| Papers [1-12] of 12 | Search results on "TOXICOLOGY": |
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Forensic Toxicology, 2004.
An overview of the science of forensic toxicology.
1,329 words (approx. 5.3 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 44.95
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Abstract
This paper examines how, prior to modern medicine and the advent of forensic toxicological sciences, death from intentional poisoning was often indistinguishable from natural causes and how, consequently, poisoning with toxic substances was a preferred form of murder throughout human history until relatively recently. It looks at how modern toxicology consists of several distinct scientific specialties: Descriptive, mechanical, and regulatory. It discusses how forensic toxicologists examine blood and other fluids extracted from victims of crimes, as well as organs and other viscera removed from cadavers.
From the Paper
"As the pharmaceutical and chemical industries grew, many more toxic
substances became available to those who would use them for nefarious purposes. These synthetic alkaloids required an entirely different method of identification, such as paper chromatography, based on separation of substances based on their respective molecular size and other chemical properties such as polarity, introduced in the middle of the twentieth century. The final conceptual and technological advance that marked the modern era of forensic toxicology was the subsequent development of gas chromatography and spectrometry , which enable the very precise identification of thousands of different toxic compounds and an accurate measurement of their exact concentrations within organic tissues."
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Toxicology, 2006.
This paper discusses the science of toxicology or the science of poisoning.
1,102 words (approx. 4.4 pages), 9 sources, MLA, $ 38.95
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Abstract
The writer begins this essay with a discussion of the metabolism of toxic substances. The writer explains that the rate of metabolism in effect defines the concentration of the toxic substance. The slower the metabolic rate the more easily the toxic substance enters systemic circulation. Further, in this paper the writer discusses possible poisoning from chemicals such as aspartame or aspirin. The writer concludes this study with a look at the Bhopal carbide plant disaster in 1984.
From the Paper
"The human liver plays an important role in metabolizing and breaking down food material, (including toxic substances) before it can reach the circulatory system and affect the entire body. Nature has defined the liver as a first line defense mechanism against food materials and toxic substances that we may consume unknowingly. The metabolizing enzymes in the hepatocytes are very efficient and this defense mechanism is known as 'first pass effect'. Typically, Phase one reactions are mainly oxidative, reductive or hydrolytic processes and form substrates for phase two conjugations. The cytochrome p450 enzymes are mainly responsible for the Oxidative phase one reactions. These are a group of enzymes that are actually a family of proteins that can act upon a wide range of substrates. Lipophilic chemicals are oxidated to yield water-soluble chemicals. These enzymes also perform heterocyclic hydroxylations and analkylation reactions. The end products of the phase one reactions are ready for conjugation with glycine, glucuronic acid, etc and are easily excreted from the body via urine."
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Toxicology, 2006.
The paper discusses the effects of smoking, asbestosis, aspirin poisoning, lead cadmium and alcohol.
788 words (approx. 3.2 pages), 9 sources, MLA, $ 28.95
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Abstract
The paper gives an overview of toxicological issues and their effects on health aspects. The paper explains why smokers have a greater risk for manifestation of asbestosis than do non-smokers, the scientific content breakdown of aspirin poisoning, the clear link between a low protein diet and increasing blood levels of cadmium and lead and, lastly, the dangers of alcohol. It explains how the human body is a very delicate piece of machinery with very fine balancing mechanisms and the effects that the toxicological issues mentioned have on it.
From the Paper
"Aspirin poisoning creates acid base abnormalities in the body and hence monitoring the blood and urinary Ph values are vital during the treatment. It is well known that blood is a well-buffered fluid system in the body and its normal Ph is 7.41. [DEHL] Since aspirin is quickly hydrolyzed into salicylic acid in the blood plasma there is an observed increase in acidity in the plasma. Increasing plasma salicylate levels leads to metabolic acidosis, which is compensated for by respiratory alkalosis resulting in fast deep breathing. The kidney, as an important homeostatic organ of the body, tries to compensate by absorbing h+ ions or HCo3 ions. An increase in urine ph in effect implies that there is an increase in acidity of blood, which the kidney tries to set right. Sometimes, alkaline diuresis maybe necessary to bring down the urinary and blood acidity levels and to facilitate the kidney in increasing the absorption and urinary elimination of salicylates. [eMedicine] Thus, in effect the blood and urinary Ph are vital statistics in the treatment of aspirin poisoning."
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Drugs and Forensic Toxicology, 2004.
An overview of the techniques used for detecting and identifying foreign chemicals in the body.
