S.S.R.'s 1990 withdrawal of $6 billion in annual subsidies from Cuba. With the subsequent end of the Soviet Union itself there seemed to be no hope for Castro's revolutionary state. Yet, after almost ten years, the end is still not in sight and Cuba is making a gradual transition into the world economy via internal liberalization and the rapid growth of foreign investment from nearly every industrialized nation--except the U. S.
From the Paper
"Fidel Castro's government did not collapse following the U.S.S.R.'s 1990 withdrawal of $6 billion in annual subsidies from Cuba. With the subsequent end of the Soviet Union itself there seemed to be no hope for Castro's revolutionary state. Yet, after almost ten years, the end is still not in sight and Cuba is making a gradual transition into the world economy via internal liberalization and the rapid growth of foreign investment from nearly every industrialized nation--except the U. S. American policy toward Cuba, rather than relaxing, has remained strongly weighted toward isolation and economic sanctions, and has even gone so far as to insist that U. S. allies and trading partners adopt the same stance. The passage of the Helms-Burton, or Libertad, Act of 1996 strengthened American opposition to normalization of relations with Cuba and laid down ..."
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Competition Comes to the U.S. Farm Sector, 2002.
Discusses U.S. farm policies since the 1930s.
1,570 words (approx. 6.3 pages), 8 sources, MLA, $ 51.95
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Abstract
This paper looks at the focus, impact and consequences of U.S. farm policies. In particular, it examines the 1996 Farm Bill, policy changes instituted in 1985, and the 2002 Farm Act. The paper concludes with an analysis of the consequences, whether positive or negative, of the Freedom to Farm Act.
From the Paper
"The United States has always supported its farmers through a number of different policies. This policy has included programs designed to distribute the nation?s land in an equitable fashion, increase productivity, raising the standard of living of American farmers and helping them to market their products (Westcott and Price, 2001). US farm policy since the 1930s focused on price and income supports. Until the introduction of the 1996 Farm Bill, the price support system relied on a series of acreage limits and storage programs (Westcott and Price, 2001)."
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Farm Production in the U.S., 2003.
Examines the existence of agriculture in a private property setting as a major reason for its success.
675 words (approx. 2.7 pages), 6 sources, $ 23.95
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Abstract
Discusses the effect of advanced technologies and the increased federal role in farming, as well as government farm subsidies programs and the acreage reduction program.
From the Paper
"In the last thirty years, total farm production in the United States has increased by eighty percent while at the same time this abundance has required less labor, capital, and physical resources to implement. This increase in farm production has been ..."
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The U.S. and the U.N. Rights of the Child Convention, 2002.
This paper discusses why the U.S. hasn't signed the treaty on the U.N. Convention on the Rights of the Child.
5,060 words (approx. 20.2 pages), 8 sources, MLA, $ 127.95
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Abstract
This paper presents a detailed examination, written from a legal standpoint, of the treaty on the United Nations Convention on the Rights of Children. The paper concludes the U. S. is willing to intervene in other international problems, such as oil; and therefore, it should make a public statement to protect the world?s most precious commodity, children, by supporting the treaty.
Table of Contents
Introduction
What Is It
What It Protects
What about the Legal Standpoint
Why Is Treaty Needed
Why Won't the U.S. Sign?
Reasons for Signing the Treaty
From the Paper
"While there are many political reasons that the US may refuse to sign the treaty, one of the chief causes for concern might be the establishment of an International Criminal Court. Many UN delegates support the idea of an International Criminal Court but the United States has been steadfast in its refusal to agree. An international criminal court might begin the slippery slope of descent to the power of individual nations when it comes to many issues including the treaty.If the international criminal court gains favor and power in the future it is feasible that the court could be used to enforce the treaty."
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Multiculturalism in the U.S. and U.K., 2005.
This paper presents an analysis regarding the doctrine of multiculturalism.
904 words (approx. 3.6 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 31.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer discusses the doctrine of multiculturalism. The writer offers an analysis of why such a doctrine is problematic. In order to examine the issue of multiculturalism, the writer uses examples from the public education systems in the U.S. and Great Britain to show the difficulties in treating all cultures as equal.
