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Transnational Feminism: Token Equality?, 2002.
Critique of Sherene Razack's article about multicultural feminisim in Northern countries such as Canada.
1,400 words (approx. 5.6 pages), 7 sources, $ 53.95
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Abstract
Sherene Razack, in her article "Your Place or Mine: Transnational Feminist Collaboration," slaughters sacred cows at a truly phenomenal rate. As this review will demonstrate, her article represents a brilliant and insightful challenge of the tokenism with which liberal, multicultural Canada - and the liberal, multicultural academy - represents women from the "Third World". While the logic of her argument is, I would argue, flawed in spots, the power of her arguments nonetheless reflects a mature feminist discourse that has come of age in our transnational era. Sadly, her arguments - and particularly her analysis of the subtle racism and social constructions of the asylum/refugee process in Northern countries such as Canada - are not likely to be reprinted in the mainstream media where they deserve a wider audience and provoke public debate.
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Transnational Feminism, 2006.
A discussion of transnational feminism - feminism in the era of globalization.
1,436 words (approx. 5.7 pages), 6 sources, APA, $ 47.95
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Abstract
The paper uses the quote: "Culture...consists in the way analogies are drawn between things, in the way certain thoughts are used to think others" as a focal point to make a connection between Shohat's argument that globalization just be seen as part of the much longer history of colonialism, and the sexualization of female bodies in popular culture. The paper analyzes gendered politics of power that position women differently than men, comparing to narratives of progress, development, the modern, social evolution and their opposing narratives (i.e. primitive, underdeveloped, backward uncivilized, caught in a timeless past). The paper concludes that in order for feminism to become transnational the elite women in the richer countries must be able to consider and conceive the plight of the rural women in a third world country and what their specific needs might be, even though those may be very different from their own.
Table of Contents:
Objective
Introduction
The Feminist Agenda: Transnational Feminism
Women's Organizations: Whose Agenda Calls the Tune?
Transnational Feminism: Different Cultures and Different Definitions
Colonialism and Globalization: Same or Different Agenda?
Globalization's Agenda
Women in the New Millennium
Summary & Conclusion
From the Paper
"In a work in writing that addresses the agenda of the transnational feminist against war the author Bachetta et al (2001) states that the first thing that must be done in reaching the goals set forth that first the thorough analysis of the "gendered and racialized effects of nationalism" must be addressed. Brenner writes that "Capitalist Globalization has had a profound yet contradictory impact on women's lives and on the possibilities for contesting male domination in both the core and periphery of the world capitalist system." And she states that "women's life conditions are in many respects growing worse.""
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A Journal Entry on Transnational Feminism, 2002.
An overview of transnational feminism and the western world.
900 words (approx. 3.6 pages), 8 sources, $ 35.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses Western feminism in relation to global issues that concern women, and argues for a transnational feminist perspective. Drawing from different cultural examples around the world, this essay attempts to establish the possibility of a feminist ethic that enables cultural difference, and does not impose Western values on non-Western practices.
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Liberal Feminism vs. Lesbian Feminism, 2002.
This essay focuses on two prime theoretical aspects of feminism, namely liberal feminism and lesbian feminism.
1,150 words (approx. 4.6 pages), 4 sources, $ 44.95
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Abstract
Both the theories acknowledge the fact that women have long been oppressed by predominant male attitudes and ideas, as well as an essentially patriarchal societal structure. The former theory is reformist in the sense that it seeks to work within the existing system, and wants to modify it in order to ensure women have equal opportunities as men, be they in education, career, or politics. The latter's focus is on giving women their unique sexual identity by challenging the imposition of heterosexuality and giving lesbianism its due recognition.
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Globalization Impact on Feminism, 2008.
This paper discusses the implications of the current paradigm shift that feminism is undergoing in response to the processes of globalization.