900 words (approx. 3.6 pages), 5 sources, APA, $ 31.95
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Abstract
This paper looks at the techniques used by a forensic toxicologists, particularly when looking for drugs in the body postmortem. It looks at what factors have to be considered which change drug levels after death. The paper also looks at how blood alcohol levels are tested when drunk driving is suspected.
From the Paper
"Forensic toxicology is a specialty area of analytical chemistry. Forensic Toxicology is the science of the adverse effects of chemicals on living organisms and a toxicologist detects and identifies foreign chemicals in the body in particular toxic or hazardous substances. Forensic toxicologist usually receive samples for analysis as preserved samples of body fluids stomach contents and body parts. They have access to coroner's reports which will give them any signs and symptoms and postmortem data that may be helpful. Because most substances entering the body are changed..."
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Electromagnetic Fields and their Effects on Health, 2000.
A look at current issues in toxicology such as EMF's and their effects on human health.
2,160 words (approx. 8.6 pages), 8 sources, $ 67.95
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Abstract
An in depth look at electromagnetic fields and their effects on health aspects such as breast cancer, leukemia, tumors and increase in hormone levels. The author argues that no clear evidence shows that EMF's do cause human health defects, yet many studies have proved to be inconclusive making EMF's potential harmful products that need further investigation.
From the Paper
"Electromagnetic fields, or EMF's, are invisible lines of force that surround all electronic devices and wiring. Researchers have explored the question of whether low- frequency electromagnetic fields can cause breast cancer, among other types of cancer, for roughly two decades now. Numerous studies have been conducted attempting to discover a link between EMF's and breast cancer, but most have been inconclusive(Rembert, 1997). They have neither come up with solid support for the hypothesis that EMF's cause breast cancer, nor managed to put it to rest(Taubes, 1997). There is no conclusive scientific evidence at this time showing a direct link between EMF's and breast cancer."
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Aldrin Pesticide, 1993.
This product examined in terms of toxicology, chemical nature, manufacture, accidents, applications, residues, restrictions, intoxication symptoms, effects and exposure limits.
3,600 words (approx. 14.4 pages), 7 sources, $ 127.95
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From the Paper
" Aldrin
Until the early 1970s the pesticide, aldrin, was widely employed for a variety of purposes. Since then though, concern over its possible adverse effects has caused the chemical's use to be progressively restricted. These concerns include its potential for bioaccumulation in the environment, as well as its possible carcinogenicity. Past research has shown that aldrin causes an increased incidence of benign and malignant liver tumors in mice. These data have led to an examination of overly exposed humans..namely, workers in insecticide factories. The studies concluded, however, that there was no evidence of aldrin's carcinogenicity.
"Aldrin" is the common name approved by the International Standards Organization for a product containing not less than 95%.."
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DDT ( Dichlorodiphenyl Trichloroethane ), 1995.
A toxicological analysis of the uses, processes and dangers of insecticide.
1,125 words (approx. 4.5 pages), 6 sources, $ 39.95
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From the Paper
"Dichlorodiphenyl Trichloroethane
Dichlorodiphenyl trichloroethane (DDT) is a nonsystemic contact insecticide. The compound has been employed against a variety of pests. Although DDT can be used to combat insect-transmitted disease, it's most common application is in agriculture. The chemical was widely utilized across the globe from World War II up until 1972. In that year, concern over the potential threat of environmental damage eventually caused the United States to restrict its use.
An organochlorine, DDT's chemical formula is C14H9Cl5. The compound can be variously described. In addition to dichlorodiphenyl trichloroethane, it is also known as the following: (1) p,p'-DDT; (2) 1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)ethane; and (3) 4,4'DDT. There are actually three ..."
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Bufo Alvarius, 2002.
A study of Bufo Alvarius, the psychedelic toad of the Sonoran Desert, and the toxicological effects of toad venom on its natural predators.
1,548 words (approx. 6.2 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 50.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the North America toad, Bufo Alvarius, with respect to its natural defense mechanisms. Background information on the toad is given, as well as a discussion of prior research of and known reactions to the potent chemical, 5-MEO-DMT, secreted by the toad in response to predation. Last, this paper proposes an experimental project designed to establish the toxic blood and/or serum levels of this chemical, as well as characterize the reaction of predators to the chemical.
From the Paper
"With each increasing dose, the effects should be amplified, and may prove to be lethal. At this point, the experiment should be terminated, and the lethal dose should be noted. It is true that the doses administered here are much greater than what would be encountered by any predator or human, but there should be a direct correlation between the effects of the venom in raccoons and in other predators or organisms. I expect that the doses will prove to be fatal before the final dose is administered, while lower concentrations may lead to numbness, blurred vision, and paralysis or catatonic states, in addition to the aforementioned effects."