From the Paper
"Multiculturalism is defined by the Ayn Rand institute as the view that all cultures are equal. While this doctrine is often adopted in spirit if not in principle in the U.S. and Great Britain, multiculturalism is problematic as a term. For if all cultures are equal we cannot say that there is one superior way of being, one superior set of values or one superior method of educating individuals. However societies like America and Great Britain often adopt such methods values ... "
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Water Subsidies, 2003.
Examines the positive and negative effects of providing farmers with water subsidies.
790 words (approx. 3.2 pages), 4 sources, APA, $ 28.95
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Abstract
According to a 1994 GAO analysis, without water subsidies in California, farms would still be profitable. This paper first discusses the history of water subsidies, before showing their advantages and disadvantages. It ultimately argues that water subsidies should be done away with because of the billions of dollars they cost taxpayers each year and the fact that they encourage farmers to squander money.
From the Paper
"There are, however, far more negatives to providing farmer subsidies then positives. The main negative is the price of providing farmers with water - since 1902 we have lost 70 billion dollars in water subsidies, and it cost taxpayers approximately 2.2 billion a year (Candee). Also, the subsidies are not benefiting the farmers that need it the most, ?Many corporate farms circumvent the acreage limits in reclamation law, thereby preventing small farmers from buying land at prices that are affordable while giving those larger operators unintended competitive advantages (Adams).? These water subsidies also cause a large loss in water; the San Joaquin River is dry for more than 12 miles because the flow of the river has been used for agricultural purposes. In regions near large water subsidies there has been destruction of wetlands and a decrease in fish and wildlife populations. In my opinion the negatives outweigh the positives of water subsidies."
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Energy Subsidies and Their Impact on Society, 2005.
Examines how subsidies for non-renewable energy sources have become perverse.
2,653 words (approx. 10.6 pages), 17 sources, MLA, $ 79.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the phenomenon of energy subsidies and how they have had an effect on society. From giving the companies the influence they need to push drilling legislation to effects on world hunger, energy subsidies have been problematic for the ecology of this nation as well as the world; they have been a distorting force in the market place and have been detrimental to the social condition of this planet. From the pressures to drill ANWR to Third World poverty, energy subsidies have created a superpower out of the resource lobby. The various consequences of the subsidies are chronicled, and several solutions are also presented.
From the Paper
"In order to deal with the transition to more renewable sources and a more efficient economy, there is no reason why those who are "environmentally virtuous" should not be rewarded. Belgium has cut sales taxes for energy saving devices by 2/3 of the original amount and conversely has made those who drive inefficient vehicles pay more in road taxes. Denmark and Norway have also tied vehicle size to the amount of taxes paid on them. The best part of this plan is that does not change the amount of taxes paid and does not change a given nations position, meaning that it can be done with only that one nation's interest in mind."
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The Impact of Agricultural Subsidies, 2005.
An analysis of fiscal policy relating to agricultural subsidies and their affect on the economy and the environment.
2,822 words (approx. 11.3 pages), 25 sources, MLA, $ 84.95
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Abstract
This paper illustrates the harm that agricultural subsidies have done to the economy, to the environment, and to people's livelihoods. It illustrates various case studies of certain crops that have received perverse subsidies and gives several case studies of attempts to reduce these subsidies. It also offers solutions to this problem, namely, to cut off all subsidies in case of emergency.
From the Paper
"One of the basic tenets of economics is the old adage "there is no such thing as a free lunch." Even when you go to a presentation with a "free lunch" afterward, the cost of procuring that food was somehow externalized. If we apply this to public policy, one can see that certain economic sectors have received a so-called "free lunch" from the government, even though there are many costs. Agricultural subsidies are often portrayed to be an essential part of the well-being of a nation, but they can have damaging effects on the environment, cause stagnation in the economy, and can be detrimental to the livelihoods of people around the world."
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Subsidies and Countervailing Duties, 2005.
A look at subsidies and countervailing duties and how they affect Third World economies.
3,412 words (approx. 13.6 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 96.95
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Abstract
Subsidies and countervailing duties have a lot of importance where different countries are concerned. This is especially true of countries that are just developing. Third World development is becoming very important today, and many of the multilateral trade negotiations that are taking place are changing the prospects for these countries. It is important, therefore, to look at these trade negotiations and what they will do to the subsidies and countervailing duties for many of these countries. For purposes of this paper, the United States and Canada and any subsidies that they give are not examined. Instead, the focus is on countries that are in the Third World and that are just developing. The scope of the paper looks at these Third World countries and the multilateral trade negotiations that they deal with in order to help determine the prospects that they have for continued growth.