1,223 words (approx. 4.9 pages), 8 sources, APA, $ 41.95
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Abstract
This essay examines the implications of globalization for feminism, including the "paradigm shift" that some scholars perceive feminism is undergoing in response to globalization. It also considers the kinds of issues to which feminist analysis is being challenged to pay attention. The writer notes that globalization has imposed new pressures on feminism, and feminism has responded by generating new types of feminism and new paradigms. The writer concludes with the hope that it is possible to construct a transnational feminism that is at the same time not hegemonic, one that respectfully incorporates and listens to the various discourses, yet somehow manages to build enough common ground to enable global feminists to work cohesively together.
From the Paper
"In like vein, Seyla Benhabib proposes building solidaristic communities in which we can acknowledge each other's diverse and multiple identities, while at the same time we can listen respectfully to each other, acknowledging the many strands that comprise our identities. In this way, there is hope of building up a respectful form of global feminist solidarity that can work to counter the most destructive forces of globalization. For example, there could be a site for a global community of feminists that oppose the depredations of the planet currently being unleashed by transnational corporations.
"Clearly, this new way of looking at feminism may be seen as a substantial paradigm shift."
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Feminism in Native America, 2007.
An analysis of feminism in Native America and its impact on native communities.
1,172 words (approx. 4.7 pages), 4 sources, APA, $ 40.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses feminism in Native America. It begins by describing various forms of feminism and discussing three waves of feminism. It then links feminism in Native America to the third wave, which includes ecofeminism, postcolonial feminism, generational, youth feminism and embodiment, nature, culture and dualism. The paper goes on to discuss the implications of this form of feminism on the native communities.
From the Paper
"Regardless of its origins in Native communities, sexism operates with full force today and requires strategies that directly address it. Smith believes that before Native peoples fight for the future of their nations, they must decide who is included in the nation. Gender justice is often articulated as being a separate issue from issues of survival for indigenous peoples, and such an understanding presupposes that "we could actually decolonize without addressing sexism, which ignores the fact that it has been precisely through gender violence that we have lost our lands in the first place," argues Smith."
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Feminism in 21st Century Europe, 2008.
This paper discusses the relevance and purpose of feminism in modern Europe .
2,200 words (approx. 8.8 pages), 5 sources, APA, $ 68.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer discusses that feminism today tends to be focused on intellectualizing the position of women in society. The writer points out that while still working in a concrete fashion in order to secure gender equality, feminism has also penetrated areas of intellectual endeavor such as theory of literature and philosophy. The writer discusses that despite the very prominent position of feminism in a wide variety of intellectual and social areas, some hold that the paradigm is no longer relevant, particularly in advanced locations such as the United States, and particularly in Europe. On the other hand, it is the position of some theorists that feminism today is more relevant than ever, exactly because of appearances to the contrary. The writer maintains that despite the voices of dissent, it is clear that feminism still has a variety of roles to play in the EU today. Feminism is also relevant in terms of the international effort towards equal and human rights for all. As such, the writer notes that EU countries can concentrate their collective efforts towards the developing world in ensuring the empowerment of women. The writer concludes that feminism in any environment, including the EU, will not be obsolete for centuries to come.
From the Paper
"One of the reasons for the apparent irrelevance of feminism in modern Europe is the fact that equal rights have become a reality in almost every area of Western social life. Women are recognized as capable of filling any position they choose, and are provided by law with the right to receive equal pay for such work. In society, the modern Western woman is no longer expected to revolve her purpose in life around marriage, children, and homemaking, while on the other hand nothing prevents her from choosing to do so. Because all these rights have been secured for women, some theorists believe that feminism is no longer necessary, and indeed, no longer has a purpose in modern Europe.
"In Ireland, this nearly halted the feminist movement shortly after its inception, when the right to vote was successfully attained. According to Tomas A. O'Riordan, the right to vote was at the center of first-stage feminism to such an extent that it had become the movement's reason for existence."
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Feminism, 2005.
This paper discusses the political elements of the theory of feminism, which is also viewed as a social theory.
