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The TRIPS Agreement.
This paper discusses the WTO's agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) and its implication on developing countries.
2,340 words (approx. 9.4 pages), 11 sources, APA, $ 71.95
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Abstract
This paper explains WTO's Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS), negotiated in the 1986-94 Uruguay round of talks, which introduced intellectual property rules into the multilateral trading system for world-wide trade, apply to all WTO member countries and protect copyrights, trademarks, geographical indication, industrial design, patents, and trade secrets. The author points out that TRIPS had a unequal impact on developed and developing countries because the developing countries rely more on the production and export of consumable goods, while the developed countries, particularly the European Union and United States, rely on export-based revenues from copyright licensing, which means the TRIPS Agreement actually works against the developing countries by driving up their import bills and resulting in greater transfer of wealth from the poor to the rich countries. The paper recommends that a completely new international trade agreement should be negotiated; the developing countries should be well-advised to be better prepared and more assertive in the next round of trade negotiations and should be better off if they avoid the temptation of accepting short-term gains in exchange for long-term losses.
Table of Contents
Overview of TRIPS
Basic Principles
Transition Period
Areas of Application
Enforcement
Impact of TRIPS on Developing Countries
Application of TRIPS on Medicines
Biopiracy
Terminator Crops
Why Did the Developing Countries Agree to TRIPS?
The Other Side of the Picture
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Even low-technology products, e.g., as brand-name clothing and agricultural products such as new varieties of grains and plants have value-added to them due to research, design and innovation. Creators of such products, whether they are companies, individuals or nations, ought to have the right to stop others from using their 'brainchild' and to have the right to negotiate a mutually acceptable compensation if others desire to use their inventions. Such rights have come to be known as "intellectual property rights." It is generally acknowledged that the protection of "intellectual rights" is an incentive for innovation that benefits the society as a whole."
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TRIPS and China, 2005.
This paper is a literature review about the relationship of the regulations of the Trade Related Aspects of Intellectual Property (TRIPS) to intellectual property protection in China especially in the area of pharmaceuticals.
2,805 words (approx. 11.2 pages), 2 sources, APA, $ 83.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the regulations of TRIPS section by section. The author points out that in developing countries, little respect is given to the protection of rights associated with intellectual property, especially in the area of generic and counterfeit medications, which pirate patented drugs. This becomes a particular problem in China because of the size of its population. The paper concludes that within five years China and other WTO countries will have a decrease in the infringement of intellectual property; however, the China's government will have to implement more extensive reforms in order to liberalize the domestic market in China and to allow China and other foreign companies to import and export products more freely.
Table of Contents
Statement of Thesis
Introduction
Regulations of TRIPS
Exploration of the Domestic Implementations of TRIPS in Main Developed and Developing Countries
The Chinese IP Protection and TRIPS and the Problems/Impact and Recommendations of Actions to Improve
General Provisions and Basic Principles
Copyright and Related Rights
TRIPS and Public Health
TRIPS and the Convention on Biological Diversity
Summary
Conclusion
From the Paper
"U.S. pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies invested the approximate amount of $33.2 billion toward activities of research and development which is about 18% of the sales total of all their combined products. The discovery costs in pre-tax amounts of a new drug experienced an increase from $500 million to $880 million between 1990 and 2003 and as well the time of waiting for approval and the like has grown in length due to regulatory requirements and other associated technicalities. In order to limit the risk in the activities related to therapeutic areas the U.S. companies must find business partners and associates in China and other countries who are trustworthy."
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Virtual Field Trips, 2005.
An analysis of the pros and cons of virtual field trips.
1,170 words (approx. 4.7 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 40.95
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Abstract
A virtual field trip is a teaching tool that uses the internet and different websites to create an experience for the student that is similar to a traditional field trip. This paper examines how there is a substantial amount of current and relative information arguing both sides of this particular subject. Although both traditional and virtual field trips, offer different experiences for the students, the paper argues that no only are virtual field trips better, they are more cost effective, safer, flexible, and are more rewarding for students of today.
From the Paper
"Today's world is developing in a much more sophisticated and technological way than it has anytime ever before. We are immersed in technology every day and it affects our lives very dramatically, whether we like to admit it or not. Academic, community, business, and government leaders are calling upon our schools, colleges, and universities to graduate a different kind of student than a generation ago. This is in response to the challenges posed by the new global economy, where the knowledge and skills of a nation's workers are key to its competitive success, rather than in the past when factors like natural resources and geographic location reigned supreme (Owston 33)."
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Central America Free Trade Agreement (CAFTA), 2004.
This paper discusses the Central America Free Trade Agreement (CAFTA), a free trade agreement between the United States and the countries of Central America.
1,350 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 7 sources, APA, $ 47.95
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Abstract
This paper chronicles the efforts of the Bush Administration to pass the CAFTA, the Central America Free Trade Agreement. The author explains of its benefits. The paper delineates the problems of this legislation.
