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U.S. and European Jury Systems, 2005.
Compares the two principle forms of legal systems in use in the world today.
1,844 words (approx. 7.4 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 59.95
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Abstract
This paper compares and contrasts the legal system based on civil law and the legal system based on common law. The paper explains how civil law, enforced in Continental Europe, Latin America, most of Africa, and several Central European and Asian nations, and common law, enforced in the United States, England, and other countries that used to be part of the British Empire, differ in their origins and their different trial and arrest proceedings. The paper also explains how the two systems are inherently opposed to each other, although each shares the common goal of conducting the just, speedy, and inexpensive resolution of conflicts.
From the Paper
"The civil law system originated from ancient Roman law in the 6th century under Emperor Justinian and later modified by French and German jurists (Messitte 1999). On the other hand, the common law system began in England almost a thousand years ago when royal judges in the Parliament based their decisions on customary law common to the people, with capable lawyers giving support. In Europe, Justinian's law books and the legal system of the Catholic Church harmonized a thousand local laws, but England was constructing its own flexible legal system. It rejected the sentiment of the French Revolution that the power of judges should be controlled and that judges should limit the application of the law to the intent of the legislature (Messitte)."
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Criminal Justice Systems of the U.S. and Singapore, 2002.
Examining the similarities between the origins of the the criminal justice systems of the U.S. and Singapore and their differences today.
856 words (approx. 3.4 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 30.95
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Abstract
This paper shows how both the United States and Singapore derived their criminal justice system from the British system, though the U.S. system has diverged considerably while the system in Singapore remains deeply rooted in the British forms. The writer explains however that today, the immediate source for the criminal justice system in each country differs in that American law is constitutional, while criminal law in Singapore is entirely statutory and based on an adopted Criminal Code. It looks at how common law is a feature of both systems, standing as the accepted customs of many legal systems.
From the Paper
"American citizens derive their rights from the Constitution and particularly from the Bill of Rights. These ten articles were influenced largely by George Mason, Thomas Jefferson, and James Madison, with much of the final language based on Mason's "Declaration of Rights" for Virginia's Constitution of 1776. There were originally twelve, but two were eliminated as the final ten were adopted in 1791 (Hall, 1992, 70-71). Article VIII states: "Excessive bail shall not lie required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted." These simple words have engendered reams of interpretation, for the Constitution does not say what constitutes either cruel or unusual punishment or how to make such a determination. Other provisions have similarly been argued throughout our history, and judicial determinations up to and including the supreme Court form a body of case law on which the police, prosecutors, and courts rely."
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Information Systems in the U.S. Army, 2008.
This paper discusses the US Army's satellite communications network (SATCOM).
808 words (approx. 3.2 pages), 2 sources, APA, $ 28.95
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Abstract
The paper outlines the functionality and global-interconnectivity of the US Army's satellite communications network (SATCOM) and what the consequences would be if that system were to collapse. The paper discusses the strategic importance of such an information system and describes how a failure of remote, internet-based communications would threaten US security.
From the Paper
"To begin with, how might one describe the functionality and interconnectivity of the SATCOM network? Perhaps the best introductory description is that SATCOM is intended to connect ground troops to satellites and UAVs. The technology, at present, provides troops with satellite phones, antennae and modems from which troops in the field could receive important information - updated constantly and transmitted instantaneously. An Army spokesman describes the new-fangled WIN-T generation of the system (which is, of course, being constantly updated) as something in which soldiers in the field receive "advanced antenna" and "smaller form factors" that can be fitted onto vehicles so that information transmission can be conducted while formations are moving."
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Database Management Systems and Information Systems, 2001.
Examines differences of both computer technologies in terms of software (IMS) & comgination of hardware & software (IM).
1,350 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 9 sources, $ 47.95
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From the Paper
"This research will examine distinctions between database management systems and information systems, two terms that are often used interchangeably. The plan of the research will be to set forth working definitions of the terms and then explain the differences in ways that might help organization executives understand introduction of information technology in the workplace, including precautions that should be observed in the design, engineering, installation, and management of the technology.
