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A Tragedy of Errors, 1999.
Opinion paper arguing that Shakespeare's "Romeo and Juliet" qualifies as a tragedy according to the definition set forth by Aristotle.
1,030 words (approx. 4.1 pages), 2 sources, MLA, $ 36.95
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Abstract
This paper argues that William Shakespeare's Romeo and Juliet is a true tragedy according to Aristotle's definition of tragedy. The paper includes textual examples to back up author's opinion. The paper also discusses how the timeless tale is still widely popular and evokes compassion and pity by all who experience the play.
From the Paper
"By the end of the play, Romeo and Juliet are in a highly unfavorable position death. Their families also suffer they have lost their only children. This very complicated sequence of events is complex enough to be interesting, but the emotions behind the situations are extremely real. Anyone watching the play would have had experience with missed chances and the consequences of hurrying things. Therefore, we find that " Romeo and Juliet" is a true tragedy according to Aristotle. It follows the sequence of events that define tragedy and evokes the emotions of pity and fear in an audience that identifies with the main characters."
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Medication Administration Errors, 2004.
An examination of what nurses perceive as the causative factors contributing to medication administration errors.
1,742 words (approx. 7.0 pages), 16 sources, MLA, $ 56.95
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Abstract
This paper examines how, too often, health care systems do not take the time necessary to define causative factors for medication administration errors and how, rather, it is more convenient to simply assign blame. It looks at how studies suggest that medication administration errors are on the rise and how far more errors happen than are currently reported. It proposes a study to investigate how health care systems contribute to medication administration errors and to better define exactly what critical factors are most to blame for those errors. It aims to examine the notion that systematic errors are in large part to blame for administration errors, rather than individual errors. It also intends to develop a framework for identifying potential causes for errors, thus supplying nursing care professionals much needed tools to enable them to prevent such errors.
Outline
Introduction
Background of Problem
Significance of the Problem
Problem Statement
Conceptual Framework
Preliminary Literature Review
Method
Research Design
Data Collection Procedure
Ethical Considerations
From the Paper
"In a health care environment, a system may be defined as the following: an integrated delivery system, a centrally owned multi-hospital system, an operating room, an obstetrical unit or an oncology unit (NAP, n.d.: 45). To understand how errors might happen in a system, one must first examine the more far reaching elements of a system. For example, the operating room can be tied to the larger surgical department, which is part of a hospital, which is ?part of a larger health care delivery system? (NAP, n.d.:45). This makes the process of identifying an error within the system more challenging, because there are greater areas to examine."
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Tragedy and Comedy, 2004.
This paper discusses that the genres of drama, tragedy and comedy, are not always exclusive; many plays and films fit into both categories simultaneously.
2,510 words (approx. 10.0 pages), 9 sources, MLA, $ 76.95
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Abstract
This paper identifies one characteristic of comedy and two characteristics of tragedy and demonstrates their application to scenes from four plays considered some of the greatest tragedies ever penned, Shakespeare?s ?Oedipus Rex?, ?Macbeth?, ?Romeo and Juliet?, and ?Hamlet?; and from two films, the comedy, ?Pretty Woman?, and tragedy, ?The Path to War?. The author explains that one characteristic of comedy is the exaggerated or wry manner in which human folly or foolishness is underscored, and two characteristics of tragedy are the struggles or suffering of the protagonist over moral issues and the raising of questions about the meaning of human existence. The paper states that the ?Path to War? and ?Oedipus Rex? are pure tragedy based on circumstances and errors in judgment; whereas, ?Pretty Woman? is a film that is a comedy because its light heartedness and innocence completely overshadow its tragic characteristics.
From the Paper
"Perhaps the most appropriate starting point for demonstrating that a comedy and tragedy are not necessarily mutually exclusive, though they have long been considered the main divisions of drama is "Romeo and Juliet". Indeed, although "Romeo and Juliet" is hailed as one of the greatest love tragedies ever written, it, almost deceptively, appears to be a comedy for the most part. In fact, had Shakespeare not used the prologue to announce that the play was about star-crossed lovers; the audience may well have been completely deceived in expecting or hoping for a happy ending, particularly since the opening scene itself is a witty one that mocks human foolishness through a dialogue between Sampson and Gregory from the house of Capulets."
