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The U.S. Drug Policy, 2007.
This paper argues that the War on Drugs and the U.S. drug policy is failing.
2,810 words (approx. 11.2 pages), 9 sources, APA, $ 83.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that the War on Drugs, which began in the late 19th and early 20th century, despite the massive amount of money and time poured into the issue of drug control and criminalization, is ineffective. The author argues that the War on Drugs strategy actually has helped the drug problem become an underground and criminal black market with no protection for the consumers. The paper suggests the ever increasing costs of the War on Drugs could be better used for social programs that help low-income groups plagued by drug abuse and for educational programs that teach the real problems of drugs and the damaging complications they cause society.
Table of Contents:
War on Drugs: Where has it failed?
Narcotics Prohibition: The First National Prohibition Alcohol Prohibition
Table : Arrests for Alcohol, Violent, and Drug Offenses as Percentage of All Arrests in the U.S.
Marijuana Prohibition
The Modern War on Drugs
Effects of the War on Drugs and Inefficiency Spending
Table: Average Sentence Length in Months
Solutions for the Reform of the US Drug Policy
From the Paper
"The 18th amendment to the US Constitution along with the Volstead Act of 1920 prohibited alcohol selling, manufacturing, and transporting. However consumption and possession of alcohol were never made illegal. By 1916 alcohol was banned in about 26 of the 48 states. Then with the new amendment alcohol consumption dropped but within the year consumption was on the rise again through the typical black market that is a continual side effect of any drug's prohibition. It was extrapolated that only within one year after the end of prohibition alcohol consumption would have been above pre-prohibition levels, but with the 21st amendment which repeals the 18th amendment prohibition came to an end."
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The U.S. Drug Industry, 2004.
Explores the debate concerning the importation of pharmaceutical drugs and why they are cheaper in Canada than in the U.S.
2,519 words (approx. 10.1 pages), 12 sources, MLA, $ 76.95
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Abstract
This paper attempts to answer the main question regarding the importation of pharmaceutical drugs; namely, whether or not the importation of foreign drugs should be allowed in the United States. For this purpose, the paper first examines the drug market structure in the U.S. and in Canada, with a focus on the existing price differential; it then scrutinizes the pros and cons in the importation debate on both sides of the border; and, in conclusion, it evaluates the merits of the arguments proposed by the drugs industry and by consumer associations.
From the Paper
"The information technology revolution seems to have caught up with the pharmaceutical industry as a growing number of today?s consumers have the ability to use broader and more comprehensive pricing information. The internet has given consumers access to cheaper drugs from Canada and has sparkled a far-reaching debate on U.S. drug companies? pricing policies. On one side, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the pharmaceutical industry claim that foreign drugs do not ascribe to U.S. safety regulations, thereby arguing for limitations on imports; while, on the other, consumer associations require unrestricted access to cheaper foreign produce. To further dilute the issue, Canadian politicians are loath to stop online pharmacies from operation due to strong growth in the sector and high profit margins."
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U.S. Drug Policy, 1991.
This paper discusses the United States' foreign drug policy in Peru, Bolivia and Colombia, and the responses of those nations to that policy: Goals, implementation, economic and military issues, guerilla actions and corruption.
2,925 words (approx. 11.7 pages), 10 sources, $ 103.95
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From the Paper
"This paper will be concerned with the United States' foreign drug policy in Peru, Bolivia and Colombia, as well as with the responses of those nations to that policy. The United States' current foreign drug policy is built out of the realization that the majority of drugs consumed domestically are produced in other nations. Cocaine is one of the most threatening drugs on America's domestic scene at this time. Peru is the world's leading grower of the coca leaf, with Bolivia running a close second. The bulk of this crop is shipped to Colombia, where it is manufactured into finished cocaine for North American and other foreign markets. The government of the United States realizes that it must take steps to stop this flow of cocaine through these Latin American countries if it is to also stop the current drug crisis which faces its own people."
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The U.S. Military's War on Drugs, 2006.
This paper examines the role of the U.S. military in aiding Latin American countries win the war on drugs.
2,024 words (approx. 8.1 pages), 11 sources, APA, $ 64.95
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Abstract
This paper explores the growing cocaine and marijuana market in Latin American countries and the lack of local resources available to prevent this valuable and profitable industry from expanding even more. The writer of this paper details the U.S. military's role in aiding these countries, as well as the cost to the American people, while pondering if the American military should even be involved in drug related issues outside the U.S. The cost for the military intervention in the war on drugs continues to rise and has created entirely new perceptions about money and the military both within and outside the U.S. This paper discusses the military involvement in the war on drugs and cites the leading recipients of aid, military equipment, training and personnel. This paper also delves into a program, involving military participation, which was recently introduced in Congress, called the Western Hemisphere Drug Elimination Act. This act would authorized $2.3 billion over three years for military hardware, personnel, training and a small amount for alternative crop development in various Latin American countries.
