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Tree Frogs, 2003.
An analysis of the mechanism of adhesion in the toe pads of tree frogs.
984 words (approx. 3.9 pages), 12 sources, MLA, $ 34.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the group of arboreal anurans known as tree frogs, which possess the characteristic, expanded, terminal digital pads that assist in adhesion to the steep surfaces present in their natural environment. It looks at how the unique morphology and physical mechanisms of these structures have been studied for over a century and how it is only recently with the advances in transmission and scanning electron microscopy that it has become possible to study the pads in detail. It discusses how, even with this new insight into the ultrastructure of the pads, debate continues among zoologists over the nature and roles played by the various adhesive mechanisms of the toe pad and how the distribution of digital pads over five families suggests that the feature evolved independently many times in an interesting example of convergent evolution.
From the Paper
"Wet or capillary adhesion was first proposed by Nachtigall as ?a mechanism of direct adhesion through surface tension of a liquid intermediary fluid and whole pad suction? (1974), whereby toe pads adhere to a surface using the surface tension of the watery mucus exude. A modified version of this system was suggested by Hannah and Barnes in 1991 after conducting research on attachment and detachment mechanisms of the pads. The forces induced when toe pads were detached were measured with a force platform, and the results supported wet adhesion attachment, which was demonstrated through the existence of a concave meniscus at the interface between the pad and surface, showing connection via a fluid filled joint, and a velocity dependent resistance to shear forces of the pads, which is typical of systems using fluid as an adhesive."
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Pacific Tree Frog, 2004.
A look at how specific environmental concerns impact the development of the Pacific Tree Frog.
1,163 words (approx. 4.7 pages), 3 sources, APA, $ 40.95
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Abstract
This study discusses the impacts of buffer widths of less than 50 feet on the populations of the common Pacific Tree Frog, Psuedacris Regilla. It looks at the problem at hand and discusses ways that this environmental concern can be solved.
From the Paper
"Buffers are one way to protect the environment and demonstrate a commitment to conservation. They're best described as a small area or strip of land in permanent vegetation that's designed to slow water runoff, improve water and air quality, provide shelter and stabilize riparian areas. There are several types of buffers including wetlands and a Riparian corridor. Riparian Buffers are streamside plantings of trees, shrubs and grasses that can intercept pollutants from both surface and shallow groundwater before they reach a river or stream. Riparian buffers provide habitat for wildlife and enhance fish habitat by, among other things, reducing water temperature. Wetlands are lands on which water covers the soil or is present either at or near the surface of the soil or within the root zone, all year or for varying periods of time during the year, including during the growing season."
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The History and Characteristics of the Ginkgo Tree, 2002.
A discussion of the Ginkgo Tree and how mankind can benefit from it.
1,155 words (approx. 4.6 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 39.95
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Abstract
The Ginkgo Biloba tree is the oldest tree species known to man with fossil records date back to when dinosaurs roamed the earth. Today, the extract of the dried leaves is popular for use as a dietary supplement for the brain and heart. Ginkgo extract is thought to improve blood circulation and memory and prevent blood clotting. The leaves are also used as tea to soothe a variety of ailments. This paper gives a brief historical description including the characteristics of the Ginkgo tree that will detail the Ginkgo tree and its importance in today?s society.
From the Paper
"The Ginkgo tree is unique in many ways. It is so different from any other living tree that it must be classified in a separate order. The Ginkgo biloba probably no longer exists in a truly wild state. It has been found growing freely over some ten square miles near Changhua Hsien in the Chekiang province of China, but it is uncertain whether these trees are the remains of an ancient forest or not. It is a sacred tree in the Far East, where it is commonly planted in the grounds of temples and palaces. In some of the grounds of the temples there are specimens that are said to be over 1,000 years old. It?s preservation in China, Korea, Manchuria, and Japan is probably due to the interest taken in it by the Buddhist priests whose interest in the tree saved it from becoming extinct."
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Strong Heroes and Steady Trees, 2004.
Examines the tree imagery within the epics, "The Iliad" and "The Odyssey", by Homer, and "The Aeneid", by Virgil.