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Reducing the Incidence of Medication Errors, 2008.
An analysis of the reasons for and the ways to prevent medication errors in the healthcare setting.
1,556 words (approx. 6.2 pages), 8 sources, APA, $ 51.95
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Abstract
This paper provides an overview of medication errors. It describes the most common types and causes of medication errors and discusses the impact of medication errors on patient care. The paper then provides some strategies that can be used in virtually any healthcare setting in order to help reduce the number of medication errors that occur and therefore improve patient care.
Table of Contents:
Review and Discussion
Definition of Medication Error
Causes of Medication Errors
Impact on Client Care
Strategies to Prevent Medication Errors
Conclusion
From the Paper
"The research and empirical observations suggest that because healthcare professionals are just human, medication errors will happen and the consequences of such errors can be severe. The research also showed, though, that nursing staff in particular can benefit from the above-stated five "rights" to help them avoid some of the most common types of medication errors which were shown to include improper dosages, the wrong drugs and the wrong route of administration. Because the consequences of medication errors can be so dire, it is vitally important for all healthcare providers to take the time necessary to use the strategies outlined above to help guide them in the proper preparation, dispensing and administration of all medications."
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Tragedy, Aristotle and "Death of a Salesman", 2007.
An analysis of how Aristotle defines tragedy and how it is portrayed by Arthur Miller in his play "Death of a Salesman".
4,224 words (approx. 16.9 pages), 9 sources, APA, $ 112.95
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Abstract
Arthur Miller's "Death of a Salesman" has several strong literary and socially disturbing dimensions, but the one that stands most is its tragic dimension. This paper contends that "Death of a Salesman" is in fact tragic, and that within that tragic dimension there are several themes that are apparent and important: financial failure, emotional inadequacy, false pride, sports promise and sports failure, sexual confusion and impropriety, career stumbling, a dysfunctional family, death and madness. Tragedy to varying and diverse degrees is presented as a dynamic that is witnessed in Willy's family, in Willy's failed careers, and of course in his failed relationship with his son and in his marriage. Additionally there are tragic circumstances within the popular American contemporary vernacular of sports. The paper also examines Aristotle's stance on tragedy and how it compares to that of Arthur Miller.
Outline:
Introduction
What Is Tragedy? Miller's Philosophy on Tragedy and His Perspective on the Play
What Is Aristotle's Philosophy Regarding Tragedy?
The Death of a Salesman: The Literature and the Scholarship
Other Tragic Features of the Play
From the Paper
"After going to lengths to point out that Miller sees the central tragic figure in the play as Willy, Hagopian insists that it's Biff Loman, Willy's son, is the one who "ultimately makes things happen, who responds to the great trauma in his life with an emotional and moral paralysis..." That point could be rebutted effectively, but meantime a more pertinent point that Hagopian makes is that, after Biff finds his dad in a hotel room with another woman; "You fake!" he barks. "You phony little fake! You fake!" And now dad has been fired from his job, and Willy fears his son will expose his immoral deeds to mom. But Biff does not, he just wants to rage at his dad, and say "goodbye to you Pop...let's just wrap it up, heh?" The scene that Willy provokes has definite tragic consequences, Hagopian admits on page 40. "
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Medical Errors, 2005.
How mandatory reporting systems and computer technology are addressing the issue of medical errors.
8,105 words (approx. 32.4 pages), 12 sources, APA, $ 174.95
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Abstract
This paper takes a detailed look at what the health care industry is doing in order to combat the current crisis of deaths due to preventable medical errors. The paper also examines the benefits and challenges to the system, which the health care industry is implementing to deal with the problem, and provides recommended guidelines for improving patient safety.
