| Papers [1-15] of 100 :: [Page 1 of 7] | | Go to page : 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 —> | Search results on "TYPICALITY EFFECT": |
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The Typicality Effect, 2008.
This paper reports a study that tests the influence of blocked and random words on the typicality effect.
1,655 words (approx. 6.6 pages), 9 sources, MLA, $ 53.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that the purpose of this study was to examine some of the characteristics of typicality, with regard to proto-typically versus non-proto-typically, category blocking, and interaction between typicality and category blocking. The authors tested three hypotheses: (1) Prototypical word lists will be recalled better than non-prototypical word lists. (2) Category blocking will demonstrate better recall rates than random retrieval. (3) Some interaction will exist between typicality and category blocking. The paper reports that there were ninety-one subjects participating in this survey, divided roughly evenly between males and females. The author concludes that the main effects of the hypotheses all proved to be significant, while the interaction was not significant.
Table of Contents:
Abstract
Introduction
Discussion
From the Paper
"Typicality is a simpler concept to understand than it might at first seem. Loken and Ward (1990) define typicality as the degree to which an object is representative of a given category. This basic and fundamental relationship exists between typicality and categories. For instance, a newborn canary might be considered less typical of the canary category than his fellow nestling if said canary sports blue feathers instead of yellow. This example is that of an atypical individual, one that does not easily fit into our preconceived notions of what constitutes a typical member of a group."
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Malcolm X as a Typical African American, 2004.
A paper looking at the controversial figure of Malcolm X and how much he had in common with the average African-American of his era.
900 words (approx. 3.6 pages), 1 source, APA, $ 31.95
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Abstract
This paper considers to what extent Malcolm X was a typical African-American. The paper maintains that although he was a controversial figure, he was very much typical to the time in which he lived, sharing common experiences with the average man.
From the Paper
"Despite his status as one of the most controversial figures within the American Civil Rights movement, Malcolm X was, in many ways, a'typical' African American during the time in which he lived. Indeed, it was the very fact that he shared common experiences with the average African American man that inspired Malcolm X's tireless pursuit to empower the African American community and attain a measure of political and economic freedom previously denied to them. Thus it may be argued that despite the radical methods that..."
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Image Of A Typical City, 1999.
Studies how New York City is the public's image of a large, modern city and the effects of that image.
675 words (approx. 2.7 pages), 1 source, $ 23.95
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Abstract
"A classic landscape in American life is the Northeastern Central City, identified most closely with the density of New York City. This central area is also identified as the Central Business District, and it differs in tone from the Midwestern main street in terms of reputation.
From the Paper
"A classic landscape in American life is the Northeastern Central City, identified most closely with the density of New York City. This central area is also identified as the Central Business District, and it differs in tone from the Midwestern main street in terms of reputation. The Midwestern main street is identified as representing "a balanced community, populated by property-mined, law-abiding citizens devoted to free enterprise and a certain kind of social morality" (Knox and Marston 459). The Northeastern Central City, on the other hand, is identified with a greater freedom, a certain sense of danger, the perception of high crime (not always deserved), based on unlimited opportunities, and with a mixed population not always in agreement so that urban tensions are high. Such a city has come to be identified with America for many reasons, not the ..."
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Lysergic Acid Diethylamide ( LSD ), 1989.
Discusses history, use, effects during a "trip", medical uses, period of popularity, role in therapy, govt. experimentation, side effects and typical user.
2,250 words (approx. 9.0 pages), 9 sources, $ 79.95
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From the Paper
" In America, the 1960's were a period of tremendous cultural change. The images of that time period are as vivid as any in this country's history. In addition to peace marches and rock and roll, part of the time's character came from experimentation with drugs, most notably Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, otherwise known as LSD or "acid." In fact, many people credit (or blame) the drug for the peace movement. Although this may be exaggerating its influence, it did have a large influence on today's teenagers. Many of these juveniles long for the more idealistic period of the 1960's, and they look to the music of the period, and LSD, as a link. Many of the period's musical and artistic leaders used it and many even give it credit for some of their success. This drug is unique for many reasons. It is manmade, unlike marijuana or cocaine. It not only is used as a (...)"