2,640 words (approx. 10.6 pages), 2 sources, MLA, $ 79.95
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Abstract
In the three great ancient epics, "The Iliad" and "The Odyssey", by Homer, and "The Aeneid", by Virgil, all three heroes are compared to trees, showing two attributes that the heroes share. Firstly, the paper shows that Achilles, Odysseus, and Aeneas manifest their heroic qualities through tree imagery. Heroic attributes allow heroes to rise to the occasion and tend to display qualities that exceed average human capabilities. While each has a different concept of heroism, the tree imagery shows that the three characters are similar because they possess chivalrous attributes. The paper shows that, secondly, the tree imagery manifests the relationships that each of the characters has with a particular goddess. Like strong trees that are helped by nature, Achilles, Odysseus, and Aeneas, all have powerful attributes, but use the force of a higher power, or a goddess, for assistance.
From the Paper
"The idea of relating Aeneas to an oak tree is interesting. Oak is used for building homes, and although Aeneas does not specifically build Rome, the idea of city development reminds the reader about Aeneas?s heroic duty to discover Rome and also reflects on Aeneas?s stay in Carthage, where he helps build the future rival city of Rome. Also like an oak tree, Aeneas is steadfast and unmoving when listening to Dido?s pleas, managing to remain dedicated to his heroic duty and the gods? wishes. Every heroic action that Aeneas takes is defined by his duty to the gods (for example, leaving Carthage and finding Rome), displaying the heroic nature of duty; duty inspires Aeneas to ?do the right thing.? "
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The Effects of the Brown Tree Snake on Guam's Avifauna, 2000.
This paper examines the environmental damage that has been caused in the island of Guam as a result of the brown tree snake.
2,850 words (approx. 11.4 pages), 12 sources, MLA, $ 84.95
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Abstract
This paper describes the effects that the brown tree snake had on the wildlife of Guam. The brown tree snake, accidentally imported to Guam shortly after World War II, appeared all over the island and ended up killing several species of the native forest birds that lived in Guam. This paper is a historical description of the development of the brown tree snake as a plague. It details the origin of the Brown Tree Snake and the terrible effects it had on the island of Guam. Moreover, this paper shows the environmental effects on the development of the Island.
From the Paper
"Determining the number of animal species existing on the island of Guam prior to the arrival of humans has presented a distinct difficulty. From archeological excavations on the nearby island of Rota, scientists have determined that the original human colonists' domesticated animals extirpated many species thousands of years ago (Chiszar et al1997). World War II "subjected" Guam to naval bombardment so severe that some artillery fire leveled some forests (Chiszar et al 1997). After the war, extensive seeding of the island took place with an exotic legume (Leucaena leucocephala.) It permanently replaced native trees over vast areas (Chiszar et al 1997). The fauna of Guam seemed stable until the 1960's. At this time Wildlife authorities noticed the entire absence of birds from the southern one-third of the island. The boundary of the absence of birds seemed to be moving steadily northward. Birds were missing from the southern two-thirds of the island by the end of the 1970's (Enbring & Ramsey 1983). Thirteen years later, in 1983, all 10 forest species occurred concurrently only in 160 ha of mature forest beneath the cliff line at the northern tip of Guam, with a few species still occupying parts of the northern plateau (Savidge 1987). The early 1980's reveals many factors blamed for the decline in Guam's forest birds. Disease, pesticides, habitat loss, hunting, and introduced species evolve as the major suspect reasons. Elimination of the forest's mosquitoes that possibly harbor avian malaria or avian pox brought an influx of pesticide usage. During World War II to the-mid 1970's, the military used pesticides such as DDT and other chlorinated hydrocarbons to kill the mosquitoes (Enbring & Ramsy 1983). Pesticides might have caused declines in the past; therefore, it cannot be ruled out as a cause for the earlier reed-warbler extinction (Reichel et al 1992). Tests conducted in 1981 indicate low pesticide levels on Guam. Pesticides probably were not responsible for the current declines of forest birds (Reichel et al 1992). The years since 1945 have witnessed an increase in weedy species, though substantial native habitat remains in southern and northern Guam. Birds have disappeared from forests that previously supported healthy bird populations (Savidge 1987)."
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Thomas L. Friedman's "The Lexus and the Olive Tree", 2007.
This paper reviews Thomas L. Friedman's book about globalization, "The Lexus and the Olive Tree".
2,020 words (approx. 8.1 pages), 3 sources, APA, $ 63.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that Thomas L. Friedman's interesting title for his book "The Lexus and the Olive Tree" was taken from two conflicting concepts: The Lexus represents globalization; whereas, the olive tree represents culture, traditions and community. The author points out that Friedman believes that this relationship must be in balance because too much globalization can pose a great threat to the integrity of the olive tree and too much protection given to the olive tree may hinder the development promised by globalization. The paper states that Friedman argues that globalization is not, and cannot be, regulated because there is no one regulating it. The author stresses that globalization was perceived by Friedman as beneficial not only to the electronic herd, which is the millions of investors moving money around the world with a click of a mouse, but also to the average blue-collar worker.
