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Theories of Psychotherapy.
This paper compares two theories of psychotherapy: Joseph Weiss' Control Theory versus Aaron Beck's Cognitive Therapy.
2,645 words (approx. 10.6 pages), 10 sources, APA, $ 79.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that, because the Freudian model did not fit all patients into in the manifestation phase or, in many cases, the circumstances surrounding their resolution; psychoanalysts Joseph Weiss and Aaron Beck devised alternative therapy theories. The author points out that Weiss' Control Theory combines the origins of psychological pathology with issues of just "how" the patient interacts within therapy to form a more useful and therapeutically successful model. The paper relates that Aaron Beck, in his work treating patients suffering from depression, devised another theory, known as "Cognitive Behavioral Theory", in which the patient's internal thoughts, belief system, attitudes and perceptions influence both the emotional characteristics of the patient and the strength under which the depressed patient struggles.
Table of Contents
Introduction
Control Theory
Role of the Therapist
Cognitive Therapy: Beck
Role of the Therapist
Comparisons
Conclusion
From the Paper
"If, as Weiss asserts, the patient is imbibed with a subconscious drive to master his or her psychopathology, then the role of the therapist in working with the patient is to uncover his or her patient's specific and individual internal "plan" to resolve their issues. In so doing, the therapist becomes a kind of facilitator, allowing the patient's internal drive toward health to resolve the problem. In order for the therapist to be an effective facilitator, however, he or she must clearly understand the issues of "control and mastery" involved."
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Personal Theory of Psychotherapy, 2007.
A discussion on cognitive behavioral theories and an examination of the author's personal theory of psychology and approach to client-therapist relationships.
2,367 words (approx. 9.5 pages), 14 sources, MLA, $ 72.95
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Abstract
This paper looks at the author's foundation theories in a multi-modal treatment of the client's mental problems. The paper examines how, if the root of a problem is found in early childhood, and has expressed itself then or later in an adult, then the author may treat the condition with the techniques of K. Egan and other cognitive-behavioral theories.The paper includes an analysis of Egan's theory and a brief overview of cognitive-behavioral theories. The author displays his own preferences for how he would approach the client-therapist relationship.
From the Paper
"The Egan model is particularly helpful for clients who are still in the early stages of personality development, especially younger people. This model helps him or her work on things in the recent past or in the present. The next step would be to choose the strategy that is best for him or her. Finding their particular talents, resources, style, temperament, and timetable is a valuable exercise for the future. It involves asking: "What actions are best for me?" It might mean introducing the idea of strategy, and to involving the client creating a list of pros and cons of possible results of different actions."
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Psychotherapy: Theories of Freud, Jung & Adler, 2002.
This paper briefly examines the theories of psychotherapy, with particular reference to Freud, Jung and Adler, and the differences in their aims and methodologies
1,975 words (approx. 7.9 pages), 6 sources, APA, $ 62.95
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Abstract
The following paper takes a look at how a therapist would approach therapy in the context of the three schools of thought, namely: Psychoanalysis, Adlerian and Jungian Therapy and discusses the appropriateness of each. Selected concepts and theories of the unconscious, the instinctual impulses, the persona and archetypes, role-playing and the superiority and inferiority complex are discussed in this paper.
From the Paper
"Freud emphasized ?free association? and the therapeutic importance of recalling seemingly random material from the unconscious mind. He was the first to recognize that the unconscious thought process follows laws that were quite different from the laws of logic applicable to conscious thought. He found out that in the unconscious, the thoughts and feelings that belong together can be separated or displaced out of context while completely dissimilar ideas or images could be merged into one in the unconscious. Freud?s analysis of the unconscious enabled him to interpret dreams, which he saw as a device used by the mind to protect sleep against disturbing images of early life experiences. In psychoanalysis these disturbing and unpleasant unconscious images (called latent dream content) are used by the therapist to transform into the conscious (or manifest dream) and helps the patient to come to terms with these unpleasant early life experiences. (?Arlo & Herma,? Encarta).?
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Psychotherapy, 2004.
An analysis of various theories of psychotherapy and when to apply them.
1,868 words (approx. 7.5 pages), 7 sources, MLA, $ 59.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses different theories of psychotherapy in an attempt to identify which theory to apply to which situation. The paper examines the long-term psycho-dynamic therapy, the comparatively short-term cognitive-behavioral therapy, and the humanistic approach. Eclecticism is described as a therapy that considers all the above therapies to suit the patient. Kelly's 'Personal Construct Theory' is explored as the paper contends that no single therapy can be applied to all clients; hence, therapies are to be tailor-made for each and every client, as the problems of individuals are unique to themselves.