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Psychology and Behavior, 2007.
An analysis of anti-psychotic drugs, Freudian psychoanalysis, universal interventions and behavior therapy.
1,458 words (approx. 5.8 pages), 2 sources, MLA, $ 48.95
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Abstract
This paper describes various aspects of psychology, behavior and treatment options. It begins by discussing anti-psychotic drugs and a few of their typical side effects. It then briefly describes the category of anti-anxiety drugs called benzodiazepines and their side effects. The paper then lists and explains the four basic techniques of Freudian psychoanalysis. It concludes by discussing different types of therapy, such as the mental hospital as a therapeutic community, universal interventions and systematic desensitization and modeling.
Table of Contents:
Anti-psychotic Drugs
Freudian Psychoanalysis
Behavior Therapy: Systematic Desensitization And Modeling
Universal Interventions
The Mental Hospital As A Therapeutic Community
From the Paper
"Therapeutic communities are important and valuable tools, but certainly not for all patients. Often, the community is made up of a certain ward or unit of the hospital, rather than the entire facility. Clearly, some patients, such as those suffering from serious debilitating diseases such as dementia or severe schizophrenia might not be physically or mentally able to exist in such a facility. However, for others, who have specific issues or health problems, and are in the facility hoping for a cure, the community concept can help them become more sure of themselves, more able to function outside the facility, and give them confidence in their decision-making abilities."
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Business and the Environment, 2002.
A research proposal to validate an effective mechanism for linking accountability and corporate responsibility for the protection of the physical environment through typical business processes.
7,691 words (approx. 30.8 pages), 43 sources, MLA, $ 167.95
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Abstract
This paper investigates the feasibility of incorporating the concept of sustainable development into commercial bank business lending decisions. It discusses how this approach, if feasible, will provide a mechanism that will link effectively accountability and corporate social responsibility toward the physical environment through a relatively routine, but nevertheless crucial, business process. The mechanism proposed and investigated involves corporate managers, commercial bank lending officers and financial accountants and is based in both financial accounting and accounting for sustainable development (ASD).
It assesses the feasibility of integrating the concept of sustainable development generally and ASD more specifically into financial accounting analyzes used by commercial banks in the decision-making process for the extension of business loans.
Outline
Statement of the Problem
Purpose of the Study
Definition of Terms
Delimitations
Overview of the Study
Valuing Environmental Damage
Corporate Social Responsibility
Activity-Based Accounting and Management
Synthesis
From the Paper
"The most typical approach to the protection of the environment is through the application of non-market activities by government. Several economists, however, suggest that market approaches would be more effective. Within the context of this suggestion, environmental damage is viewed as an externality. The typical approach to economic externalities is based upon two assumptions. First, the assumption is that externalities are harmful, and second, it is assumed that they are unidirectional. Based upon these assumptions, solutions to the problems thus created have tended to be one of the following three types: (1) require the entity creating the externality to pay damage to those injured by its existence; (2) tax the entity creating the externality by an amount equivalent to the damage caused; or (3) prohibit those activities in areas where harmful externalities would be created."
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ADHD and Classroom Management, 2005.
An overview of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder in children and effective strategies for classroom management
3,484 words (approx. 13.9 pages), 8 sources, MLA, $ 98.95
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Abstract
Combined with an increasing awareness of the problem of ADHD, a better understanding of its causes and treatment has emerged in recent years. These findings are discussed, followed by an overview of some of the typical problems that are encountered in the classroom with ADHD children. An assessment of effective classroom management techniques that have been identified for children with ADHD is followed by a summary of the research and relevant recommendations in the conclusion.