From the Paper
"The problem with this, though, as explained by Stiglitz, is that, in industrialized countries, the pain of layoffs is acknowledged and somewhat ameliorated by the safety net of unemployment insurance, but in less developed countries it is a different case--the unemployed workers typically do not become a public charge because there are seldom insurance schemes there. Globalization has not worked for millions of people. Many have actually been made worse off, as they have seen their jobs destroyed and their lives become more insecure."
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A Tree Planting Strategy, 2008.
This paper presents a tree planting program for a suburban neighborhood.
1,441 words (approx. 5.8 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 47.95
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Abstract
The paper focuses on developing a tree planting strategy in order to retrofit a suburban neighborhood so that it has less detrimental environmental impact and greater resource efficiency. The paper details the many benefits of a tree planting program and looks at the technical challenges involved. The paper discusses the types of trees that could be planted as well as various layout options.
Outline:
Background
Technical Challenges
Performance Criteria
From the Paper
"The task is to retrofit a suburban neighborhood so that it has less detrimental environmental impact, greater resource efficiency, more opportunities for healthy living, and a sense of aesthetic splendor and improved lifestyle. The neighborhood consists of approximately 200 acres with wide streets, houses set back from the street and fronted by large garages, very low residential density, significant paving of the landscape, and no other land uses within a ten minute walk. Such a neighborhood would be considered relatively isolated but might also have a detrimental effect on the local environment because of the paving that removes natural land and that reflects heat from the sun, as might the houses themselves. The low residential density is a benefit. One way of improving the region is to develop a tree planting strategy for the area so as to make the neighborhood itself more given to renewal of the atmosphere."
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Joshua Tree National Park, 2007.
This paper discuses the geological history of Joshua Tree National Park, located within the Transverse Ranges Province near Riverside County, California.
2,160 words (approx. 8.6 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 67.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that the boundaries of Joshua Tree National Park are several mountain ranges including a quadrangle underlain by a basement terrane comprising Proterozoic metamorphic rocks, Mesozoic plutonic rocks, and Mesozoic or Cenozoic hypabyssal dikes. The author points out that, even in arid climates such as Joshua Tree National Park, water and wind are the key dynamic as far as erosion of rock is concerned; however, what is seen today in this park is a collection of relict features inherited from an earlier time of higher rainfall and lower temperatures. The paper stresses that the park, located just east of the San Andreas fault zone, is crisscrossed with hundreds of faults from ancient and recent earthquakes, which can be viewed and clearly understood by an alert visitor to the park.
From the Paper
"On June 28, 1992, the largest earthquake to have hit the contiguous United States in 40 years hit the Joshua Tree National Park area - a 7.3 Richter Scale shaker. It was called the Landers Earthquake Sequence; it was the result of a "right-lateral shear on five major faults," according to an article in the journal "Science". The earthquake was generated in an 80-kilometer-wide swath of seismically active faults along the southern part of the eastern California "shear zone" - of which Joshua Tree is a part."
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Decision Analysis: Decision Trees, 2004.
Reviews importance of modeling in policy analysis and the use of decision tree analysis
1,150 words (approx. 4.6 pages), 1 source, APA, $ 39.95
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Abstract
This paper reviews the importance of modeling in policy analysis and the use of decision tree analysis. It looks at the tools available to help policy makers. The writer uses the example of Firestone tires on the Ford Explorer sports utility vehicles as an application of decision trees in decision analysis.
From the Paper
"There is a large variety of tools available to help decision-makers. This paper focuses on one of these tools decision tree analysis. The consideration of the decision tree decision analysis tool begins with are view of the ..."
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El Arbol de la Ciencia: The Tree of Knowledge., 2002.
This paper looks at the book "El Arbol de la Ciencia: The Tree of Knowledge" and discusses key themes within it.
1,400 words (approx. 5.6 pages), 1 source, $ 53.95
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Abstract
This paper looks at the book El Arbol de la Ciencia: The Tree of Knowledge and discusses key themes within it. Themes such as the idea of science being knowledge and against the idea of God. Furthermore looking at the tree in the garden of Eden and how Eve brought upon the sins of man through seeking knowledge and as such have lost sight of God.
