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Title IX and College Sports, 2007.
This paper explores the Title IX legislation and its ramifications for women's participation in athletics.
5,556 words (approx. 22.2 pages), 30 sources, MLA, $ 135.95
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Abstract
This paper provides a brief historical overview of the role of women in sports. The paper looks at Title IX of the Educational Amendments of 1972 and how judicial interpretation has devalued Title IX policy. The paper argues that a series of court decisions regarding gender equity compliance have effectively dismissed two of the test's three factors and produced a mutated version of the law's founding intent. The paper describes how institutional and agency response to Title IX and to these decisions forces the continual containment of female intercollegiate athletics. Finally, the paper considers the most recent Title IX policy clarifications and concludes that until Title IX is allowed to dismantle the socially constructed dichotomy of femininity and athleticism, it will not eradicate gender inequities. The paper uses MLA style footnotes but does not append a bibliography.
Outline:
Introduction
The Role of Women in Sport-Historical Perspectives
Title IX Policy and Implementing Regulations
Judicial Devaluation of the Three Prong Test
Agency and Institutional Response to Title IX
Title IX at Thirty-The Most Recent Mutation of Gender Equality
Conclusion
From the Paper
"In 1968, a twelve-year old girl was playing catch with her brother before his Little League baseball game. A roving coach noticed her skilled throws and invited her to join her brother's team. Before the enthusiastic girl could shake her head in emphatic affirmation, the coach nonchalantly outlined a couple of caveats - she could play if she cut her hair short, like a boy, and he would call her "Bob." Not brought up to be a "covert operative," she politely declined. Nearly four decades later, accomplished athlete Dot Richardson told this story to the United States Senate as part of her testimony for the promotion and advancement of women in sports. She was that 12-year-old girl, and in the late 1960s and early 1970s, she began her ascent into womanhood in an era when "female" and "athlete" were mutually exclusive terms. Yet, by 1996, having developed into one of the most formidable shortstops in Olympic history, Richardson helped propel the United States softball team to gold-medal glory."
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Title IX, 2006.
This paper discusses the history of Title IX and argues in favor of its retention.
2,965 words (approx. 11.9 pages), 7 sources, APA, $ 87.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that, although Title IX is most famous for demanding parity in funding for athletics for both male and female teams in terms of activities offered, scholarship opportunities and dollars allocated for coaching and equipment, its goal is parity of educational opportunities for men and women in all areas of academia. The author points out that critics of Title IX claim that enforcement has evolved into an unfair quota system and underfunding of collegiate sports such as track and field and crew. The paper relates that one of the most significant impacts of Title IX is that women, regardless of whether they participate in athletics, now graduate from college in numbers proportionate to those of their male counterparts.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
History of Title IX
Recent Legislative Controversy--Title IX
Years of Social Changes and Other Legacies of Title IX
Title IX Not a Panacea--Some Hidden Costs
Conclusion
From the Paper
"In reference to athletics and professional development, it is worthy of note that one cannot simply separate success in athletics from success later in life. Of course, it is a cliche that athletics teach athletes about fairness and good sportsman- (or person)-ship. Scholarship opportunities are also often critical in helping disadvantaged and minority students gain access to a college education and to scholarships, both men and women. So long as the school's commitment to spectator athletics does not outweigh its commitment to academics this can be a boon for the athletes it benefits."
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Title IX - Current Interpretation and Enforcement Should Continue, 2002.
Argues that the enactment of Title IX has been very effective in equalizing rights between men and women and that its continued enforcement is necessary if this equality is to be maintained.
1,150 words (approx. 4.6 pages), 5 sources, $ 44.95
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Abstract
Since the enactment of Title IX in 1972, it certainly seems appropriate to suggest that the United States is a more equal, more educated, and more successful nation because of this legislation. So much has been accomplished in the classroom and on the playing field because of Title IX. Thanks to Title IX, we as a nation have confirmed what can be accomplished when we give every person (both men and women) an equal opportunity to be their best. Therefore, the current interpretation and enforcement of Title IX should continue so that we as a nation continue to progress instead of regress in the arena of gender equality.