Table of Contents
Medical Errors Background Information
Stakeholders
Type of Errors
Mandatory Reporting Systems
Challenges
Legal Protection of Error Information
Public Disclosure of Errors
Legislation
Patient Involvement
Recommended Guidelines
Elements Impacting Mandatory Reporting Costs
The Mandatory System at Work: Florida and NY
Use and Analysis of Data: Florida
Use and Analysis of Data: New York
Cost Analysis of Reporting Programs
From the Paper
"The solution is to crate an atmosphere in hospitals that fosters less blame, not more, according to the IOM report. A blue-ribbon pane appointed by the IOM argues that the failure to acknowledge and analyze mistakes deprives hospitals of important information that could help prevent similar mistakes in the future. However, many in the healthcare industry argue that mandatory reporting of errors will foster an atmosphere of lawsuits and backlash by the public. The end results would be increased costs, higher insurance premiums, and an overall distrust of hospitals and other healthcare facilities."
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English Renaissance Tragedy ? "The Duchess of Malfi" by John Webster., 2001.
An in-depth analysis of this English Renaissance tragedy, the various factors involved which lead to the tragic ending and the struggle between good and evil.
2,800 words (approx. 11.2 pages), 2 sources, $ 83.95
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Abstract
In this paper the author examines the theme of tragedy that runs through this play. In so doing he looks at the primary relationships in the play - the relationship between the Cardinal, the Duchess and Ferdinand and the relationship between the Duchess and Antonio which he suggests is central to the play. He also suggests that the character of Bosola is an additional factor in the events that lead to the tragic end. The author examines each of these factors in turn, looking at the characters involved, their characteristics and the meaning of each factor and concludes by showing, not only how all these events led to the tragic ending, but also what meaning this has for the reader.
From the paper:
?The central tragedy of the play is that of the Duchess. She is represented as a fine woman in terrible circumstances. Her tragic flaw is her need to follow her heart. She defies the reality of the situation and makes the decision to marry Antonio and ultimately suffers for this choice. The tragedy of the situation is that she does nothing wrong. Her relationship with Antonio is pure. Even with the tragedy that results, she accepts this as a consequence of loving Antonio and accepts her fate.?
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Shakespeare, Aristotle, and the Idea of Tragedy, 2004.
Examines the dynamic forms of catharsis and tragic flaws in William Shakespeare?s plays and how they relate to Aristotle's definition of tragedy.
2,409 words (approx. 9.6 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 73.95
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Abstract
William Shakespeare?s most beloved plays are his tragedies. If one were to list his best and most popular plays, "Othello", "Romeo and Juliet", "Hamlet", "King Lear" ,and so forth, one would find the list comprised almost entirely of tragedies. The paper states, therefore, that it would not be amiss to say that much of the modern literary conception of theatrical tragedy is shaped and influenced by Shakespeare. At the same time, the paper shows that the definitions of the tragic form ,as understood at the roots of theatrical history in Greco-Roman times, continue to be part and parcel of the official comprehension of tragedy. The paper shows that many critics have sought to force Shakespeare into the mold of tragedy as defined in Aristotle?s "Poetica", and many others have rightfully protested that he was not cast from that mold, and that, in fact, he owes little to it.
From the Paper
"On the other hand, there is a startling number of criteria discusses by Aristotle that Yanni never mentions, and which Shakespeare either fulfills or denies to some degree. For example, Aristotle suggests that the proper metre for drama is ?The iambic? the proof is that in talking to each other we most often use iambic lines.? (Aristotle) The majority of Shakespeare?s tragedies, of course, use iambic lines. Likewise, Aristotle claims that ?Necessarily then every tragedy has six constituent parts, and on these its quality depends. These are plot, character, diction, thought, spectacle, and song.? Shakespeare is well known for his focus on diction, spectacle, and even song. In these categories one could make any number of parallels between Aristotle?s dramatic suggestions and the original staged forms of Shakespeare?s work."
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Greek Tragedy and "Oedipus Rex", 2002.
Examines the history of Greek tragedy and describes "Oedipus Rex" as the greatest of all Greek tragedies.
2,015 words (approx. 8.1 pages), 4 sources, $ 63.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the historical evolution and maturation of tragedy in ancient Greece, and the characteristics of a tragic hero. The author focuses on one of the most famous Greek tragedies, Oedipus Rex, and greatly details the story of Oedipus and his tragic flaws. The paper also discusses all elements in an ancient Greek production, such as the prologue, chorus, and exodus.