Outline:
Introduction
Causes of Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
Treatments for Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
Typical Problems Associated with ADHD Children in the Classroom
Increase the Use of Positive Reinforcement
Providing a Sufficient Number of Bridging Opportunities
Help ADHD Students Relate Classroom Learning to Their Personal Lives
Self-Monitoring to Improve Focus
Conclusion and Recommendations
References
From the Paper
"The research showed that attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a chronic mental health disorder that is characterized by abnormally high levels of inattention, impulsivity, and overactivity (American Psychiatric Association, 2000). The research also showed that ADHD is a fairly common childhood disorder, with an estimated incidence of 3 to 5 percent of the population; the condition also occurs more frequently in boys than in girls. Today, ADHD is viewed as being present from a very young age, continuing through childhood and adolescence into adulthood; unfortunately, children and adolescents who suffer from ADHD may experience significant impairment in many domains of functioning, including academic achievement and deportment in school, relationships with parents and siblings, and peer relationships (Chronis et al., 1998). When it comes to developing effective classroom management techniques, though, the news is fairly grim. The treatment modalities used to date have shown only moderately positive results, and these were generally mixed; furthermore, such treatments have only been shown to be effective at all in the short-term, and the best approaches involving a combination of psychiatric and pharmacological treatments are expensive and are largely ineffective unless carried out by clinicians with specific expertise in this field. There was some good news, though, with some educators reporting success in the management of children with ADHD through a collaborative effort that combines the use of a colleague in monitoring existing classroom practices to identify opportunities for improvement in the manner in which both the student and teacher interact to facilitate a better learning environment for all of the class."
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Self Help Business Books, 1999.
Compares "Seven Habits of Highly Effective People" (S.Covey) with "When Good Isn't Good Enough" (R. Willingham).
1,350 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 2 sources, $ 47.95
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Abstract
"This paper compares and contrasts two self-help books aimed at effecting personal change in order to achieve greater success in business and in life. Stephen R. Covey's The Seven Habits of Highly Effective People and Ron Willingham's self-published When Good Isn't Good Enough, both published in 1989, are typical of a gradual shift in business books toward an emphasis on self-actualization, ethical principles, and personal awareness that has begun to turn books originally aimed at the corporate development world into books with a much wider, more general appeal.
From the Paper
"This paper compares and contrasts two self-help books aimed at effecting personal change in order to achieve greater success in business and in life. Stephen R. Covey's The Seven Habits of Highly Effective People and Ron Willingham's self-published When Good Isn't Good Enough, both published in 1989, are typical of a gradual shift in business books toward an emphasis on self-actualization, ethical principles, and personal awareness that has begun to turn books originally aimed at the corporate development world into books with a much wider, more general appeal. Both emphasize spiritual values and self-reliance, and both build on the traditions begun by popular sources such as Dale Carnegie and In Search of Excellence.
Covey argues for the need to rediscover the elements of what he calls the Character Ethic as the basis for success, "things ..."
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The Development of a Child with Downs Syndrome, 2001.
A detailed study of the characteristics and chromosomal effects of Downs Syndrome.
3,000 words (approx. 12.0 pages), 7 sources, MLA, $ 88.95
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Abstract
This paper examines Trisomy 21 through case studies of the developmental disorder. It describes the typical Downs syndrome child, the discovery of the genetic birth defect, its physical appearances and the effects on the family.
Table of Contents:
John Langdon Down
What is Downs Syndrome?
Effects of the Family with Downs Syndrome
Physical Development
Learning and behavior
Motor Skills
Language Development
References
From the Paper
"Down's Syndrome is a genetic condition, caused by a failure in the cell division process. The majority of affected children have a third copy of chromosome 21 in all their cells, instead of the usual two, and this results in the baby having 47 chromosomes instead of 46. In medical literature, Down's Syndrome is often referred to as trisomy 21 for this reason. While the condition has been recognized since the middle of the 19th century, its genetic basis was not discovered until 1959, when professor Jerome Lejeune, in Paris, first identified the characteristic combination of chromosomes."
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The Proportionality Principle of Attribution, 2002.
Looking at an experiment performed involving the effects of personality characteristics on the proportionality principle of attribution and how the explanation for an event is proportional to the magnitude of the outcome of the event.
