| Papers [1-15] of 48 :: [Page 1 of 4] | | Go to page : 1 2 3 4 —> | Search results on "TUBERCULOSIS": |
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Mycobacterium Tuberculosis, 2004.
An overview of mycobacterium tuberculosis, the microorganism that causes tuberculosis including method pathogenicity, treatment programmes and the world wide implications of tuberculosis.
1,560 words (approx. 6.2 pages), 7 sources, MLA, $ 51.95
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Abstract
This paper examines how mycobacterium tuberculosis is a very efficient pathogen with a uniquely successful method of pathogenicity. It describes why it is an excellent pathogen, features of a tuberculosis infection and looks at social and economic impacts. Treatment and control programmes are also mentioned. Although a number of control programmes have been developed to help eradicate the organism, there is no definitive answer to the major endemic.
From the Paper
"Mycobacterium tuberculosis does not produce toxins but it does however have a number of virulence factors that enable it to successfully infect a host. Cord factor (trehalose dimycolate) found in the cell wall is toxic and has both adjuvant and granuloma inducing properties, it also non-specifically activates macrophages.
The presence of secondary hydroxamates, which are iron-chelating agents, in the cell wall allows the bacteria to utilise the host?s iron. The waxy outer capsule allows Mycobacterium tuberculosis to survive in air and dust for a long time, which contributes to the problems associated with eradicating this organism."
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Tuberculosis, 2004.
An overview of the history of tuberculosis and its impact on the Native American population after colonization.
1,886 words (approx. 7.5 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 60.95
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Abstract
The purpose of this paper is to introduce, discuss, and analyze the topic of the disease tuberculosis. Specifically, it describes how the white men brought tuberculosis (TB) with them as they colonized America and how the disease decimated the Native American population. It contains specific details about this event, including time-frames and the resulting impact on human history. It also contains conjecture about what would have happened historically had the event not occurred. Tuberculosis is a deadly disease that is making a comeback around the world. When it was first introduced to what would become the United States, it was little understood and uncontrollable.
From the Paper
"Tuberculosis is actually a very ancient disease, but it was not until 1882 that it was actually discovered, by a scientist named Robert Koch. Before Koch made his discovery, tuberculosis was called many things, including the most accepted, "consumption," which was thought to be a wasting infection that involved the lungs. At the time, Koch's discovery was an important one for all of mankind. In fact, historian Rene Dubos notes, "All textbooks dealing with infectious diseases consider the discovery of the tubercle bacillus as the highest peak of the science of medical microbiology" (Dubos 93). Tuberculosis usually affects the lungs, but it can also have an effect on the intestines, bones and joints, the skin, and the lymphatic and nervous systems, though this happens less frequently than lung problems."
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Tuberculosis, 2002.
A look at the the incidence of tuberculosis among low income people.
2,650 words (approx. 10.6 pages), 9 sources, $ 97.95
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Abstract
This paper explores whether the incidence of tuberculosis (TB) is higher among low income people because they are less likely to seek medical care. It investigates two urban districts that compare in terms of race and income level, these being Harlem and West Central, USA. To determine the role of race and economic disadvantage in the incidence of tuberculosis in these geographic areas, ethnographic methods are used to analyze the information. It appears that there are significant race and class dimensions to the incidence of tuberculosis in these areas, but there are other confounding factors - such as (human immunodeficiency virus) HIV and the times at which sufferers sought medical help. This study suggests that there is a pressing need to improve our understanding of the socio-economic aspects of problems affecting public health, such as TB in the United States.
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Tuberculosis, 2005.
An analysis of the types of tuberculosis, causes and treatment options.
2,250 words (approx. 9.0 pages), 5 sources, $ 89.95
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Abstract
This paper examines tuberculosis in terms of demographics, causes, treatments and future trends. All eight types of tuberculosis are defined and the differences pointed out. Evidence is presented as to how tuberculosis is contacted and the treatments used in treating the disease which is, again, on the rise.
From the Paper
"The Facts about Tuberculosis The Facts: Oftentimes the most appropriate manner in which to introduce a subject and catch the reader's attention is to present immediate facts about the subject being reviewed. Therefore, placing a long introduction aside the facts about TB are as follows (Dye, Gammet, Sleeman & Williams, 1998): 1. TB kills 1.7 million people every year and of these, almost half a million people are co-infected with HIV. One in three of the global population, or approximately 2 billion people-have latent TB infection. Approximately 10% of these will go on to develop the disease. 2. TB is spread by infectious droplets-through coughing, sneezing, or spitting and thrives wherein conditions of poverty and overcrowding exist. Not surprising under these conditions a person with active TB can infect an average of 15 people per year."