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The Maple Tree, 2007.
This paper examines the various types of maple trees and their products.
3,276 words (approx. 13.1 pages), 13 sources, MLA, $ 94.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses the famous maple tree species, which include the red maple, black maple, silver maple, Japanese maple and sugar maple. The paper looks at the maple tree and its two features of helicopter seeds and the syrup or sugar which is made from its sap. The paper also examines how to predict the quality of a maple season.
From the Paper
"The term maple is the common name for a family, Aceraceae, of trees and shrubs in the soapberry order, Sapindales. The Aceraceae has two genera. The first is the Acer, the maples proper and the box elder, and the second is Dipteronia. Most of the maple trees are deciduous, shedding their leaves every year at the end of the budding season; only a few have enduring leaves and are called as evergreen or semi-evergreen. The leaves of the maple tree grow opposite each other, and they grow in pairs. The leaves are commonly long-stemmed and lobed and they also have toothed margins."
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Christmas Trees, 2003.
Provides a history of the marketing and commercialization of Christmas trees.
675 words (approx. 2.7 pages), 4 sources, $ 23.95
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Abstract
Discusses the origin of marketing in Great Depression. Examines the notion of selling trees to the mass market, its development into a multimillion-dollar industry., and the roots of the Christmas tree tradition in the pre-Christian era.
From the Paper
"Christmas tree farms and the aggressive marketing of trees, began in the United States during the Great Depression. According to Jones (2001), it was then that nurserymen could not sell ..."
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Insects and Diseases Affecting Oak Trees., 2002.
This paper explores the insects, fungi and bacteria that affect oak trees (family Quercidae).
2,900 words (approx. 11.6 pages), 9 sources, $ 106.95
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Abstract
This paper first covers insects which effect Oak Trees: gypsy moths, oak leaf rollers and leaf tiers,and the scarlet oak sawfly, all defoliating pests, followed by bark-attacking insects (bark borers). The paper then discusses tree diseases specific to the oak, including oak wilt, root rot and fungal infections of the bark and leaves. The paper includes recommendations for treatment and a list of references.
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Peach Tree Hospital, 2002.
An examination of the difficulties facing a new hospital - focusing on a case-study of Peach Tree Hospital.
719 words (approx. 2.9 pages), 1 source, MLA, $ 25.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the challenges start-up hospital Peach Tree Hospital has been encountering. By evaluating the methods they?ve employed to date, as well as survey results from their employees and continued communication, this paper helps Peach Tree?s administrator and human resource director to clarify exactly where the problems exist. From this information they can then begin to take steps to make the changes necessary to overcome their challenges.
From the Paper
"Although the staff of Peachtree Hospital ?had spent the better part of its time recruiting and training employees? (Hellriegel et al., 2002, p. 289) the administrator of the hospital felt the organizational efforts had not been as successful as they should have been. The human resource director, although acknowledging that there were still organizational issues that needed to be addressed, wrote these off to start-up conditions, as the hospital had only been open for less than one year and would be resolved in a very short period of time. To quantify the organizational problems, a survey was administered to most of the 1,200 employees of the hospital and revealed some startling results."
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Putting the Jump in a Frog, 2002.
A book review of "The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County" by Mark Twain.
2,360 words (approx. 9.4 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 72.95
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Abstract
This paper introduces and discusses the short story, "The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County" by Mark Twain. Specifically it analyzes the dialect of the story and examines how it adds dimension and depth to the characters.
From the Paper
"From the time Wheeler takes over the narration, Twain's tone is casual and humorous. Wheeler begins characterizing Smiley as a man who would bet on anything, even whether a preacher's wife would die or not. "Lots of the boys here has seen that Smiley, and can tell you about him. Why, it never made no difference to him--he'd bet on any thing--the dangdest feller" (Twain 1262). Already the reader has an idea about Smiley and his wagering. Wheeler's words are simple and sound uneducated, but it is clear he is shrewd and knowledgeable about many subjects; he just wants to appear simple. He sets up the scene for Smiley to teach a frog to jump, and because of his clear and affable explanations, the reader fully believes that Smiley can and will teach the frog to jump, and win yet another bet. "He got him up so in the matter of catching flies, and kept him in practice so constant, that he'd nail a fly every time as far as he could see him" (Twain 1263). The frog is smart, and the reader cannot see how this agile creature can lose any race, until a stranger with a trick up his sleeve comes to town."
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