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The Theory of Atomism, 2008.
This paper examines Bertrand Russell's theory of atomism.
2,782 words (approx. 11.1 pages), 8 sources, APA, $ 83.95
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Abstract
The paper explains Bertrand Russel's theory of atomism, which emphasizes logical analysis and its consequences for metaphysics. The paper describes how Russel explains the structure of the external world and discusses how pluralism, rather than monism, is the logical force behind the philosophy. The paper also looks at the many arguments against Russell's theory of logical atomism.
Outline:
Introduction
The Structure of the World
Russell's Logical Atomism
Logical Atomism - Realistically Logical?
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Bertrand Russell, author of the theory of atomism, was a philosopher whose emphasis was primarily on logical analysis and its consequences for metaphysics. The traditional philosophical problem of the external world, which is based on the fact that external qualities can only be drawn inferentially, was explained by Russell (1910) as a distinction between "knowledge by acquaintance and knowledge by description" (Irvine, 2003). Russell's 1918 work on logical atomism was based on the argument that the world is comprised of logical atoms, which he described as "little patches of colour", and their properties (ibid). Together these properties, according to Russell, form the atomic facts which are thus combined to create logically complex objects. Therefore what is normally explained as inferred entities, such as enduring physical objects, are actually logical constructions created from immediate entities of sensation, which Russell identified as "sensibilia" (ibid)."
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Quantum Mechanic Theory of the Atom, 1999.
A detailed explanation of the basic principles of the Quantum Mechanic Theory of the atom.
790 words (approx. 3.2 pages), 4 sources, $ 28.95
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Abstract
This essay explains the basis of Quantum Mechanic Theory of the atom, which describes the behavior of electrons in atoms & molecules. The author examines this theory and provides a detailed analysis of it.
From the Paper
"The Quantum Mechanics Theory describes the behavior of electrons in atoms & molecules. Quantum Mechanics is also referred to as Wave Mechanics. The theory of quantum mechanics tells us that in the atom, electron waves are standing waves. This theory was devised by Max Planck in 1901. He stated that light is emitted by the atoms of a luminous body in separate packets or bundles of energy called quanta or photons. One or more of the electrons revolving about the nucleus of an atom can be made to jump from one orbit to another. As they do so one or more photons are emitted. This energy radiates from the luminous body as electromagnetic waves. The energy content of a photon determines the length and frequency of the wave. Wave mechanics views the probability of finding an electron at a given point in space."
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Atomic Theory, 2002.
This paper compares two 17th century physicists, Robert Boyle and Isaac Newton and their contributions to atomic theory.
1,900 words (approx. 7.6 pages), 2 sources, $ 71.95
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Abstract
This paper explores the ideas of Robert Boyle and Isaac Newton about the composition of matter, which contributed to atomic theory.
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The Atom, 2004.
A brief overview of the make-up of the atom and the history the atomic theory.
700 words (approx. 2.8 pages), 1 source, MLA, $ 24.95
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Abstract
The atom is the very smallest unit of matter or the smallest part of a chemical element that still contains all the parts of that element. Atoms are the very heart of our chemical elements, and harnessing the atom has been a long, historic process. This paper shows that atoms have been known about for a while in history, but it was not until the 20th century that scientists learned how to harness the power of the atom and use it effectively.
From the Paper
"Today, scientists have uncovered much more information about the elements that make up the atom, including baryons, quarks, and antiparticles. Because we understand more about the composition of the atom, we can use it more effectively. For example, scientists often use protons in particle accelerators, (sometimes called "atom smashers"), which create beams of actively charged particles and then point them toward targets. The energy created by these accelerators help scientists study the nucleus of the atom, and create the nuclear energy that will create new particles."
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The Atomic Bomb, 2008.
This paper discusses the atomic bomb and provides an analysis of its
moral implications.
1,359 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 45.95
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Abstract
This paper relates that the atomic bomb has dramatically changed the world we live in and will continue to strike fear into the every day lives of civilians. The paper asserts that the making of the atomic bomb was inevitable, but the use of the atomic bomb was a mistake that will never be forgotten. The paper goes on to say that the atomic bombings of the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki in August 1945 ended the bloodiest war in human history, but Japan was on the verge of surrendering anyway, so there was no military justification for the use of these horrific weapons. The writer concludes that if humanity fails to break free from the vicious cycle of wars, atomic bombs will be used again, life on earth will end someday in one final conflagration and the final page of human history will never be written because no one will be left alive to write it.