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The Epidemiology of Tuberculosis, 2008.
This paper explores the global incidence of tuberculosis.
2,162 words (approx. 8.6 pages), 8 sources, APA, $ 67.95
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Abstract
The paper reveals that the incidence of tuberculosis tends to be low across affluent areas but continues to be pronounced among impoverished, isolated and marginalized populations. The paper looks at the agent, host and environment of this disease and discusses how research remains crucial in relation to designing more effective testing, as well as more potent drugs to overcome tuberculosis.
Outline:
Introduction
Agent
Host
Environment
Web of Causation
Natural History and Control and Prevention
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Epidemiology refers to "the study of the distribution and determinants of health-related states or events in specified populations, and the application of this study to control of health problems" (Stanhope & Lancaster, 2004, p. 250). Tuberculosis is a global problem but certain populations even in affluent nations such as Canada are at high risk for tuberculosis. These populations include "aboriginal peoples, foreign-born residents from countries with a high prevalence of TB, disadvantaged inner-city populations, and those with HIV infection" (Stanhope & Lancaster, 2004, p. 914)."
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Tuberculosis and Newspapers, 2007.
An analysis of how tuberculosis is covered in the popular press.
939 words (approx. 3.8 pages), 2 sources, MLA, $ 33.95
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Abstract
The paper reviews the manner in which tuberculosis - a notorious and very dangerous microbial malady - is addressed by the popular press. The paper looks at two articles that each emphasize different aspects of the disease. The paper discusses how Erika Niedowski seizes upon the social causes of tuberculosis while Jeffrey Gautreaux focuses on local government policies designed to quarantine and manage local TB sufferers. The paper concludes that Niedowski's article presents a better-rounded, more holistic approach to the disease.
From the Paper
"The first article to be critiqued is one by Erika Niedowski of the Baltimore Sun. Niedowski writes at length about the tuberculosis outbreak presently ravaging Russia and pays especial attention to the crumbling medical infrastructure and to the widespread poverty, unemployment and alcoholism which conspire to facilitate the spread of the microbe. Additionally, Niedowski also points out the inability of many stricken Russians to access health facilities and she likewise acknowledges the troubling dearth of anti-TB drugs in a country that insists it is every bit a modern, western nation (para.1-18). Not to be overlooked, Niedowski's fairly exhaustive review (at least by newspaper standards) of Tuberculosis in Russia notes that many of those who have TB also suffer from other disorders like cardiovascular disease and diabetes and that TB is the leading cause of death for those unfortunate Russians stricken with HIV (para.18)."
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Tuberculosis, 2004.
An analysis of the disease, tuberculosis.
2,586 words (approx. 10.3 pages), 7 sources, MLA, $ 78.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the prevalence and statistics of tuberculosis. The paper explains how a diagnosis of the disease is made. The symptoms and features of the disease are presented. The paper outlines the various types of tuberculosis that are prevalent primarily in a socioeconomically disadvantaged population. The different methods of treatment of the disease are examined, including the various medications available.
From the Paper
"This incidence of M tuberculosis in the US has steadily declined since 1992 and has remained significantly low to this time (Martin and Lazarus 2000). Further reductions on the level, however, appeared feasible only along with global efforts to eradicate the disease in potential reservoir (Jerant 2000). In the meantime, M TB continues to plague some Asian and sub-Saharan African countries, which have more than 300 cases per 100,000 population. Almost up to 50% of those infected with HIV/AIDS are co-infected with M tuberculosis. Thus, tuberculosis continues to rise and afflict the rest of the world, especially developing countries, where pulmonary TB is still common particularly among the socio-economically disadvantaged population, the aging groups, the chronically debilitated and prisoners (Karam). It is said to be present in one-third of the world's population, with approximately 8 million new cases and 2.6 to 2.9 million succumbing to it every year around the world (Martin and Lazarus)."
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The Germ Theory and Tuberculosis, 2006.
An analysis of the effects of the germ theory on the spread of disease with a particular focus on tuberculosis in America.
1,210 words (approx. 4.8 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 41.95
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Abstract
This paper examines how the discovery of germs and more particularly Robert Koch's discovery of the tubercle bacillus and consequent germ theory changed the way in which the world viewed the white plague and its victims. It also looks at how the discovery of the germ theory and the tuberculosis prevention education campaign that evolved, changed the private and public lives of both the people living with tuberculosis and the lives of those around them.