From the Paper
"Even though the House and various representatives have called on military action, the Pentagon was reluctant- albeit, it finally was dragged into it. Even though the Pentagon budget continues to grow, year after year, there are still concerns that legislators who dole out the tens of millions of dollars are underestimating the total cost. In a recent report to the House and Senate armed services committees, the Department of Defense estimated that "24-hour surveillance of the U.S. 'southern fence', the border from Jacksonville, Florida, to San Diego, full interdiction capability, and C13 programs, would cost between $480.4 million and $760.5 million annually, depending on the equipment mix ." All this money without a single soldier leaving the continental U.S.- even though advisers may now be operating in the various targeted Latin American countries. All that has been publicized, and strongly so, are planes and equipment, everything from helicopters to flame throwers which are supposed to be used by the local troops."
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"Drug Policy and the Intellectuals", 2005.
An analysis of William J. Bennett's article "Drug Policy and the Intellectuals" regarding U.S. policies regarding narcotics.
1,125 words (approx. 4.5 pages), 1 source, $ 44.95
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Abstract
This essay critically examines William J. Bennett's article "Drug Policy and the Intellectuals". The paper briefly summarizes the focus of Bennett's article as driven by the desire to validate current U.S. national and international policies regarding narcotics. The paper sets out what Bennett's main claim is and then follows by analyzing his rhetorical style in terms of logos, ethos, and pathos.
From the Paper
" Article Analysis: Bennett's "Drug Policy and the Intellectuals" The purpose of this essay is to critically examine William J. Bennett's article "Drug Policy and the Intellectuals." IN brief, Bennett's article is driven by the desire to validate current U.S. national and international policies regarding narcotics. The large portion of Bennett's article is spent responding to the lack of fervor displayed by the intellectual community in the United States in support of contemporary U.S. drug policy. More precisely, this essay will be divided into several key sections. After setting out what Bennett's main claim in this article is, I will then follow by analyzing his rhetorical style in terms of logos, ethos, and pathos."
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U.S. and Netherlands Drug Policies, 2004.
An examination and comparison of the legal attitudes towards drug use in the Netherlands and America.
2,614 words (approx. 10.5 pages), 8 sources, MLA, $ 78.95
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Abstract
This paper explores the difference between the strict legal and political policies in play in the United States towards drug use and the relaxed attitude of the Netherlands towards this issue. It explains that neither attitude is the solution. To better understand the situation in the United States, an historical overview of the entrance of drugs into society is provided.
From the Paper
"Virtually every country in the world has drug prohibition and criminalizes the production and sale of cannabis, cocaine, and opiates, except for medical uses, and most countries criminalize the production and sale of other psychoactive substances, and moreover, most countries criminalize simple possession of small amounts of the prohibited substances (Levine 2002). However, no Western country and few Third World countries have or have ever had forms of drug prohibition as criminalized and punitive as the United States (Levine 2002). Beginning in the early 1990?s, drug policies in Europe, Canada, Australia and elsewhere began to shift away from criminalization of drugs, and no where has the pendulum swayed more than in the Netherlands (Levine 2002)."
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U.S. Anti-Drug Policies in South America, 1994.
An examination of the motivations, major actors/stakeholders (military, chemical makers, drug cartels, politicians), effects and recommendations.
1,575 words (approx. 6.3 pages), 19 sources, $ 55.95
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From the Paper
"U.S. Anti-Drug Policies in South America
Introduction
This research examines United States anti-drug policies, as those policies are applied to the countries of South America. Background information on the issue is provided in this introduc-tion. Following the introductory material, the actors with a stake in the issue are discussed, the effects of government anti-drug policies are reviewed, and a suggested solution to the issue is presented.
Americans who regularly consume illicit drugs number in the
millions (Flynn, 1993, p. 36). American demand for illicit drugs is the primary source of the international illicit drug problem. In spite of all the resources committed to the so-called drug war, the production of illicit drugs continues to increase, and the supply of..."
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Federal Drug Policy, 2005.
This paper considers the nature of federal drug policy; its history and its rationale.
1,350 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 5 sources, $ 53.95
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Abstract
The paper states that the federal drug policy has been formulated over time to address what was perceived originally as both a social and a moral problem and the moral aspect has never dissipated. The paper discusses how arguments over drug policies, such as the possible legalization of marijuana, have to consider this element and the fact that these laws are maintained and prosecuted as much for often unstated moral reasons as for the other reasons cited, such as health issues, costs to society and safety concerns.
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Federal Drug Policy, 2004.
Examines the United States federal government's official drug policy.