From the Paper
"Despite the fact that most Americans in 1945 considered these atomic attacks fully justified and felt no remorse for the massive death and destruction inflicted upon Hiroshima and Nagasaki, most Americans today have very different attitudes about the atomic bombings, and feel regret, shame, and revulsion when they think about the atomic attacks. Most of them believe that although the making of the atomic bomb was inevitable, it was a mistake to use atomic bombs against Japan."
"The Manhattan Project was established early in World War II because it was learned that Nazi Germany was intent upon building an atomic bomb. This political factor, combined with the relentless advance of scientific discoveries, made the development of atomic weapons inevitable. Consequently, a race to develop atomic bombs began, for they would be the ultimate weapon and whichever nation possessed them would be impossible to defeat."
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The Manhattan Project: The Building of the Atomic Bomb, 2002.
This research paper is a description of the progression of the Manhattan Project, the undercover name for the building of the first atomic bomb by scientists.
2,260 words (approx. 9.0 pages), 2 sources, MLA, $ 69.95
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Abstract
This is a detailed study describing the progression of the Manhattan Project and the invention of the atomic bomb. The ?Manhattan Project? was a code name given to the efforts and collaboration of many scientists to build the first atom bomb. The author sees two major challenges that faced the team of highly capable scientists. The first was the actual production of the atom bomb. This involved actually making innovative discoveries that would revolutionize war and change man?s idea of war for good. The second involved all of the ethical debates on whether or not the bomb should have actually been used in warfare. The author concludes that the building of the atomic bomb proved to be the most pivotal advance seen by science up until the early twentieth century.
From the Paper
"We have too many men of science, too few men of God. We have grasped the mystery of the atom and rejected the Sermon of the Mount...The world has achieved brilliance without wisdom, power without conscience. Ours is a world of nuclear giants and ethical infants. We know more about war than we know about peace, more about killing than we know about living...? stated General Omar N. Bradley, Chief of Staff of the United States Army in 1948, voicing the opinion, shared by many of the time, towards the building of the atomic bomb. The ?Manhattan Project? was a code name given to the efforts and collaboration of many scientists to build the first atom bomb. There were two major challenges that faced the team of highly capable scientists. The first was the actual production of the atom bomb. This involved actually making innovative discoveries that would revolutionize war and change man?s idea of war for good. The second involved all of the ethical debates on whether or not the bomb should have actually been used in warfare. The project lasted from 1942-1946 and cost approximately 1.8 billion dollars, which is comparable to 20 billion dollars today. The building of the atomic bomb proved to be the most pivotal advance seen by science up until the early twentieth century."
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The Atomic Bomb, 2004.
This paper discuses the development of the atomic bomb and the effects of dropping it on Hiroshima and Nagasaki.
1,465 words (approx. 5.9 pages), 7 sources, MLA, $ 48.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that the scope of the effect the dropping of the atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki had on modern warfare and science technology is visible only when taking into account the intense scientific processes to create these weapons of mass destruction. The author points out that, at the dawn of World War II, Albert Einstein sent a letter to President Franklin. D. Roosevelt about Nazi Germany's efforts to purify uranium-235, which he warned could result in the building of an atomic bomb. The paper relates that, soon after this letter, the U.S. government started the Manhattan Project to develop the atomic bomb before the Germans. The author states that the bomb was tested successfully on July 1945 and, a month later, the first bomb was dropped on Nagasaki. The paper concludes that the atomic bomb was considered a "quick" and economical way to win the war; however, it was a cruel form of punishment for the Japanese citizens resulting in slow and painful deaths for many innocent Japanese. The paper includes graphs.
From the Paper
"The most difficult part of the Manhattan Project was how to produce enough enriched Uranium to uphold a chain reaction. Uranium-235 was hard to extract. Only about 1/500th of Uranium ore mined ends up as Uranium metal. Of this metal, the fissionable isotope of Uranium is rare. Fissionable Uranium occurs at a ration of 1 to 139. Separating one part of Uranium-235 from 139 parts of Uranium-238 is challenging. Only mechanical methods could effectively separate the two. Scientists at Columbia University first figured out how. A facility to separate Uranium-235 was set up in Oak Ridge, Tennessee."
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Culture and the Atomic Bomb, 2007.
This paper examines the effect of the atomic bomb on the U.S. with regards to politics and culture.