2,210 words (approx. 8.8 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 68.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that feminism is a much lesser studied theory than liberalism or realism in the field of international relations; nonetheless, it deserves attention because women have had an impact on the foundation of international relations. The author points out that feminism, along with other gender theories, are based on three assumptions: 1) Women should be fully incorporated into the field of international relations to ensure an equal voice for everyone, 2) there should be a distinct and noticeable re-focusing of international relations and 3) it assumes that post-positivist methodology should be used in order to deconstruct gender issues at the international level. This paper explains that radical feminism is opposed to integrating existing feminism into any frameworks because it is trying to create a distinctly feminine analysis, which isn't subservient to a male agenda the way other theories have been in the past: They criticize both liberal and critical theories of feminism.
From the Paper
"The next category of feminism that we are going to take a look at is Marxist or critical feminist theory. This theory largely suggests that the problem in the world is capitalism, which has resulted in making women work as a labor of love, for no economic reward, in a sense rendering them invisible. This theory searches for the answer to why women and men have appeared in international relations, instead of a focus on how, like so many other subcategories of feminism. To look at it from a different perspective, critical theory asks us questions like: "What ideas about the appropriate relationship between women and men, feminine and masculine, inform the practices of particular actors and institutions? And what material conditions and social forces contribute to the reproduction of those practices? Finally, are attempts to alter those understandings and practices facilitated or hindered by prevailing material conditions?""
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Morality, Justice, Feminism, 2005.
A look at how morality and justice relate to the concept and practice of feminism in the United States in 2005.
2,295 words (approx. 9.2 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 70.95
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Abstract
This paper begins with an explanation of the difference in the definitions of justice and morality and then explains why the concept of justice and morality both have a bearing on the concept and practice of feminism today. The paper concludes that the idea feminism promotes equality from a scientific perspective, because it seeks to create balance where there was none, as well as from a philosophical perspective, because it is predicated on cooperation, not competition.
Feminism, Morality, Justice
The Second Sex
The Philosophical and Practical Failures of "Third Wave" Feminism
Conclusion
From the Paper
"The role of morality in feminism, then, may be more universal than first thought. Morality can be traced to the branching of hominids into people and 'other' and the moral imperative for an animal as smart as a human not to foul its own nest nor do harm to its own kind. An animal that smart can take care to keep his 'nest' clean for altruistic purposes, or, if he is as smart as all that, surely he can see that it is simply impractical in the long run to foul his own nest or harm members of his own species. Among the activities that would certainly foul the smart, strong animal's nest would be cruelty to the other smart animal he needs to give him comfort, and, quite frankly, to ensure generational succession."
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"Bringing Transnational Relations Back In", 2007.
A review of Thomas Risse-Kappen's book, "Bringing Transnational Relations Back In. Non-State Actors, Domestic Structure and International Institutions".
3,223 words (approx. 12.9 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 92.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses how the book "Bringing Transnational Relations Back In. Non-State Actors, Domestic Structure and International Institutions" by Thomas Risse-Kappen takes a fresh look at the impact of non-state actors on world politics and on the foreign policies of states. It also discusses how it revives the debate on transnational relations which started in the 1970s, and was at the time focused on state-centred approaches. It looks at how Risse-Kappen's new approach highlights the interactions of states and transnational actors, arguing that domestic structures of the state as well as international institutions mediate the policy influence of transnational actors.
From the Paper
"The fifth chapter is entitled "Transnational relations, domestic structures, and security policy in the USSR and Russia (1982 - 1994)". The author, Matthew Evangelista, aims to present a theoretical rationale understanding why the Soviet Union should have been open to the influence of transnational actors - in this case organisation of the Soviet and US scientists pursuing arms control initiatives - even in the high politics of security policy. This represents a break with the literature of the 1970s which assumed that transnational relations would predominate in issue areas outside the realm of 'high politics' and in countries where democratic politics would permit penetration of government policy making by transnational as well as domestic actors. Evangelista also seeks to evaluate an important implication of the generalization linking domestic structures and transnational activities. "
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Second-Wave Feminism, 2004.
Analyzes the theme of second-wave feminism in Marlo Thomas's book, "Free to Be You and Me".