The term information system (IS), or information management system, refers to a computer technology-driven architecture around which use of data-processing equipment and software programs are organized. Configuration, or the method of organization, of the information system is designed to enable users..."
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The European Monetary System, 2004.
An analysis of the European Monetary System (EMS).
1,170 words (approx. 4.7 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 40.95
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Abstract
This paper defines and discusses in detail the concepts and ideas of the single European Market. The paper analyzes the European Monetary System (EMS). The paper explains that the EMS came about after several attempts to stabilize exchange rates among members of the European community. In time, the European Community developed a plan to introduce a single currency into the market, the Euro. The paper presents a literature review on this topic.
From the Paper
"According to a book entitled ?The European Monetary System and European Monetary Union? the single European Market is a product of what began as the European Community of 1978 (Fratianni and Von Hagen). The book explains that the European Monetary System (EMS) was designed to be a single European monetary system (Fratianni and Von Hagen). The authors assert that the EMS was designed in an effort to ?strengthen the coordination of monetary and economic policies among the members of the Community, to stabilize exchange rates, and to take a new step on the road of monetary unification in Europe (Fratianni and Von Hagen).?"
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European Monetary System, 1999.
Analyzes progress of European Community toward monetary union, role of Treaty of Maastricht and possible effect on U.S. dollar.
1,800 words (approx. 7.2 pages), 13 sources, $ 63.95
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From the Paper
"THE COMING OF THE EURO & ITS POTENTIAL EFFECTS ON THE US$
Background on the Issue
European monetary union has been envisioned since the founding of the European Community (EC). The creation of the European Monetary System (EMS) represented a major step toward eventual monetary union. It was not until the ratification of the Treaty of Maastricht, however, that specific criteria for full participation by an EC member nation in EMU were adopted (?From Here to EMU,? 1995).
Monetary union is a component of the regional integration of nations. The fourth level of such integration is economic union, which includes the adding of monetary and fiscal harmonization among member countries to the common market system. The final level of regional integration, political .."
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Issues Regarding the Public School System in the U..S, 2002.
This paper examines the problems with the public school system and possible solutions.
1,555 words (approx. 6.2 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 51.95
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Abstract
Examines the history and aims of the public school system and its declining quality and proposed solutions. The school vouchers and charter schools solutions are reviewed and alternative systems are looked at. The author concludes that the public school system itself needs changes rather than changing the entire system.
From the Paper
"The Public School System in the United States was one of the primary and prevailing forms of education in the country at present. The public school system was established as early as 1837 in Massachusetts, wherein Horace Mann, a Bostonian reformist, became the first secretary of the Massachusetts board for the coordination of the public school system. In 1839, the first public school was established, and in 1852, the ?first compulsory school-attendance law? was passed in the Massachusetts legislature. By the year 1918, every state in the US was already under this school-attendance law. Public schooling flourished when the Land-Grant Act (or the Morill Act) was approved in 1862, which provided ?federal land? to the states for use in establishing public schools."
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European Monetary System in the Early 1990s, 1993.
A look at cooperation and conflict among European Community members including currency unity, exchange rates, devaluations and nationalism.
1,350 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 5 sources, $ 47.95
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From the Paper
"This research considers the impact of recent developments related to European unity on the single European currency, the Ecu (European Currency Unit). The Ecu exists and is used in international settlements between members of the European Monetary System (EMS) and in some private settlements; however, the Ecu has not replaced the national currencies of the member states of the European Community (EC).
In the summer of 1978, the member countries of the EC agreed to the formation of the EMS, and the organization became a functional reality in March 1979. While the United Kingdom (UK) was a member of the EMS from its inception, it was not a participant in the major function of the system..exchange rate management, which involves operation of the exchange rate mechanism (ERM), throughout most of the organizational existence of the EMS. UK participation in the ERM did not begin until October 1990. Upon joining the EC, Greece, Portugal, and Spain also became members of the EMS. Of these three countries, however, only Spain participates in the ERM.