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Title IX of the Education Amendments, 2007.
This paper discuses Title IX of the Education Amendments to the Civil Rights Act of 1964, also known as the Patsy T. Mink Equal Opportunity in Education Act in honor of its creator.
755 words (approx. 3.0 pages), 9 sources, MLA, $ 26.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that Title IX was the first comprehensive federal law of its kind intended to prohibit sexual discrimination against students and employees of educational institutions. The author points out that many people mistakenly believe Title IX only deals with athletics; whereas, it actually covers ten key areas such as access to education for pregnant and parenting students and standardized testing. The paper stresses that Title IX did much to alleviate the belief that men and women are not capable of reaching the same levels of achievement. The author concludes that, although not all traces of gender inequality in educational settings have been eradicated, it is quite obvious Title IX has been a success.
From the Paper
"Patsy Mink, the creator of Title IX, was a United States Representative from Hawaii. She was the first minority female to serve in Congress. Throughout her long and successful career, Mink did much to advance women's struggle for equality. Patsy Mink realized that American society is not constructed as a society that readily provides equal opportunities to males and females. Mink experienced many instances of discrimination while trying to advance through education. "
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Title IX and Reverse Discrimination, 2007.
This paper explores whether Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972 has led to reverse discrimination for male athletes.
2,072 words (approx. 8.3 pages), 9 sources, APA, $ 65.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses the argument that Title IX, the law about gender equality, has caused reverse discrimination for males in sports. The paper looks at the argument that Title IX has helped bring more funding to women, but has hurt men immensely and has failed to generate any substantial amount of interest in women's sports. The paper explores the research and concludes that Title IX has not led to reverse discrimination. The paper shows how Title IX was not created and enforced to discriminate against men, but rather to provide opportunities for women.
Outline:
Introduction
Progress
Effects
Blame game
The Numbers
Cases
Conclusion
From the Paper
"The term Title IX has been thrown around a lot these past few years, however a new question has arisen: Has Title IX led to reverse discrimination in American universities? Title IX is known as a living, breathing law as it has faced over 20 proposed changes. Considering the numerous times the law has been challenged and subjected to reviews, it is hard to understand why anyone would want to change the nation's definition of equality. Since Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972 was passed, the United States has gone through serious changes in the classroom and on the playing field. According to Merriam-Webster Dictionary, reverse discrimination is stated as, "discrimination against males (as in employment or education)". Title IX was undoubtedly the savior of women's rights. However, in recent years, Title IX has become the subject of reverse discrimination and has even led national associations to file lawsuits based on the losses of male athletes."
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Title IX, 2005.
This paper discusses the impact of Title IX on college sports.
4,500 words (approx. 18.0 pages), 15 sources, $ 178.95
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Abstract
The paper examines the history of Title IX. The paper explains that it is necessary to examine how and why gender discrimination law evolved, for this reveals the gender equality issues that Title IX was formulated to deal with in sports and demonstrates why the courts responded as they did. The paper explains that Title IX did not appear out of thin air; it was a nineteen-seventies victory for gender equality that was due to the long struggle women had fought for decades in pursuit of equal rights in the United States.
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Title IX, 2007.
An analysis of the impact of Title IX on sports participation opportunities in college.
719 words (approx. 2.9 pages), 2 sources, MLA, $ 25.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the impact of Title IX on college sports. The paper discusses the effects of activists using Title IX empowerment to advocate for women's sports teams and how and why conservatives resisted their efforts. It shows the development of the concept of women's sports teams and how participation opportunities for both male and female athletes have significantly increased since the passage of Title IX into law during the Nixon Administration.
From the Paper
"In conclusion, Title IX was signed into law by President Nixon on June 23, 1972 and prohibits sex discrimination in any education program or activity, within an institution receiving any type of Federal financial assistance. Because of the broad nature of Title IX legal language and the attitudes of some conservatives about the role of women in society, Title IX has been controversial. But since it became law it has enabled millions of women to participate in college sports, and that benefit far outweighs any relatively minor impact on men's teams or university budgets."