From the Paper
" On January ..., President Bush announced that the United States would explore a free trade agreement with the countries of Central America. The President said his Administration would work closely with Congress towards this goal. The President added that the purpose of this initiative was to strengthen the economic ties the United States already had with these nations and to reinforce their progress toward economic political and social reform. The Central American Free Trade Agreement CAFTA is a proposed agreement between the United States and Guatemala, ..."
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Canada and Trade Agreements, 2003.
An analysis of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) and the Free Trade Agreement (FTA) on the Canadian economy.
2,100 words (approx. 8.4 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 65.95
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Abstract
This paper shows how the FTA and the NAFTA help the Canadian economy export and import into the United States?s economy. It also discusses how essential the American economy is for Canada to succeed in the international business arena.
From the Paper
"The Canadian economy is largely affected by the United States economy through the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) and the Free Trade Agreement (FTA). The North American Free Trade Agreement was an agreement that came into effect on January 1,1995 which involves Mexico, Canada and the United States of America. This agreement has been said to produce 1 billion to 3 billion dollar gains in each country. NAFTA ensures that a certain amount of goods produced and traded between the three countries has to have a minimum percentage of its parts produced in North America."
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The North American Free Trade Agreement, 2004.
A history of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA).
3,170 words (approx. 12.7 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 91.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), which was was introduced in 1994. It examines how, before and after its introduction, there were many concerns that it would be harmful and not helpful and how, despite these concerns, it was introduced. It looks at how, almost ten years later, it appears that the NAFTA has been a big success. While there are also some negatives, the benefits are so great that the few problems are minor. It considers NAFTA to show where it came from, what it achieves, and what benefits it has provided.
Outline
First Stages of the North American Free Trade Agreement
An Overview of the North American Free Trade Agreement
A Brief History of the North American Free Trade Agreement
The Successes of the North American Free Trade Agreement
Economic Benefits
Manufacturers
Agriculture
Benefits for all Businesses
Global Trading
Environment
Labor
Consumers
Conclusion
From the Paper
"The NAFTA began in 1990 when President George Bush announced that one of the government?s goals was to establish a free trade zone for the Americas. At this time, free trade agreements had been created in other parts of the world for some time. The European Free Trade Association (EFTA) was created in 1960 and had been working on creating a European free trade zone since then. The Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) was created in 1967 and had been working on creating free trade zones across Asia since then. In 1990, this was giving European and Asian countries an advantage that America did not have. This resulted in Bush?s plan to create a North American trade zone."
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The Japan Philippines Economic Partnership Agreement (JPEPA), 2007.
This paper examines the Japan Philippines Economic Partnership Agreement (JPEPA) from the standpoint of the Philippines.
2,600 words (approx. 10.4 pages), 23 sources, MLA, $ 78.95
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Abstract
This paper extensively analyzes the bottom line of the Japan Philippines Economic Partnership Agreement (JPEPA). Though the paper looks at the agreement from both participant-country's perspectives, it lingers more on the Philippine's viewpoint - a show of how third-world countries are not really disadvantaged despite some downsides. The paper then takes a turn and looks at the entirety of bilateral agreements to judge their effectiveness, in light of this example.
Table of Contents:
Abstract
Introduction
A Closer Look at JPEPA
Issue against JPEPA
Final Judgment on JPEPA
From the Paper
"Both Japan and Philippines realize the importance of Information and Communications Technolgy (ICT) in local and international businesses today. Because of this, JPEPA proposes to promote the development of ICT through electronic commerce, promoting the use of ICT-related services to consumers, human resource development related to ICT, formulation and development of network security system and research and development. If these are properly implemented, then more people will be expected to have a better knowledge in applying ICT."
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North American Free Trade Agreement, 1994.
This paper discusses the North American Free Trade Agreement - NAFTA: Compromise and conciliation in Clinton's victory in Congress on trade agreement vote, background, debate, role of Ross Perot, political significance and pork barrel concessions.
2,700 words (approx. 10.8 pages), 13 sources, $ 95.95
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From the Paper
"Negotiation is an act of compromise. The mere agreement to discuss an issue via the process of negotiation represents a willingness to consider non-aggressive solutions. In the realm of politics, negotiation and compromise are the meat-and-potatoes of daily life. So it has been for the debate over the North American Free Trade Agreement - NAFTA - during the past few months. NAFTA posed, for the Executive Branch and the Legislative Branch of the United States government, respectively, an important socio-economic issue in which the two parties found themselves lined up on opposite sides. Negotiation, in the public forum and in classic behind-the-scenes backroom maneuvering, was the key tool that allowed President Bill Clinton his NAFTA victory in the House of Representatives - by compromising on enough minor elements of the proposal to enable a ... "
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Articulation Agreements and Community College Enrollment, 2006.