4,406 words (approx. 17.6 pages), 14 sources, APA, $ 115.95
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Abstract
This paper describes a study which investigated attribution, specifically the proportionality principle, in 185 undergraduate students. Participants were divided into several conditions and completed questionnaires that tested; that the outcome of a scenario was appropriately rated, that the magnitude of the outcome determined the likelihood to which the cause of the event was attributed to predictable or unpredictable causes, and the extent to which personality characteristics (belief in a just world and locus of control) affected behaviour in accordance to the proportionality principle. It was hypothesized that the level of the two personality characteristics being tested would have a significant effect on behaviour, that the scenarios and magnitudes were designed appropriately, and that the magnitude of the outcome predicted how the participants would explain the event. It was found that the magnitudes of the outcomes supported our hypothesis and were successfully manipulated but that personality characteristics did not have as much of an effect on ratings as was originally proposed. These results were attributed to participants' level of cognitive satisfaction as well as typical human tendencies in logic and reasoning.
From the Paper
"Social psychologists are largely interested in how humans explain the causation of a behaviour or an event. Making a judgement on behaviour is essentially making a claim as to the causation of the behaviour and this is commonly known as making an attribution. Heider (1958), who was the first to officially propose the idea of a person bias, suggested that humans attribute most behaviour to personality rather than to situational causes. The person bias, now known as the fundamental attribution error, is both a useful and harmful characteristic of humans; it allows for easy formation of a mental model of an individual's personality to occur. Often, however, during the formation of this model, situational causes are ignored, and negative characteristics are attributed wrongfully to an individual's personality when in fact, the exhibited behaviour was more a product of the environmental circumstances. A more recent, and less researched proposal involving attribution is the proportionality principle. This suggests that humans have the tendency to seek explanations for behaviour or events that are equal in magnitude to the outcome of the event, even if this is not the most logical explanation. For example, McCauley and Jacques (1979) found that important events with drastic outcomes, such as presidential assassinations are attributed for causes equally as important or drastic."
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Stress and Memory, 2007.
This paper researches how stress produces physiological effects that directly impact memory.
2,016 words (approx. 8.1 pages), 8 sources, MLA, $ 63.95
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Abstract
The paper illustrates the relationship between stress load and stress response and its affect on working memory during the typical circadian cycle. The paper's methodological approach relies on the hypothesis that magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) can be accurately utilized to identify neural activation patterns related to Cortisol that is released due to stress. The paper concludes that greater research is necessary in order to attain a better understanding of how Cortisol, through its derivatives and precursors, impacts the brain's ability to enable memory.
Outline:
Introduction
Stress Hormone: Cortisol
Cortisol Receptor Distribution
The Frontal Lobe and Working Memory
Circadian Effects, Glucocorticoids and Imagery
From the Paper
"Stress is something that all humans experience. It is, in fact, part of the human experience. Yet, the affect of stress on the individual as well as its effects to the person experiencing it has been variously conceived by many researchers since its recognition as valid topic of research. While it is clear that most individuals conceive stress in different ways as an emotional response to various circumstances, the medical and psychological community have identified stress, or rather the body's reaction to it, as a having a potentially negative impact on individual health, mental performance, as well as memory (Zautra 36-8). In the area of mental performance and memory, stress and stressful situations greatly impact individual ability to perform to one's ability."
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Herpes, 2002.
A look at the effects of the herpes simplex viruses.
1,257 words (approx. 5.0 pages), 5 sources, APA, $ 42.95
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Abstract
This paper looks at how there are two different types of the herpes simplex viruses. Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) is usually associated with infections of the lips, mouth, and face and is often referred to as labial herpes and Herpes simplex virus 2 (HSV-2) or genital herpes is sexually transmitted and is usually associated with genital ulcers or sores. It discusses the effects of both labial and genital herpes in terms of typical consequences and more severe complications that are less likely to arise. It examines how infections caused by the herpes simplex virus are now a wide-spread problem and how more than ten million people in the United States suffer with genital herpes and how many more suffer with labial herpes. It shows how both labial and genital herpes are highly contagious when active sores are present and
while these diseases can be treated and cared for, there is no cure.
From the Paper
"When a person is first infected with genital herpes, their immune system is not well developed and the virus can multiply and spread more quickly than it might at later stages of the infection. First symptoms may appear within two weeks after the virus is transmitted and can be uncomfortable. First episode symptoms may include small pimples or blisters that curst over and scab like a cut and may be accompanied by flu-like symptoms, fever, and/or swollen glands in lymph nodes near the groin. First episodes can take as long as six weeks to heal fully and may be the most extreme outbreak a person will ever experience."