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Title IX Financing, 2004.
An assessment of Title IX funding requirements for intercollegiate athletics.
904 words (approx. 3.6 pages), 5 sources, APA, $ 31.95
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Abstract
This paper describes and assesses the impact of Title IX funding requirements for intercollegiate athletics. The paper looks at its indirect impact of being used as a tool to marginalize men and male athletic programs.
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Title IX: Good Law, Bad Mandating, 2002.
Examining the law "Title IX" which requires equal opportunities for male and female sports people alike.
1,800 words (approx. 7.2 pages), 7 sources, MLA, $ 57.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses pros and cons of Title IX. It examines its effect on collegiate athletics and predicted problems with the future. The writer presents problems with proportions and quotas and how the Bush administration addresses this issue.
From the Paper
"Passed in 1972, Title IX is a set of federal provisions that seek to level the playing field for both male and female athletes throughout the country. Title IX mandates equal opportunities for participation for both genders in educational programs that receive federal funding. However, from the very beginning this legislation has been involved in a whirlwind of controversy, largely because of the incredible grey area it attempts to sift through. While most of Title IX?s critics even agree it is worthwhile, the debate has been in the criterion for and application of the mandates. Now, in light of newly filed lawsuits and a recently formed federal review commission, Title IX is back in the limelight again."
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Title IX, 2005.
An overview of Title IX, passed into law by Congress to end discrimination in athletic programs.
2,250 words (approx. 9.0 pages), 5 sources, APA, $ 79.95
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Abstract
This paper presents a review of literature for Title IX, the regulatory policy to end sex discrimination in publicly funded schools with respect to athletics.
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Title IX: Women?s Sports, 2005.
Discusses how this 1972 legislation affects women's sports, especially at college level.
1,688 words (approx. 6.8 pages), 6 sources, APA, $ 54.95
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Abstract
The 1972 legislation Title IX, one of 13 amendments to the Civil Rights Act of 1964, launched a revolution in the way that federally funded schools treat women in athletic programs. This paper examines how research fails to show that female athletes get the status, respect and approval that athletic participation brings to males. The paper argues that decades after the passage of Title IX, few colleges have adequately met standards for gender equity in school sport.
From the Paper
"Title IX was the start of two decades of significant athletic progress in academic institutions and beyond. In women's college sport, the number of intercollegiate athletes in the United States rose from 16,000 to over 160,000 between the early 1970s and late 1980s (Cahn, 1999). Along with this dramatic increase in numbers, women athletes enjoyed far greater acceptance and appreciation, as more and more female athletes became household names and famous celebrities."
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Gender Equality in Athletics, 2004.
An analysis of Title IX, the law promoting gender equality in scholastic and collegiate athletic events.
2,993 words (approx. 12.0 pages), 10 sources, MLA, $ 88.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the controversial role that Title IX has played in guaranteeing equal opportunities to both genders in high school and collegiate athletics. The paper explains that the topic's justification stems from its almost limitless potential in affording valuable opportunities to athletes who otherwise might have been excluded from participation. It outlines the three main applications of Title IX - the promise to guarantee gender equity of financial assistance to athletic programs, the accommodation of athletic interests and abilities and equal benefits, opportunities and treatment provided to athletes.
From the Paper
"From its inception one June 23,1972, Title IX has been subject to much congressional debate and modification, fortunately being upheld and even expanded in the last 27 years. The first substantial threat to Title IX occurred in 1974, with Senator Tower proposed the Tower Amendment, which would "exempt revenue-earning sports from being tabulated" in Title IX compliance data. Although it was defeated, the slight modification of the Javits Amendment, "with respect to intercollegiate activities, reasonable provision considering the nature of participating sports," was approved, thus allowing for provisions of inevitable, slight inequalities with regards to event management. Two more attempts to restrict the extent of Title IX with regards to revenue-producing sports were defeated in 1975, and the same year the Title was signed into law by President Gerald R. Ford. The controversy was reawakened in 1977 when Senators Jesse Helms and Representative Martin called for the repealing of Title IX, but their efforts did not win sufficient support. At the decade's end, the Department of Health, Education, and Welfare finally instituted a formal policy to define the function of Title IX, that it listed "an institution's obligation to provide equal opportunities and details the factors to considered in assessing actual compliance." "
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Save Title XI!, 2007.