From the Paper
"Even though this seems somewhat unfair, it actually is not because many of these countries are still finding their way when it comes to trade agreements, subsidies, and countervailing duties. They must be allowed more freedom so that they are able to find ways to make use of many of the tariffs that they have and the subsidies that have not either been banned or restricted. This will help them to continue their goal of promoting development within their nations. It seems as though there may soon be further restrictions placed on them when multinational trade negotiations are looked at once again. In order to help avoid the problems that would come from this, the Third World countries should act now to exercise the autonomy that they currently have. If they do not, they may soon lose this autonomy and be even more restricted them they are now."
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Perverse Subsidies, 2004.
Introduces and defines the term 'perverse subsidies'.
952 words (approx. 3.8 pages), 2 sources, APA, $ 33.95
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Abstract
This paper introduces, discusses, and analyzes the topic of perverse subsidies. Specifically, it explains what a perverse subsidy is, including what makes it 'perverse', and what the American government is doing about the problem. It gives specific dollar amounts and discusses what these subsidies are doing to the environment.
From the Paper
"Perverse subsidies are, in a word, perverse. They encourage development in scientific and industrial sectors that is counterproductive to environmental and economic concerns, and they encourage growth and development in areas that often should be regulated and reduced, rather than encouraged. For example, as these experts note, "Energy subsidies can, and usually do, favor large supply projects and undermine funding for biomass and renewables. Tax concessions for logging, settlement, and ranching can accelerate deforestation, species loss, and soil and water degradation" (MacNeilln and Winsemius, 1991, p. 33). Many of the perverse subsidies today revolve around agriculture, and they can be some of the most damaging of all these subsidies. These subsidies exist all over the world, and experts believe they cost North American, European, and Japanese consumers and taxpayers more than $250 billion dollars per year (MacNeilln and Winsemius, 1991, p. 34), and these are only agricultural subsidies."
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Agricultural Subsidies, 2005.
Pros and cons of subsidies for and tariffs on, agricultural products by first world countries.
2,024 words (approx. 8.1 pages), 12 sources, APA, $ 64.95
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Abstract
This paper deals with the issue of free trade in agricultural products versus protectionism that is one of the fiercest international economic debates. It discusses the arguments of the proponents of free trade who believe in opening the global market with as few restrictions on trade as possible and those of the proponents of protectionism who believe in concentrating on the welfare of the domestic farming community. The stage at which the talks over subsidies take place is the World Trade Organization ("WTO").
Paper Outline:
Introduction
The Economics of Agriculture
Some Numbers
A Comparative Advantage of the Poor
The Reasons for Protectionism
The WTO and the Prisoner's Dilemma
From the Paper
"However, why do the rich countries like those of the European Union as well as the US today still subsidize their farmers to the tune of billions of dollars a year? Beginning in the 1930s most industrialized countries developed agricultural price-support policies to reduce the volatility of prices for farm products and to increase, or at least stabilize, farm income. Subsequently, in food-exporting countries, such as the United States and France, agricultural subsidies have been designed primarily to increase farm income, either by raising the long-term level of prices above free-market levels or by providing direct payments to farmers."
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"China's Economy: U.S. and E.U. Get Tough on Textiles", 2005.
A review of the article "China's Economy: U.S. and E.U. Get Tough on Textiles".
900 words (approx. 3.6 pages), 5 sources, $ 35.95
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Abstract
"This paper discusses an article from the Economist Intelligence Unit, a publication of The Economist, entitled "China's Economy: U.S. and E.U. Get Tough on Textiles" as it relates to the price pressures on apparels in the U.S. market. These issues are examined from a macroeconomic perspective with an emphasis on Keynesian and neo-classical macroeconomic theory.
From the Paper
"Following the end of quotas on textile imports from China as of 1 January 2005, both the United States (US) and the European Union (EU) have witnessed a massive influx of textile imports from China: "U.S. imports of Chinese clothing swelled in January, a rush of new products following the end of international quotas that for decades had limited global apparel trade" (Chinese, 2005, para.1). While increases have been across the board, three categories in particular have seen huge increases: cotton knit shirts, blouses and cotton trousers, and these have been targeted for renewed protectionist quotas by both the US and the EU (China, 2005, para.2). "
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