From the Paper
"With the isolation of tuberculin proving useless in the synthesis of any kind of vaccine or treatment, it remained imperative to avoid contracting the disease in any way possible. The Germ Theory explains the transmission of disease by way of microbes or bacilli that travel through the air on a person's breath or in bodily fluids, the most dangerous of which was saliva, with the common practice of spitting in the streets proving just as dangerous as kissing. The public were advised to avoid physical contact with any person infected with the tubercle bacillus, they were not to shake his hand, and mothers must take particular care not to let them kiss their children lest he infect them with the deadly consumption. "
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Tuberculosis Rates in the United States and South Korea, 2001.
This paper is a study of the outbreak of tuberculosis in the United States and South Korea.
2,675 words (approx. 10.7 pages), 12 sources, MLA, $ 80.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the terrible disease of tuberculosis and its spread in the 18th and 19th century In Europe. It details the disease's symptoms and their treatment as well as the discovery of anti-tuberculous drugs. Furthermore, it gives a valid comparison of the prevalence of tuberculosis amongst the populations of the United States and South Korea and studies the statistical data of these two very different countries. It concludes that better living conditions can bring down the amount of people sick with TB.
From the Paper
"Tuberculosis is a communicable disease that usually affects the respiratory system but can infect any other system of the body. It is transmitted by droplet infection in the air from a person with the active disease. The pathogens are bacteria known commonly as Mycobacterium Tuberculi. Tuberculosis was a fatal disease in the 18th and 19th centuries, prominent all over Europe even in the well off classes. With the discovery of Streptomycin and other anti-tuberculous drugs, along with strict health regimens and isolation procedures the more developed nations managed to control this epidemic by the 20th century. Underdeveloped countries however were still a source of the infection and it was endemic in many third world nations."
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Tuberculosis and Compliance with Medical Protocols, 2002.
A paper which discusses the forced detention of tuberculosis sufferers and the urgency for a solution to be found to the problem of non-compliance with medical protocols.
3,745 words (approx. 15.0 pages), 7 sources, APA, $ 103.95
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Abstract
The paper shows that most tuberculosis sufferers are homeless or substance abusers and by not complying with medical protocols on TB treatment, they are endangering the general public. The paper questions the right of the State to detain these people by force in an attempt to protect the public, and further outlines a research proposal designed to determine how medical professionals could better work with patients to produce a higher level of compliance with medical protocols for the treatment of tuberculosis.
From the Paper
"People often have very good reasons for being non-compliant, and in fact their non-compliance often results from the failure of medical staff to be empathetic towards their problems. One reason, for example, that people fail to comply with drug protocols is due to side effects. Medical staff who do not adequately explain the severity of possible side effects, who do not express concern for the patient?s experience with these side effects, and who do not treat these side effects as effectively and vigorously as possible are themselves contributing to non-compliance in those patients. This is clearly part of the process of treatment in which nurse?s behavior can be changed and the effects of these changes studied."
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Tuberculosis, 2006.
This paper examines the symptoms, effects and treatment of tuberculosis.
1,855 words (approx. 7.4 pages), 7 sources, APA, $ 59.95
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Abstract
This paper contains in-depth research and and statistical information on, tuberculosis (TB), a disease caused by bacteria that can attack any part of the body but usually centers on the lungs. It is estimated that approximately 1/3 of the global population is infected with TB and that 7 to 8 million new cases are diagnosed each year. The writer details the symptoms of the disease and how it is spread. This paper also focuses on the current treatments available as well as the problem of drug resistant TB which is now increasing in prevalence in the U.S. and internationally.
From the Paper
"In many countries infants and small children now receive a vaccine for TB known as BCG. It is not widely used in the U.S., but in countries where TB is common. However, BCG does not always protect people from TB. So, when taking a skin test, people who have been vaccinated with BCG may have a positive reaction. This may not mean the person has the disease. It could be due to the vaccination."
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Tuberculosis, 2005.
This paper discusses tuberculosis, which is more dangerous than ever today because it is developing strains that are multi-drug-resistant.