Formation of the EMS was given impetus by three major concerns in the late.1970s. First..."
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Trial by Jury in the English Legal System, 2007.
A look at the English jury system.
2,145 words (approx. 8.6 pages), 16 sources, MLA, $ 67.95
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Abstract
This paper analyzes the role of the British jury system and investigates its effectiveness putting forward the arguments of many opponents. The paper suggests that, if the present due process model lacks "confidence in informal pre-trial fact-finding processes" then it would be wrong to believe that due process would be better served if the jury was abolished, for it is the jury which provides the forum for formal fact finding at trial. The paper concludes that if we blame the jury for the loss of due process to innocents that have been convicted and ignore the fundamental flaws of due process safeguards within the pre-trial system, then, ultimately, this disregard that will 'further legitimise and perpetuate miscarriages of justice'.
From the Paper
"The civil jury declined massively in the twentieth century, and the case of Ward v James established that trial by judge should be the usual mode of trial. It is significant, that today only 1% of criminal cases actually culminate in jury trial making the argument for juries somewhat a statistical irrelevance. It is therefore perhaps unfair to argue that juries convict too many innocent people when trial by jury is such a rare opportunity. A single wrongful conviction is considered as one too many, but although it is admirable to aim for a system that prevents a single miscarriage of justice to occur it is perhaps a little unrealistic. The role of the jury is to form a verdict drawn from only the facts presented at trial. No twelve good men or women would intentionally inflict a conviction on a person whom they knew to be innocent. To attribute the blame of a wrongful conviction to, and solely to, the jury is too simplistic an analysis; the role of the jury is to come to an honest conclusion about the facts presented at trial. If these facts are later found to be 'unsatisfactory' or 'unsafe' perhaps it is the criminal justice system itself, which 'helps to legitimise and perpetuate miscarriages of justice', and not the jury who are perhaps too often the victims of blame."
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Meat Products Trade Between U.S. & European Community, 1996.
Effects of growth hormone ban, health & safety, protectionism, irradiation, GATT, World Trade Organization, politics, supply & demand, pricing, future.
3,375 words (approx. 13.5 pages), 10 sources, $ 119.95
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From the Paper
"This research examines the meat products trade between the European Community (EC) and the United States (US). Both red-meat and poultry meat products are included in this examination. One focal point of this examination concerns the effects of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) and the treaty establishing the World Trade Organization (WTO) likely will have on the meat products trade between the EC and the US.
The 1988-1990 Period
The most serious and long-running dispute between the EC and the US in relation to meat products trade involves the EU ban on the importation of meat products produced from animals that have ..."
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Right To Jury Trial, 1992.
Focuses on the U.S. and Australia in context of the L.A.P.D. officers involved in the Rodney King beating case, the reason for riots in L.A., rights to jury trial in England, Australia and the U.S.
2,250 words (approx. 9.0 pages), 10 sources, $ 79.95
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From the Paper
"The Right To A Jury Trial
This paper will examine the right to a jury trial in the United States and Australia in the context of the acquittal of the four Los Angeles police officers accused of beating Rodney King and the ensuing riots in Los Angeles. First, the economic and social backgrounds of the riots will be examined, followed by a short history of the right to a jury trial in England and the United States. Then the right itself will be analyzed under U.S. and Australian law.
Most observers have identified two basic causes for the riots: 1) deteriorating economic conditions, especially in the affected locations of central and south-central Los Angeles; and 2) deteriorating social and moral conditions among the American population in general and certain minority populations in ..."
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U.S. vs. China Legal Systems, 2007.
This paper discusses and compares the legal systems of the U.S. and of China.