1,254 words (approx. 5.0 pages), 2 sources, MLA, $ 42.95
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Abstract
This paper examines how Marlo Thomas?s children?s book, "Free To Be?You and Me", published in 1974, is a prime example of second-wave feminist activism. It looks at how, unlike first-wave feminism, typified by the suffrage movement and personified by women like Susan B. Anthony, second-wave feminism had two primary agendas, which can be seen in Thomas's novel. It attempts to show how second-wave feminism, with such slogans as ?the personal is the political,? and the ideology of consciousness raising, are implicitly, as well as explicitly, exemplified in "Free to Be You and Me".
From the Paper
"Millett's highly influential text led women to see patriarchy as ever-present and ever-expansive. Women's oppression was not only played out in the traditional political structures that first wave feminists had identified (legal, economic, educational), but it was also played out in women's minds and bodies. Hence, rejecting gender conditioning and fighting for reproductive choice became key second wave issues. The short skits and catchy songs of Thomas?s storybook were meant to stop gender conditioning at the core; the most influential period, childhood. Titles like "Housework," "Ladies First," and "Grandma," identify and attempt to dismantle many commonly held gender stereotypes of the 1970s, and contradict most other books and programming available for children at that time."
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Feminism, 2005.
A brief overview of the three waves of feminism in U.S. history.
735 words (approx. 2.9 pages), 4 sources, APA, $ 26.95
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Abstract
The first wave of feminism began in 1848. This paper looks at the subsequent two waves of feminism in American history, including the women most identified with the movement in each era. The paper focuses on the third wave and examines its similarity to postmodern feminism.
From the Paper
"Third wave feminism is often considered very similar to postmodern feminism but also very different. Postmodern feminists generally tend to believe that there are many different ways that women can be oppressed rather than one way, and that feminists need to think from a dualistic perspective when considering self identity (Frederick, 2004:18)."
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When Feminism Goes too Far, 2002.
A discussion of radical feminism in today's society.
1,852 words (approx. 7.4 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 59.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses how radical feminism today is not only harmful in image, but has its principles backwards with its continued passion for gender uniformity in America today. It examines the differences between inequality and discrimination with examples through history of female oppression and feminism. It looks at how certain types of militants are twisting feminism into a reverse discrimination that harms the integrity of the feminist movement itself. Men and women don?t need to be the same.
From the Paper
"Looking through these centuries of structural and attitudinal oppression, it?s easy to understand the fire with which female suffragists ignited their cause. Slowly, women began speaking. They began thinking. One historical example of the loss of intellectual inhibition was Dolly Madison?s letters to her husband, President James Madison. Not only did she use sarcasm to poke at him, she was also quite frank and candid with her thoughts. She even urged President Madison to ?remember the ladies? when constructing the new constitution. The culmination of these strides was the Seneca Falls convention of 1848. Female activists including Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Susan B. Anthony, and Lucretia Mott gathered together to discuss and make plans for the future of feminine equality."
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Feminism and the Family in Iran, 2002.
A look at the state of feminism and the women's movement in contemporary Iran.
1,400 words (approx. 5.6 pages), 5 sources, $ 53.95
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Abstract
It will be argued that the assumptions of Western feminist theory and practice - constructed within a Western social and cultural environment - are not directly applicable to the Iranian social and cultural milieu. However, it must be understood that this essay will not assume a "cultural relativist" position with respect to the discussion of the role of women and feminism in contemporary Iran. As will be seen, despite a history of feminist activism in Iran under the Shah, and the contribution of Iranian women to the Islamic Revolution, organized feminism in Iran today has been systematically crushed by the conservative Islamic authorities. It will be argued that contrary to official Iranian propaganda - supported by some Iranian feminists who have been pressured to denounce Western feminism(s), as well as by some Western "relativist" feminists - women have been politically, socially and economically marginalized in Iranian society. However, Iranian women have "improvised" in the face of this oppression; creating new roles for themselves that use the Iranian family unit as the basis for their enterprises. The Iranian family, as will be shown, is key to understanding the role of women in modern Iran.
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