1,429 words (approx. 5.7 pages), 9 sources, APA, $ 47.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer introduces, discusses and analyzes the topic of the atomic bomb in U.S. history. Specifically, the writer analyzes the impact of the atomic bomb on American politics and culture in the decade-and-a-half after the explosion of the first Atomic weapon over Hiroshima. The writer notes that it changed the status of the United States in global politics and that it helped create the Cold War with the Soviet Union. Further the writer points out that it changed American culture almost overnight. The writer maintains that American politics would never be the same after the bombs exploded over Japan and notes that the threat of nuclear war still hangs over the globe today.
From the Paper
"Magazines published graphic drawings of what to do in case of a nuclear attack, including the proper attire to protect from the "heat flash." While many things were changing in American culture, the roles of men and women were still quite distinct. Women had certain roles to fulfill in Civil Defense, such as hospital or medical work, driving cars, and childcare. Men, however, were more apt to serve as fire fighters, volunteer police, air-raid wardens, and rebuilding after an attack. As the country returned to normal after the war, women stayed home to raise the family, while men went off to work. It would take more than atomic bombs to change the acceptable roles women held in society, and it would not happen in the two decades following the bombing of Japan."
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The Aftermath of the Atomic Bomb, 2003.
This paper discuses the social and political aftermath of the dropping of the atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki.
2,210 words (approx. 8.8 pages), 11 sources, MLA, $ 68.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that the people of Hiroshima and Nagasaki had no way to prepare themselves for either the immediate or the lasting effects of the dropping of the atomic bombs. The author points out that the release of energy from this bomb caused massive, unprecedented destruction from the extreme heat, the overpowering blast and dangerous radiation. The paper relates that many people, who feared the complete destruction of mankind as a result of nuclear weaponry, concluded that the only way to avoid this unimaginable catastrophe would be to avoid all wars, even small conflicts that could escalate into an atomic fight. The author relates that the American approach to diplomatic relations with Russia during the Cold War was highly influenced by the existence of the atomic bomb.
From the Paper
"One Japanese Physician, Michihiko Hachiya, recalled in gruesome detail the moment the bomb destroyed his home. He and his wife suffered many injuries, and at several times he lost hope of surviving. He made it through the first day of chaotic post-bombing life. On the morning after the explosion, Hachiya wrote, "Everything was in a turmoil." Hachiya recovered and dedicated the next few months to helping other surviving victims of the explosion. Through the confusion of everything that was going on, he recalled, "One thing was for certain--Hiroshima was destroyed; and with it the army that had been quartered in Hiroshima.""
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Atomic Bombs in WWII, 2004.
Questions the necessity of dropping the atom bomb on Japan to end the Second World War.
1,129 words (approx. 4.5 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 39.95
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Abstract
This paper argues that the United States should have used other alternatives to end the war with Japan in 1945 and that it only dropped the atom bomb due to internal and external pressures. The paper offers several alternatives, such as showcasing the power of the atomic bomb in a non-combat demonstration and the modification of U.S. demand for unconditional surrender.
From the Paper
"A fourth alternative was the continuance of conventional warfare. The United States could have continued the naval blockade of Japan. This would have slowly caused Japan to run out of food, ammunition, and other necessities and forced them to surrender. Moreover, as Bill Dietrich has noted, the U.S. could have continued the conventional bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, which had already destroyed 60 of Japan's cities."
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U.S. Use of the Atom Bomb, 2002.
A discussion of the necessity and morality of the use of atomic weapons against Japan in World War II.
1,350 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 4 sources, $ 47.95
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Abstract
Discusses the necessity and morality of use of atomic weapons against Japan in World War II. Justification of use. Continuing debate over purpose of bomb: to save American lives or to send a political-diplomatic threat to the Soviet Union. Actions of U.S. military. Differences between using the atom bomb on Hiroshima and on Nagasaki.
From the Paper
"The Atom Bomb And World War II
The United States was angered and shocked at the recent atomic weapons testing by India and Pakistan. Yet, we were the only country to actually use atomic weapons, two bombs, to end World War II against Japan. The bombardier on the "Enola Gay" surely saw Hiroshima as nothing but a jumble of streets and houses and factory buildings. He dropped his weapon of radiation death on a "location". The question that still confounds and interests historians, even to the 21st Century, is whether the atomic bombing on two Japanese cities was truly necessary. ?President Truman?s decision to use atomic weapons against Japan has been much debated.? (Maddox 1995 1) To some, the decision was a purely military one. ?Evidence indicates that Truman used the bomb to prevent a costly invasion of Japan? (Maddox 1995 1)."