1,700 words (approx. 6.8 pages), 10 sources, MLA, $ 55.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer discusses that the U.S. criminal justice system is framed after the ideal of justice for all and equal protection for all through a common civil law, interpreted by its courts. On the other hand, the writer notes that codified laws and statutes established by the legislature have guided China's criminal justice system. The writer discusses that the cultural differences between the U.S. and China are seen to be simplified and bridged by modern information technology, and many observe concrete progress in the replacement of the rule of men with the rule of law. The writer concludes that some still believe that Mao Zedong is the greatest revolutionary, that Abraham Lincoln was a dictator who destroyed the ideals of the colonists and that the American criminal justice system has now become one of the most corrupt in the world.
Table of Contents:
Abstract
Introduction
Review of Literature
Method
Findings and Conclusion
From the Paper
"Sachs writes that despite America's overall wealth as a nation, its people now live in a society of great and indescribable fear of their legal system, their lawyers and the prison system, the loss of health care in a system with no health plan and losing their jobs. He says that Americans are afraid of questioning the system and become gullible victims to propaganda. The issue on terrorism has so engaged them that their attention has been swayed out of their own society's ills. Sachs believes that they have projected their fear into foreign terrorists and ignored the increasing corruption and repression in their legal system. Lawyers, judges and courts trample upon the freedom Americans thought they had. He warns travelers and those wanting to visit or work in America to reconsider the risks of being in a country with one of the most crooked legal systems in the world."
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A Childcare Systems Comparison: France and U.S., 2007.
A comparison of the strengths and weaknesses of the French and U.S. childcare systems.
5,142 words (approx. 20.6 pages), 10 sources, APA, $ 128.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the fundamental differences in the systems of childcare provided to working parents in the United States and in France. The paper explains the basic laws pertaining to the rights of working parents, descriptions of varying childcare arrangements available in each country, and the level of educational content emphasized in each arrangement. The paper also discusses the history of working families and childcare arrangements in the United States and in France, for the purpose of evaluating how each system is ingrained in the culture. The paper concludes that the United States is capable of providing a much more family-friendly system than is currently in place.
Outline:
Introduction
France: Laws
France: Childcare
United States: Laws
United States: Childcare
Funding Comparison
History - Viewpoints and Trends
The Hidden System
Conclusion
From the Paper
"The United States, like most other cultures and societies around the world, is vulnerable to ethnocentric feelings which may prevent change in some of its established systems. I believe this to be true in the case of our childcare system today. In concert with our desire for low government "interference" in our lives, our in ability to see the importance of a universally available, nationally sponsored childcare system hinders the path to improved education and quality care for our country's youngest citizens. By comparison, the social programs of European nations like France, though they place a high tax burdens on the people, display much more of a commitment both to quality care and to the future educational achievements of the young. What is puzzling is that, in the midst of debate in the U.S. about ways to improve childcare without turning into a socialist government, there lies an alternative - run by the very government that refused to get involved in childcare for education's sake for generations - which has proven that a good system run by federal standards can be launched and run successfully in under 20 years. This system is in place and running silently within our nation's Department of Defense, serving the children of those who serve our country on military bases worldwide."
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European Communities and the European Court of Justice, 1990.
This paper examines the role of the European Court of Justice in the political integration of the member states of the European Communities: European cooperation in economics, national interests, law and integration of actions and policies.
1,575 words (approx. 6.3 pages), 11 sources, $ 55.95
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From the Paper
"This research examines the role of the European Court of Justice in the political integration of the member states of the European Communities. The Court of Justice is a body of the European Communities. There are several sub-communities of the European Communities, of which the most widely known is the European Economic Community.
Integration in Europe
Within the context of international regional integration, there are five levels--(a) free-trade area, (b) customs union, (c) common market, (d) economic union, and (e) political union (Grosse & Kujawa, 1988). Each successive level involves a greater degree of integration. At the lowest level of integration, the free-trade area, tariffs are eliminated on the ... "
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