2,820 words (approx. 11.3 pages), 8 sources, APA, $ 83.95
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Abstract
This paper focuses on three symptoms of pulmonary tuberculosis: low-grade fever; weight loss, which may or may not be associated with anorexia; and coughing, which often brings up bloody phlegm as the condition progresses. The author points out that the disease is transmitted through particulate matter in the air, but it is not highly contagious when compared with the common cold. The paper relates that the mainstream treatment is pharmacological intervention, but increasing attention is being paid to complimentary or alternative interventions, such as diet, in terms of treatment of the symptoms and of prevention.
Table of Contents
Symptoms
Epidemiology
Options for Management
Complimentary Medicine Methods
From the Paper
"A person is more likely to be a host for the disease if their immune system is not working properly. This is one of the associations made between TB and AIDS/HIV epidemics, because the decreased immune system functioning makes it easier for these people to get tuberculosis. This is also likely one of the reasons that people over the age of sixty five are more likely to be hosts for the disease. Once a person inhales the disease, in its pulmonary form it finds its way to the alveoli, and from there it goes through the lymph nodes and spreads."
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Tuberculosis Treatment Adherence Strategies, 2008.
A study to identify the treatment strategies which may be used in sub-Saharan Africa to improve adherence to tuberculosis (TB) treatment.
3,438 words (approx. 13.8 pages), 36 sources, APA, $ 97.95
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Abstract
The research paper examines different strategies that are being used within communities in order to determine the most successful ones in increasing the amount of patients who adhere and complete the treatment plan and therefore decrease the level of tuberculosis (TB) infection. The paper explores the reasons behind non-compliance with treatment and shows how successful strategies attempted to take a multi-faceted approach, addressing issues such as supervision,
economic factors, social support, drug availability, healthcare set-up and others. The paper includes a literature review as an appendix to the paper.
Outline:
Introduction
Results
Conclusions
Appendix: Literature Review
From the Paper
"Tuberculosis remains a significant cause of mortality in sub-Saharan Africa, a situation which is exacerbated due to the association of TB as an opportunistic infection of HIV. Despite there having been treatment programmes in place in many areas of Africa for a number of years there remain a large number of deaths from the disease partially due to poor adherence rates to the treatment programmes available. There has been a large amount of literature published which discusses the factors which may impact on adherence to these treatment programmes, and some which evaluates strategies to improve adherence."
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Tuberculosis, 2006.
This paper presents a case scenario on tuberculosis.
1,350 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 5 sources, $ 53.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses tuberculosis in the context of a case scenario. It defines the disease's, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, risk factors, treatment and nursing interventions along with several questions pertaining to patients' rights, safety precautions, the role of the charge nurse in the case, and the different nursing diagnoses of the patient are also discussed.
From the Paper
"Tuberculosis is an acid-fast bacilli infection infecting primarily the lung parenchyma. The organism, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, is a rod-shaped, aerobic, non-spore-forming organism possesses several virulence factors that distinguish it from other lung parenchyma infections curable with typical antibiotics. The organism's unique cell wall, comprised of mycolic acid cross-linked to an underlying arabinogalactan and peptidoglycan layer, makes the organism impermeable to antibiotics (Raviglione & O'Brien, 1998). Cord factors that induce cytokine activation and lipoarabinomannan that helps the bacilli survive in macrophages after ingestion are other virulence factors which help prolong survival (Raviglione & O'Brien, 1998). The typical transmission of bacilli is through inhaled droplets from an adult with an active infection."
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Tuberculosis in Canada, 2007.
An overview of the epidemiology of tuberculosis in Canada.
3,028 words (approx. 12.1 pages), 21 sources, MLA, $ 89.95
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Abstract
This paper reviews the current and changing epidemiology of tuberculosis and the reasons why. It discusses how the epidemiological data demonstrates that TB in Canada is retreating into focal geographic areas and demographically well-defined populations that can be targeted for increased control and eradication efforts. It looks at how a significant proportion of TB in Canada is potentially preventable through the administration of preventive therapy to high-risk groups.
Outline:
TB Surveillance
Anatomic Disease Site
Infectiousness
National Trends
Geographic Distribution
Age Distribution
Sex Distribution
Ethnic Origin
Risk Factors
Conclusion
From the Paper
"As many as one in five Canadians were infected with TB in their lifetime at the turn of the 19th century, however, with the combination of an improved standard of living, public health interventions to interrupt transmission, and effective treatment, the morbidity and mortality rates of TB have been greatly reduced, and have made the elimination of TB in Canada a viable possibility. In spite of this, influx of greater numbers of immigrants from countries with a high prevalence of TB, continuing high case rates among aboriginal people, and the spread of HIV threaten this objective for the immediate future. "
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