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The Atomic Question, 2002.
A paper that discusses whether the American decision to drop atomic bombs on Nagasaki and Hiroshima was justified - and the future ramifications of this decision.
699 words (approx. 2.8 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 24.95
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Abstract
This paper analyzes the consequences of the United States dropping atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki. It discusses this in light on future developments in the arms race, the cold war and world hysteria of the nuclear bomb. It states the opinion the Americans have double standards when it comes to this issue because they are the only country ever to have used atomic warfare and at the same time have always lead the nuclear disarmemant war.
From the Paper
"The United States? decision to drop atomic bombs on Japan in WWII was motivated by a desire for a decisive victory, an unnecessary act against a country that was would have surrendered without the use of the bomb, and a disturbing use of force that created worldwide fear and horror about the use of nuclear weapons. The bombings of Nagasaki and Hiroshima by the United States were justified by the American government as a reasonable means to bring a quick end to a bloody and long war that had engulfed the world for years. However, critics have argued that dropping the bombs was a completely unnecessary act, as a beleaguered Japan would have surrendered to the United States within days, even if the bombs had never been dropped. Further, critics argued that the United States? decision was ultimately motivated by a political desire to assert itself as a military and political power. Further, the bombing is now often seen as one of the cornerstone events that led to worldwide hysteria and fear about the effects of nuclear weapons that developed in the time of the Cold War between the United States and the U.S.S.R. Ultimately, given these important considerations, the United States should not have dropped the atomic bomb on Hiroshima and Nagasaki."
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The Atomic Bomb, 2005.
This paper traces the development of the atomic bomb.
900 words (approx. 3.6 pages), 3 sources, $ 35.95
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Abstract
This paper suggests that the development of the atomic bomb is arguably the most important technical innovation of the twentieth century. The author explains the technical achievement of the atomic bomb. The paper examines some of its socio-cultural effects, namely creating a world in which the end of all human civilization became a real possibility.
From the Paper
"There will be no argument that the 20th century had been characterized by incredible technical innovation and invention. Perhaps more so than any century previously, the 20th century was a particularly ripe period for technology. At a rapidly accelerating pace, it seemed that inventors were creating new technologies that were important - and seemingly indispensable - the world over. However, there was one specific technological development during the 20th century whose development should be understood as more important and influential than the rest."
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Atomic Bombings on Japan, 2001.
A persuasive paper arguing for the necessity of the atomic bombings on Japan to achieve American victory during WWII.
3,400 words (approx. 13.6 pages), 11 sources, $ 96.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses influencing factors on the decision to send atomic bombs on Japan during WWII. The author argues that atomic bombs used on Hiroshima and Nagasaki were essential for America to win WWII.
From the Paper
"The peaceful town of Hiroshima, Japan was beginning its day on the morning of August 6, 1945. Many Japanese were going to work or still in bed. The streets were bustling with bicycles. All at once, a flash of light was seen in the air. A deafening roar and fire hotter that the sun?s surface. ?Little Boy? exploded with the strength of twenty million tons of dynamite. The atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, Japan were necessary for the Allies to win the Second World War, according to their terms of unconditional surrender of Japan. In order to determine this, one must observe: One, the German Nazi?s example to Japan; two, the strife between Japan and the Allies; and three, the arguments given by Secretary of War Harry L. Stimson."
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The Atomic Bomb, 2006.
An analysis of the implications of the use of the atomic bomb in World War II.
760 words (approx. 3.0 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 27.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the impact of the atomic bomb in World War II. According to this paper, the decision to use the atomic bomb against Japan was not made lightly, but its use clearly had the desired effect as Japan surrendered unconditionally after two of its major cities had been devastated by such weapons.
Outline:
Introduction
Review and Discussion
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Even before the United States was drawn into the Second World War, though, U.S. scientists had already become concerned that Germany's scientists and leaders who were familiar with new research on nuclear fission would succeed in building an atomic bomb. According to Wainstock (1996), "Concerned that Germany would develop it first, American scientists, with the help of Albert Einstein, persuaded President Franklin D. Roosevelt to undertake its development. Roosevelt entrusted the task, called the Manhattan Project, to a special unit of the Army Corps of Engineers headed by Major General Leslie R. Groves and J. Robert Oppenheimer, the distinguished physicist from the University of California" (p. 35). Ultimately, the Manhattan Project was a collaborative effort between the British and Americans to win this race against the Germans for the atomic bomb. "
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