From the Paper
"Oedipus Rex is a story of one man?s pursuit for truth. Although Oedipus falls victim to obstacles he is unable to overcome, he encounters these obstacles along his journey to find the truth. In the view of Sophocles, the tragic hero must accept the responsibility for his actions, as does Oedipus in the final scene, regardless of his original motives and inability to control or understand the forces in which rule his life. The plot, Oedipus? search for truth, and the chorus are all contributing factors that make Oedipus Rex the greatest in the history of all Greek tragedies."
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Aristotle's Definition of the Tragedy, 2006.
This paper analyzes Sophocles' "Oedipus the King" according to Aristotle's definition of the tragedy.
965 words (approx. 3.9 pages), 0 sources, $ 34.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that, in Aristotle's definition of the tragedy, the most important element is that the medium in which the events occur is a drama rather than a narrative. The author points out that Sophocles' "Oedipus the King' is a tragedy that is demonstrated through the unity of events. The paper rates that thought, which relates to the ideas behind the tragic events in the drama, and diction, which refers to the expression of meaning through words, are other important tragic elements that Aristotle defines as important in a tragedy. The author discusses Sophocles' use of the chorus, which coincides with Aristotle's fifth important element of tragedy---song or melody.
From the Paper
"The second important element of the tragedy is a strong main character, who supports the plot of the drama. In this, the main character's motivations and fears interlink with the plot elements in the movement towards the climax of the tragedy. The main character, according to Aristotle, should not only be a person of great importance and prosperity in society, but he should also have admirable personality traits. The combination of material and spiritual prosperity will then make the outcome all the more tragic. This is certainly so in the case of Oedipus."
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"Oedipus Rex" as a Tragedy, 2004.
A discussion of the way that the play, "Oedipus Rex", is a tragedy.
816 words (approx. 3.3 pages), 2 sources, MLA, $ 29.95
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Abstract
In his classic work, "Poetics", Aristotle describes the elements of a tragedy. One of the most important elements is the tragic hero. The major characteristic of the tragic hero is a fatal flaw that results in their demise. Other common elements of a tragedy include the use of irony, the inclusion of an anagnorisis, and the catharsis that the audience experiences. These elements of the tragedy are all observed in "Oedipus Rex". Each of these elements are described in this paper.
From the Paper
"The first element present is the tragic hero, with King Oedipus taking on this role. King Oedipus's decline is based partly on his fate, where he is fated to kill his father and then marry his own mother. Importantly, it is not just this fate that results in his decline. If this were true, then it would not be his fatal flaw leading to the downfall. The fatal flaw, which Aristotle referred to as Hamartia, is Oedipus's ego and pride. His excessive pride and his strong ego results in Oedipus ignoring the fate, which represents the will of the Gods, and believing that he can overcome his fate. This results in King Oedipus leaving what he thinks is his own homeland and travelling to his real homeland where he kills his father and then marries his mother. This illustrates how his fatal flaw results in Oedipus causing his fate to become a reality."
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Tragedy According to Aristotle, 2004.
Explains the elements of a tragedy, according to Aristotle in "Poetics".
788 words (approx. 3.2 pages), 1 source, MLA, $ 28.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the various parts that make up a tragedy, according to Aristotle. The paper explains how each of these elements contributes to the purpose of tragedy as explained by Aristotle. Finally, Sophocles's "Oedipus the King" is used to help illustrate Aristotle's views on tragedy.
From the Paper
"According to Aristotle, all characters within the tragedy must support the plot. The personal motivations of the main character are thus interwoven with the causes and effects within the play. This of course occurs within ?Oedipus?. Oedipus, being adamant to avoid tragedy, walks right into tragedy?s arms. The pity, fear and catharsis all occur with the character of Oedipus at the center, while the rest of the characters support him as well as the events of the plot. The catharsis is all the more intense because Oedipus shows himself as a principled and even heroic character; someone to be admired, at least initially."
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Literary Tragedy, 2002.
An analysis of literary tragedy as a function of psychology.