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Testing Drinking Water for Nitrates, 2007.
This paper examines research about the effects of nitrates present in drinking water.
4,116 words (approx. 16.5 pages), 14 sources, MLA, $ 110.95
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Abstract
The paper explains that many parts of the world have experienced elevated levels of nitrates in their drinking water by virtue of past industrial and agricultural practices. The paper provides a review of the relevant literature to determine the effects of nitrates in drinking water sources and examines what types of testing are typically done to assess the presence of nitrates, in particular in New Jersey. The paper discusses current and future trends in this area. The paper concludes that elevated levels of nitrates in drinking water supplies can result in profound adverse health consequences. People around the world are using their groundwater resources faster than they are being naturally replenished and this has caused further concentrations of any pollutants that might be present.
Outline:
Introduction
Review and Discussion
Conclusion
From the Paper
"In a day and age characterized by debates over oil and potential future energy sources, an important fact is being overlooked. By all accounts, fresh water is far more important than oil and people had better pay closer attention to what is happening to their drinking water sources today. According to Roberts (2001), "Water use in the United States averages about 100 gallons of drinking water per person per day, more than just about any other country. A very small proportion of this water per person, approximately two gallons, is actually used for drinking and cooking. We use the majority of the water that comes into our homes for bathing, flushing toilets, doing laundry, watering lawns, filling swimming pools, and washing cars" (p. 64). Throughout the world, people obtain their drinking water from a wide range of sources, and these same techniques are used in the United States."
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Educational Programs for Students with Autism, 2003.
An analysis how autistic students can achieve academic success through effective programs.
1,375 words (approx. 5.5 pages), 5 sources, APA, $ 45.95
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Abstract
Students who suffer from the condition of autism present educators and policymakers at all levels with a complex set of questions about how to best help these students achieve the best possible academic outcome, while balancing the needs of other students in the school systems. "Mainstreaming" such learning disabled students has become a popular approach and has proven to be an effective alternative to many special education settings, but the fact remains that students who suffer from autism, like all other people, have highly individualized needs that, in some cases, cannot be adequately addressed in a typical classroom setting. This paper shows that understanding when and why and for how long to include students with autism in a mainstream classroom has become an extremely important issue for educators today. This paper examines the scholarly literature to develop answers to these questions, followed by a summary of the research in the conclusion.
From the Paper
"Today, approximately 5 percent of all public school students are identified as having a learning disability. This broad category includes disabilities in reading, language, and mathematics. One in every 10 students in public schools today receives special education under the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA). According to Horn and Tynan (2001), prior to the 1950s, the federal government was not routinely involved in the education of children with special needs. "A few federal laws had been passed to provide direct educational benefits to persons with disabilities, mostly in the form of grants to states for residential asylums for the 'deaf and dumb, and to promote education of the blind.' These laws, however, were in the tradition of providing residential arrangements for persons with serious disabilities, services that had existed since colonial times" (Horn & Tynan, 2001, p. 36). These researchers point out that absent federal law, how -- and even whether -- children with disabilities were to be educated within the public schools was left to the discretion of the states and their local school districts. This state of affairs changed dramatically in 1975, though, with the passage of the Education of All Handicapped Children Act (PL 94-142)."
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The Future of Organized Labor in Canada, 2002.
Takes a look at the future of organized labor in Canada by examining how it has been effected by Canada's present and emerging economy.
2,400 words (approx. 9.6 pages), 6 sources, $ 89.95
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Abstract
The face of labor in Canada is quickly changing. The number of blue-collar jobs has been declining for years in such areas as resource industry, construction, manufacturing, and so on, where unionization has traditionally been the most common. Present and future jobs in the so-called post-industrial society are to be found in sales and services, especially in the private sector. These jobs are typically diverse, part time, poorly paid, and thus difficult, if not impossible, to organize. This paper will look at the effects of the present and emerging economy on organized labour in Canada.
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