This article contains an analysis of articulation agreements and their impact on community college enrollment.
1,463 words (approx. 5.9 pages), 9 sources, MLA, $ 48.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer claims that properly administered, articulation agreements can provide students with the framework they need to ensure they receive credit for coursework accomplished at community colleges, while providing the receiving institutions with the reassurance they require to grant such credit. The writer notes however, that improperly performed, these agreements can actually do more harm than good. To determine how they are intended to operate in practice, this paper provides an overview of articulation agreements and their impact on community college enrollment in general, with an emphasis on North Carolina community colleges in particular. An analysis of the relevant literature is followed by a summary of research in the conclusion.
Contents
Introduction
Review and Discussion
Background and Overview
Constraints to Developing Effective Articulation Agreements.
Conclusion
From the Paper
"The role of the community college in the baccalaureate education process has traditionally been associated with the first two years of college; therefore, state policies and articulation agreements have focused on connecting a prescribed sequence of lower-division courses at the community college with upper-division courses at four-year institutions. In their traditional roles, community colleges provide a starting point to higher education; community college students earn at least 12 credit hours at the community college, then transfer to a four-year institution to complete a bachelor's degree. This role recognizes that a substantial percentage of American students will begin their higher education and complete a substantial number of credits at the community college; 12 credit hours has been established as the minimal equivalent of full-time enrollment for one semester, as a basis for classifying a student as a community college transfer ."
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Free Trade Agreements in America, 2008.
An examination of free trade agreements in the U.S. and how they are affecting small farmers and labor unions.
2,424 words (approx. 9.7 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 74.95
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Abstract
This paper examines how the free trade agreements in America affect the labor unions, and the small farmers; mostly middle class to lower class persons. It explains that the people who stand to gain the most are those with high positions in corporations, who, thanks to Free trade agreements, can wipe out small competition, and are able to make their own shipping agreements for less money with farmers and manufacturers in less industrialized countries. The paper discusses how the new agreements, which make tariffs on the imported goods low to keep them cost effective, will ultimately crush the small farmer between the giant agribusinesses and the new Central American imports. The paper also looks at instances where labor unions and farmers protested in the hopes of gaining political support, but their attempts to influence policy have been largely ineffective.
From the Paper
"Free trade agreements have become more common in the U.S. during the last half century, leading to disputes on whether or not those agreements are actually beneficial to our country. Free trade allows countries to trade unique products that cannot be produced in or found in their own countries. Free trade also allows them to be sold at reasonable prices to the consumers. The disadvantages of free trade are that there are also many products that can be produced in multiple countries. Some countries can produce these products cheaper. This can cause huge economic issues/problems for the people who were originally making this product."
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Service Level Agreements, 2003.
A discussion service level agreements.
3,450 words (approx. 13.8 pages), 10 sources, APA, $ 119.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the need for service level agreements. It discusses different types of agreements and how to develop an effective agreement. It also explores the use of service level agreements during the negotiating process, and measures the effectiveness of SLAs.
From the Paper
"Whenever a purchase is made companies or individuals have expectations regarding the performance of the purchased good or service. Ideally every purchase works a percentage of the time that the user expects it too but such ..."
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Nuclear Energy Cooperation Agreement, 2006.
A look at the reasons behind and the impact of the Indo-U.S. civilian nuclear energy cooperation agreement.
2,463 words (approx. 9.9 pages), 11 sources, MLA, $ 75.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the background behind and the Indo-U.S. civilian nuclear energy cooperation agreement and also explains how this agreement between two countries affects the relations of the two nations with the rest of the world. It looks at how the deal marks a notable warming of U.S.-India relations and how it would lift the U.S. moratorium on nuclear trade with India, provide U.S. assistance to India's civilian nuclear energy program and expand U.S.-Indian cooperation in energy and satellite technology.
From the Paper
"India has adhered to a socialist-inspired approach for most of its independent history, with strict government control over private sector participation, foreign trade, and foreign trade direct investment. Since the early 1990s, India has gradually opened up its markets through economic reforms by reducing government control on foreign trade and investment. Privatization of public-owned industries and the opening of certain sectors to private and foreign players have resulted in a competition among the top most corporations in the world. India, the second largest populated country has been attracting investors from around the globe (Bullock). The race of providing better services to such a huge population has received a major boost as the increase in Indian economy has increased the purchasing capacity of an average man in India."
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Bilateral Air Transport Agreements, 2007.
This paper explores bilateral air transport agreements and their benefits.