1,500 words (approx. 6.0 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 49.95
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Abstract
This paper shows that the definition of tragedy depends on the meaning perceived by an audience, rather than on a structured stimulus independent of response. The paper focuses on certain psychological principles of tragedy capable of demonstrating the essential kinship between works of tragic literature from ancient Greece to modern times. Various different literary works are discussed, illustrating the varying definitions or criteria for tragedy.
From the Paper
"The compulsion to label any disaster a tragedy as well as perfectly complete textbook definitions of tragedy ignores the intricacies confronted by serious critics and philosophers trying to understand and explain the full meaning of the word tragedy and the varieties of experience that it attempts to describe. While the quantity of writing on tragedy indicates the subject?s complexity and the ongoing interest in finding a modern working definition of tragedy, it has also resulted in it appearing more complex then the dramatic tragic work of literature itself. Such persisting inquiries from ancient times to the present have either built theories of tragedy on discrete philosophical premises, selected different plays as exemplary, or reflected particular cultural values."
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Tragedy, 2002.
This paper explores the history of the tragic art form.
1,190 words (approx. 4.8 pages), 8 sources, $ 40.95
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Abstract
The paper begins by looking at different forms of tragedy and at the purpose of tragedy, as espoused by Plato. The basic element of tragedy (the fall of a noble person due to their own inherent flaws) is discussed. The writer brings in examples of tragic art forms, such as Shakespeare?s ?Othello? and Arthur Miller?s ?Death of a Salesman? and ?The Crucible?, to highlight variations of tragedy. It looks at Miller?s seminal essay,?On Tragedy? and at the components of the modern tragic drama. It presents a comparison between the themes of the Elizabethan ?Hamlet? and the modern/absurdist ?Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Dead?, two plays following the same tragedy from radically different angles. The paper concludes with a study of the key to writing a good tragedy.
From the Paper
"The history of the tragic art form has through-out history undergone many apparent metamorphoses, even while keeping certain elements consistent through their many changes in form and theory. This artform is thought by many to have been brought into existence by the Greeks, and it is certainly best known classically according to Aristotle?s definition in the 4th century Poetics. Yet the writing of tragic stories, and the role they play in history predates even Aristotle. The Jewish scriptures and Egyptian mythologies both relate stories of overwhelming loss and tragedy and hold these events up as tales which should be repeated often. According to Plato, tragedy on the stage is nothing more or less than play-actors pretending to be sad or villainous for no reason, and thus detrimental to the minds of the impressionable who might be purposefully made sad or villainous. Yet Aristotle claimed, most astutely, that tragedy serves instead a noble purpose (and surely the writers of Jewish scriptures and Egyptian tales would agree) He writes that tragedy serves as a catharsis, a purging and cleansing of the soul. While most other conventions and concepts of tragedy, have undergone and should undergo radical reinvention, this central theme of spiritual or emotional cleansing remains consistent and it may be suggested is the primary reason why tragedy has and should continue to exist."
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?The Muse?s Tragedy?, 2004.
This paper discusses Edith Wharton?s unique talent as demonstrated in her short story, ?The Muse?s Tragedy.?
2,695 words (approx. 10.8 pages), 15 sources, MLA, $ 80.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that ?The Muse?s Tragedy? presents us with a woman who has compromised almost every aspect of her life in order to continue living with a ghost of her past, which essentially turns out to be a ghost of her own imagination. The author points out that the tone of this tragedy may owe itself partially to Wharton?s personal life because Wharton infused many aspects of her own life into her stories and novels. The paper relates that ?The Muse?s Tragedy? demonstrates Wharton?s technical skill in character development and in producing a tightly woven structure.
From the Paper
"Some of these elements are present in ?The Muse?s Tragedy? to help create the atmosphere of the two seemingly educated individuals. Calvin Winter agrees with this notion, adding that the in atmosphere of Wharton?s stories ?there is everywhere a pervading sense of art and literature and culture; a sense, as it was, of sunlight softly filtering through richly stained glass; of life seen relentlessly within the limits of a definite angle? (Winter). This angle is one of intelligence and education--perhaps even giving the characters an almost stuffy scholarly feel."
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