962 words (approx. 3.8 pages), 1 source, APA, $ 34.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the American President's national drug control strategy and summarizes the policy, underlining the President's objectives. The Federal Drug Policy outlines the official government position on drugs in America and how it hopes to enforce them. The paper notes that the policies in the report are all important and positive, but it remains to be seen if they can actually be accomplished.
From the Paper
"Obviously, law enforcement plays a heavy role in areas of the federal drug policy. However, the policy also stresses family and peer intervention where drug use is present, and urges America to get involved in the problem. The policy adds $32 million in new funding for drug courts to administer and monitor drug treatment programs required by the courts, so criminal justice system is represented directly in the policy, but much of the emphasis on law enforcement is at the Federal and even international levels, while far less is given to local enforcement agencies."
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Latin America and the U.S., 2004.
By examining various events in recent history, this paper looks at whether the relationship between the U.S. and Latin America is a healthy relationship.
1,987 words (approx. 7.9 pages), 12 sources, MLA, $ 63.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the relationship between the U.S. and Latin America, through discussion of the following case studies: Cuba and the U.S. trade embargo; Mexico and the use of U.S. branch plants (or maquiladoras); Colombia and the U.S.A. war on drugs; Brazil and the U.S. environmental standards in the rainforest; Panama Canal and U.S. actions regarding U.S. involvement; and the Chile-U.S. fair trade agreement. The paper finds that the relationship between the U.S. and Latin America is not a positive one for Latin America.
From the Paper
"The issue of Cuba has been a thorn in the side of the US since the Cuban missile crisis. Currently, the US imposes a trade embargo on Cuba, and all of its products. This, coupled with Russia?s disengagement from Cuba, has caused huge economic problems for Cuba, which is rich in natural resources, including sugar and tobacco. Without outlets for its products, Cuba is unable to maximize its profits from its natural resources, and remains a poor country. Yet, it is a country with an excellent health and education system, which is the envy of many developing (and even developed) nations: the socialist government ensures that those resources the country does have are used wisely, to the benefit of the majority of the people on the island."
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Juvenile Drug Policy, 2004.
This paper discusses the United States juvenile drug policy, focusing on treatment, prevention, policies, and laws in dealing with the modern plague of marijuana, heroin, opium, and hashish.
3,940 words (approx. 15.8 pages), 13 sources, MLA, $ 107.95
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Abstract
This paper relates that the first groups of states to have marijuana laws were the Rocky Mountain and Southwestern states, which included Texas, New Mexico, Colorado, and Montana. The author points out that the strength of the U.S. policies is that they have requested all institutions, such as schools and universities, to implement these policies on a large scale. The paper stresses that it is the social responsibility of every member of the society to participate in the battle against drugs and to eliminate this problem.
From the Paper
"Young children who are involved in drug use tend to drop out from school leading to illiteracy and unemployment. Young adults participate in criminal activity such as violence, vandalism, sexual abuse and delinquencies. The usage of illicit drugs not only results in the destruction of mind and society but also in the destruction of health. Drugs usage leads to multiple-deleterious health outcomes such as sexually transmitted diseases, human immunodeficiency virus, viral hepatitis, and numerous social problems among adolescents and adults. If the usage of drugs continues to increase than the outcome on the society would be full of savages and criminals. Crimes committed by young people would increase magnificently. Dropout rates will increase resulting in unemployment, which in turn would result in theft, pick pocketing, burglaries, and sexual abuses."
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Minorities and the U.S. Criminal Justice System, 2006.
A look at how the U.S. criminal justice system mistreats minorities.
2,727 words (approx. 10.9 pages), 7 sources, MLA, $ 81.95
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Abstract
This paper attempts to demonstrate that minorities, especially African-Americans, are unfairly treated by the U.S. criminal justice system. The paper cites statistics showing that, while all minorities are afforded less than fair treatment by the criminal justice system, African-Americans seem to be particularly vulnerable to sentences involving capital punishment. The paper further asserts that African-Americans suffer from political, social, psychological and economic exploitation at the hands of powerful whites in this country and, as a result, black people generally are purposefully put into situations where the commission of criminal acts are seen as the most effective solution to their problems. The paper concludes that the problem will only end once white people honestly recognize the racism that exists within the U.S. on all levels of society and end it.
Table of Contents
Race, Ethnicity and the Criminal Justice System
Drug Policies and Racial Disparities
From the Paper
"In 1996, six in 10 jail inmates were racial or ethnic minorities -- 41 percent were African American, 18 percent were Hispanic and 3 percent Asian or Alaska Native, according to the Department of Justice. The Sentencing Project, a Washington-based think tank, reported in 1995 that 32.2 percent of all African Americans men between the age of 20 and 29 are under criminal justice supervision on any given day -- in prison or jail, on probation or parole. Even more unsettling, nationally blacks are incarcerated at a rate of 7.66 times greater than whites. This paper shall demonstrate how minorities, especially African-Americans, are unfairly treated by the US criminal justice system."