2,572 words (approx. 10.3 pages), 8 sources, MLA, $ 77.95
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Abstract
The paper explains that a bilateral air transport agreement (ATA) is a convention signed by two countries by which they allow one another unrestricted civil aviation within their national boundaries. They grant each other rights to transport and take on and off, passengers, mail and cargo on their air route and territory. The paper discusses how such an agreement has both positive and negative effects, but the paper reveals that the positive outnumber the negative ones and make the contract beneficial for the development of the airline industry, economy, tourism and international relationships. The paper explains that the majority of the bilateral air service agreements must have been beneficial for both parties, since once they expired, new alliances were negotiated and formed.
Outline:
Executive Summary
Opinions and Arguments in Favor of the ATA
Rights Granted to the Parties by the ATA
Protection Issues
Unfair Competition
Monopoly
Protectionist Policies
War and Natural Calamities
Opinions and Arguments Against ATA
Restricted Pricing
Suggested Solution
Frequency on a Route
Offshoring jobs in the Airline Industry
Conclusions
From the Paper
"There are two main reasons that support the forming of bilateral air transport agreements. First, the governments of the countries involved in the alliance believe that an international agreement and partnership could help protect themselves from numerous enemies and unfair competition.
"The second argument has a rather administrative nature and it regards the air transport companies and the travelers. In this order of ideas, the airline companies would be granted access to several airports and would be able to compete on the air services market by promoting lower prices and higher quality. Clients would be able to choose from a wider range of air transport providers the company that best met their financial and quality demands. This way, customers would be able to choose "the lowest prices that are not discriminatory.""
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North American Free Trade Agreement, 2007.
An analysis of the benefits of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA).
2,041 words (approx. 8.2 pages), 21 sources, APA, $ 64.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the history and effects of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA). It describes the aims of NAFTA, as well as how it was to implement its agreements. It then looks at some of the many positive outcomes from the NAFTA agreement, particularly the economic growth of the three nations involved, and briefly describes the reasons for some of the strong opposition to NAFTA.
From the Paper
"It is hard to overlook the fact that since NAFTA was signed, there has been economic growth in all three nations, and a huge increase in the standard of living in Canada and Mexico. NAFTA has helped to integrate these three economies. Canada and Mexico have benefited the most with a free trade with the largest economy in the world, while the U.S. has gained rewards from the unhindered access to the Canadian and Mexican markets and products. Imports have grown under NAFTA, but more importantly, U.S. exports have grown tremendously and without NAFTA the U.S. would not have had these expanded export opportunities. NAFTA serves as a model and foundation for U.S. efforts to achieve trade liberalization. This will help the move toward a free flow of agricultural products between more countries. Negotiations are underway with the U.S. and Costa Rica, the Dominican Republic, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, and Nicaragua will strip away remaining trade barriers, eliminate tariffs, open markets and promote investment and economic growth for all countries involved."
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U.S.-Egyptian Free Trade Agreement, 2005.
An analysis of the obstacles to free trade between the U.S. and Egypt, the opportunity for the U.S. and Egyptian companies under a free trade agreement, and a pragmatic political implementation strategy.
2,350 words (approx. 9.4 pages), 28 sources, MLA, $ 72.95
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Abstract
Shortly after the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, President George W. Bush announced that the U.S. would strive to create a Middle East Free Trade Area (MEFTA) to promote economic development as a means of reducing poverty, thus eliminating a major source of anti-Americanism. However, the political stipulations attached to MEFTA have diminished the ability for its immediate creation. This paper shows that, instead, recent attention has been given to creating multiple, bilateral, free trade agreements, which will eventually agglomerate into MEFTA. Egypt has long been one of the closest Arab allies for the U.S. and is the most important political force in the Arab world. The paper explains that, without the creation of a bilateral free trade agreement with Egypt, the expansion of MEFTA is unlikely. That being said, creating a free trade agreement with Egypt is fraught with complications and equally endowed with opportunity. The issue remains contentious, yet practical, given the appropriate support. Most importantly, it offers an opportunity to redirect the course of Arab-American relations toward a more symbiotic course.
From the Paper
"The paradox of Egypt, being one of the world's oldest civilizations, having relations with the world's newest global power, the United States, offers an intriguing respite in the arena of international affairs. In recent years, many countries have made mutually beneficial trade a top priority of their foreign policy. The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), the European Union (EU), the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) and others have all proven both the merit and the inherent dangers of free trade. While the industrialized regions of the world have taken the lead and reaped the early benefits of extended free trade, many developing regions, notably the Middle East have been neglecting the opportunity. Now, with the proposition of a United States-Egypt Free Trade Act, supported by President Bush's plan for a Middle East Free Trade Area and the existing US-Egyptian Trade and Investment Framework Agreement as well as precedent-making Free Trade Acts with other Arab countries, the possibility for a significant change in the economic relationship between the United States and Egypt is at hand. Hence, taking into consideration the gravity of the current circumstances of international affairs in the region in addition to the economic implications, the United States and Egypt should pursue a free trade agreement with provisions to make it mutually beneficial as a mechanism of development and benevolence."
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