This paper discusses the legacy of US legislative amendment Title XI, focusing on its effects upon the participation of women in sports.
875 words (approx. 3.5 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 31.95
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Abstract
In this article the writer points out that when the anti-discriminatory legislative amendment known as Title XI was passed in 1972, many Americans laughed at the idea of women participating in competitive sports at all, much less female sports competing for an equal level of spectator attention and funding at institutions of higher learning. This paper looks at the legacy of Title XI, as today, powerful and positive images of female sports stars such as Venus Williams adorn the covers of magazines, and women everywhere run in marathons, take their daughters to soccer leagues or participate in such leagues themselves, and simply enjoy the delights of hard, physical competitive effort. The writer argues that Title IX must continue to mandate equal funding as without equal funding it will be too easy for colleges and high schools to go back to the old traditions of supporting male sports disproportionately, in comparison to supporting female activities.
From the Paper
"Encouraging women to participate in athletics is not merely an issue of equality in school, or about building champion athletes who can win college championships. It is also an issue of health. As America becomes increasingly concerned about the inactivity of its citizens, encouraging a group of people such as women who have been historically discouraged from being physically active is vital for the well-being of the entire nation. Also, when people compete in athletics, they experience a positive uplift in their sense of self-esteem as well as their physical prowess. Women must see other women, like themselves, participating in sports, rather than simply see images of themselves as spectators on the sidelines to gain this sense of positive esteem."
"Critics of Title XI argue that by requiring institutions of higher learning to provide equal funding and equal opportunities for men and women is not valid, because there is less public interest, amongst both men and women, in collegiate sports."
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Title VII, 2007.
A discussion of the evolution of Title VII and its application in the workplace.
1,436 words (approx. 5.7 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 47.95
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Abstract
This paper summarizes the provisions associated with Title VII. It details the history and evolution of Title VII and how it aims to ensure equality for people of all races, religions, genders, ages, and disabilities. The paper discusses Title VII's workplace application. It details who is and who is not covered under Title VII and describes policies that companies should employ in order to avoid Title VII violations.
Table of Contents:
Abstract
Title VII
The History and Evolution of Title VII
The Impact of Title VII in the Workplace
Title VII Coverage
Avoiding Title VII Violations
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Understanding the rights of employers and employees is critical to the success of any organization. Employers have a responsibility to ensure equality for people of all races, religions, genders, ages, and disabilities and should not tolerate discrimination of any form. This paper provides a summation for provisions associated with Title VII. The history and evolution of Title VII will be detailed along with workplace application, who is and who is not covered under Title VII and policies that companies should enact to avoid Title VII violations."
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Title VII, 2007.
An analysis of the history and evolution of Title VII of the Civil Rights Act and its applications to the workplace.
1,472 words (approx. 5.9 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 48.95
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Abstract
This paper summarizes the scope of Title VII and its applications to the workplace. The paper includes details pertaining to the history and evolution of Title VII, the impact of Title VII in the workplace, who is covered and not covered under Title VII and its amendments. The paper then goes on to discuss policies that companies should have in place to avoid Title VII violations.
Table of Contents:
Abstract
Title VII
The History and Evolution of Title VII
The Impact of Title VII in the Workplace
Title VII Coverage
Avoiding Title VII Violations
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Understanding the rights of employers and employees is critical to the success of any organization. Employers have a responsibility to ensure equality for people of all races, religions, genders, ages, and disabilities and should not tolerate discrimination of any form. This paper provides a summation for provisions associated with Title VII. The history and evolution of Title VII will be detailed along with workplace application, who is and who is not covered under Title VII and policies that companies should enact to avoid Title VII violations."
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