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Casual Leisure in the U.S. and Southeast Asia, 2006.
This paper examines the levels of drug and alcohol abuse by students in the U.S. and Southeast Asia.
2,051 words (approx. 8.2 pages), 14 sources, MLA, $ 64.95
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Abstract
The paper predicted that drug/alcohol abuse by students would be more significant among U.S. students than among Asian ones. Asia is relatively conservative in its outlook, while the United States is almost synonymous with experimentation and leisure. However, the research found that the use of currently illicit substances was socially acceptable in Southeast Asia. Also, the major growing areas for poppies and marijuana are located in or very close to Southeast Asia, making transportation easy and cheap. The paper concludes that U.S. students are therefore less likely to be heavy drug/alcohol users than are Southeast Asia students.
Contents:
Introduction
College Lifestyle and Drug/Substance Use in the United States
The Situation in Southeast Asia
Drug Abuse Recorded in Various Countries and Areas in Asia
Conclusion
From the Paper
"In 1989, Rojek recognized that the negative side of leisure is a central factor in society when he said, "an obvious and indisputable fact about leisure in modern society is that many of the most popular activities are illegal" (1999, p. 82). Among college students in the United States, he found that the illegal activities were underage drinking and illegal drug use. Findings reported by Hoover, based on a survey of students at 140 U.S. college campuses, showed that "two in five college students regularly drink five or more alcoholic beverages in a row, which was significantly linked to the frequency with which they encountered secondary effects of alcohol consumption including date rape, scholastic difficulties, and violence (Hoover, 2002, pp. 34-37). A study by Tucker and Shinew (1995) examined the leisure pursuits of college age students, and found that 86% of those surveyed "consumed alcohol at least once a week and 40% used illegal drugs, primarily marijuana" (unpaged study). This material was based on self-reports, however, and might be skewed in favor of more alcohol and drug use, or less."
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U.S. Health Care, 2003.
An analysis of the shortcomings of the current health care system in the U.S. and its primary causes.
1,952 words (approx. 7.8 pages), 10 sources, APA, $ 62.95
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Abstract
This paper examines how the current U.S. health care system could be run a lot more efficiently. It looks at how better planning, coordinating, controlling and evaluating the use and allocation of health care resources could assist in improving its current state even though the goals of the system are quality improvement, cost containment, greater effectiveness and increased efficiency. It shows how issues such as prescription drugs, medicare reform, import of drugs, exhorbitant costs and and other causes that have left the U.S. Health care system in the trouble it is in today.
From the Paper
"The cost of drugs is a big issue and simultaneously the cuts in prices, would in their estimate lead to reductions in research budgets that would ultimately be counter-productive. Companies would not be able to avoid the long and expensive process of testing and developing new drugs if they could not gain an adequate return from their sale. But momentum for a prescription benefit is growing, with the backing of the powerful American Association of Retired People, (AARP), which represents the grey lobby. And even Republicans in Congress are beginning to concede that something needs to be done about the cost of prescription drugs, even if they favour an extension of the private insurance system."
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Long?s Drug Stores, 2002.
A case study of Long?s Drug Stores.
1,922 words (approx. 7.7 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 61.95
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Abstract
This paper looks at Long?s Drug Stores which has catered to markets in the western United states since 1938. It currently has over 400 drug stores in six Western states: California, Hawaii, Oregon, Colorado, Nevada, and Washington. It examines how the company went public in 1971 and trades on the NYSE and how despite steady sales growth, the company has faced problems over the last year as the market for consumer pharmaceuticals has changed to reflect a greater number of generic drugs and an increased presence of third party health plans, which act to reduce margins by demanding favorable prices. It analyzes the resultant crisis for Long?s which has been characterized by staff cuts, a 2/3 decline in quarterly revenue and the resignation of the company?s Chief Operations Officer.
From the Paper
"Long?s board of directors approved a program to upgrade its supply chain practices in February of 2002. These measures were designed to enhance profitability and to increase efficiency and relied on measures designed to increase front-end sales and pharmacy margins, increase customer service, and improve operational efficiencies. Long expects to expend approximately $60 million for supply chain improvements over a four year period. As of October 31, $12 million had already been spent. (LDG 10-Q, December 2002) Long?s is relying on these efforts to increase profit margins. In order to overcome its problem maintaining a staff of qualified pharmacists, Long entered into a joint venture agreement with AmerisourceBergen to operate a central prescription fill center. Hopefully, this will help alleviate the need for pharmacists."
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