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Pharmaceutical Chemistry: Levofloxacin, 2008.
A discussion of the levofloxacin antibiotic and its use in the treatment for pneumonia.
2,150 words (approx. 8.6 pages), 15 sources, MLA, $ 67.95
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Abstract
The paper focuses on levofloxacin, an antibiotic that has been used to treat pneumonia, sinusitis, urinary tract infections, bronchitis and exposure to anthrax. The paper describes the drug and how it is effective in the cure for pneumonia. The paper provides a description of its discovery, an evaluation to assess its efficacy and a discussion of the artificial route used in its dynamics. The paper also looks at clinical trials, post-launch market information and at comparisons to other drugs used for pneumonia in terms of suitable treatment.
Outline:
Introduction
Explanation of the Disease that the Drug is involved
and its Effects
Description of Discovery
Evaluation Used to Assess Efficiency
Artificial Route Used in its Dynamics
Information from ADME and Toxicology
Clinical Trials Date and Data
Post-launch Market Information
Comparisons to Other Drugs
Conclusions
From the Paper
"In the previous years, the development of consecutive generations of antibiotics have been elevated and dissected to deter specific diseases. For example, fluoroquinolones with lesser generations such as "levofloxacin, grepafloxacin, sitafloxacin, sparfloxacin," (Ball, 2003, p. 647) has been formulated to deter various infections. Specifically, levofloxacin, an antibiotic has been used to treat an array of bacterial infections such as pneumonia, sinusitis, urinary tract infections, bronchitis and exposure to anthrax. It has also been used as an antidepressant and heartburn. This drug sternly damages the cell walls of the infecting bacteria avoiding any multiplication."
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Forensic Science: The Crime Laboratory, 2002.
A look at some of the technological developments of the crime laboratory.
1,150 words (approx. 4.6 pages), 7 sources, $ 44.95
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Abstract
This paper looks at the evolution of the crime laboratory. Some of the advances in the last two decades have been: forensic photography and electronic imaging, fingerprints to DNA fingerprinting, ccounterfeit detection, toxicology, and CATCH software. All these have helped in advancing the fight against crime.
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Cadmium Poisoning, 2002.
This paper discusses the not very well-known source of poisoning through cadmium, a zinc ore that resembles tin.
1,331 words (approx. 5.3 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 44.95
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Abstract
This paper begins by giving a scientific content breakdown of cadmium, explaining what it looks like and what its uses are. It discusses where the risks exist where one could get cadmium poisoning and what areas are exposed to such an agent. It also looks at toxicological concerns which are the health problems which could occur when exposed to cadmium over a long period of time. It concludes with suggestions for exposure control.
OUTLINE
Introduction
Cadmium poisoning on the Increase
Description of Cadmium
General Concerns about Toxicity
Exposures
Underground Mineral
Water
Airborne
Food
Industrial
Toxicological Concerns
Renal Dysfunction
Immunosuppressant Problems
Emphysema
Anemia
Role in Cancer, Hypertension and Heart and Kidney Disease.
Exposure Control
Safe Levels
Exposure Reduction
From the Paper
"Cadmium poisoning was chosen as a topic because it is a threat that can be avoided and because it is not a well-known source of poisoning. Better knowledge of the issue would help reduce incidence. Cadmium, the name for which was derived from the Greek kadmeia, is a zinc ore that resembles tin. It is a metallic blueish white element with the atomic number 48 and the atomic weight of 112.40. Cadmium has many uses in industry. At one time, Cadmium was included in medications, but these have since been replaced by less toxic drugs. A recurrent problem is cadmium poisoning, brought about through the inhalation of cadmium in fumes created by welding, smelting, or other industrial processes involving solder. Cadmium bromide is used in engraving, lithography, and photography and can cause severe gastrointestinal symptoms if swallowed. Cadmium poisoning may also be caused by the ingestion of acidic foods prepared and stored in cadmium-lined containers, such as lemonade in certain metal cans."
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Forensic Science, 2005.
An introduction to the field of forensic science.
1,840 words (approx. 7.4 pages), 2 sources, APA, $ 63.95
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Abstract
This paper gives an overview of forensic science. The paper studies how forensics is used to identify guns, trace bullets to particular guns, test for toxicology, and determine causes of death. Other topics covered include crime scene investigation, collection of specimens, tire track data and analysis, and footwear analysis from footprints, bloodstains and guns.
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