From the Paper
"Psychotherapy is a treatment in which a client expresses his thoughts, feelings, actions and relationships to a skilled professional called Psychotherapist. The Psychotherapist assesses the expressions of the client to identify problem areas and recommends changes that are needed to enhance psychological adjustment that leads to happiness in life. In Psychotherapy, the client understands the need for change and the method to change that will result in better life adjustment and happiness. Psychotherapy can take place in following stages: to identify life adjustment problems by the client with the help of Psychotherapist through self-appraisal; to identify the root causes for these problems; to construct a plan for change to settle the problems; to assist in ensuring the planned changes takes place by way of education, coaching, emotional support and by devising life goals. A client undergoing psychotherapy should meet the psychotherapist at fixed periodical intervals."
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Alfred Adler?s Model of Psychotherapy, 2002.
In this paper, Alfred Adler's theories and model of psychotherapy are outlined and critically evaluated.
1,654 words (approx. 6.6 pages), 5 sources, APA, $ 53.95
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Abstract
A look at the Alfredian theory on psychotherapy. The paper begins by listing the basic principles of the theory such as inferiority complex, feeling of community, unity of the individual, and unique goals. It then proceeds to discuss the actual therapy process according to Adler's theory, by listing four main stratgies - assessment, Socratic questioning, guided and Eidetic imagery and role playing.
From the Paper
"Psychotherapy and counseling, at one time referred to two different types of treatment, the former being the name of psychiatric treatment given to severely disturbed people, while the latter usually referred to treatment or advice given to people with milder psychological problems. The distinction between the two terms is becoming increasingly blurred nowadays, with both being often used interchangeably. Ever since Sigmund Freud developed his theories of psychoanalysis in the early twentieth century, different models and schools of psychotherapy have evolved. It is estimated that, at present, there may be as many as 250 different kinds of psychotherapy methods in existence although not all of them are practiced widely. One of the most important models of psychotherapy that I personally find particularly interesting is the Adlerian Model that is based on the theories of the Austrian psychologist and psychiatrist, Alfred Adler (1870-1937)."
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Integrative Psychotherapy, 2005.
This paper discuses integrative psychotherapy and its application to client therapy.
1,520 words (approx. 6.1 pages), 7 sources, MLA, $ 50.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that integrative psychotherapy involves a practice of psychotherapy, which asserts the intrinsic value of each individual in terms of their emotional, behavioral, cognitive, physiological and spiritual dimensions of life. The author points out that integrative transactional analysis theory is formed by theories of motivation, personality and methods. The paper describes the therapy of a 50-year-old insurance company woman executive, who, after therapy, came out of her dejection and gave up her childhood script thoughts.
Table of Contents
Introduction
Integrative Psychotherapy
Theories of Integrative Psychotherapy
Development of Child's Personality
Child Ego State
From the Paper
"Though the defensive mechanisms even out and look after the individual, this steadiness limits the naturalness, familiarity, and suppleness so necessary for development. Categories of specific methods include the processes of inquiry, attunement, and involvement. The process of inquiry includes the therapist being open to finding out the client's viewpoint while the client concurrently finds out his or her sense of self with each of the therapist's knowledge improving statements or questions. Attunement is a two-phase process which starts with empathy that is, being responsive to and recognizing with the other's sensations, needs, or feelings and the communication of the sensitivity to another person. Therapeutic involvement is inclusive of 'acknowledgment, validation, normalization, and presence' reduces internal defensive processes."
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The Psychotherapy of Viktor Frankl.
This paper discusses the psychotherapy of Viktor Frankl, the man who brought existentialism to the field.
2,070 words (approx. 8.3 pages), 6 sources, APA, $ 65.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that, having gone through truly agonizing and painful experiences in Auschwitz from 1943-45, Viktor Frankl founded a new school of psychotherapy that focused on meaning of life and man's connection with the soul and universe. The author points out that Frankl's theory of psychotherapy gave birth to the school of logotherapy, which at its core, is his theory that "will to meaning" keeps a person alive and serves as the primary motivating force. The paper relates that logotherapy assists patients in developing a systematic meaningful story from which to draw answers to their numerous queries; the patient, who wants to know why he should not commit suicide when there are so many problems can be helped to see that his question contains a glimmer of hope.
From the Paper
"While his theory has often been criticized for being reductionist, Frankl has also been widely appreciated for his work on existentialist psychotherapy. His reductionist view of man's existence led him to declare that "Man is nothing but a complex biochemical mechanism powered by a combustion system which energizes computers with prodigious storage facilities for retaining encoded information."
From this view came into being another related theory by Frankl as he assumed that "all cultural creations of humanity become actually by-products of the drive for personal satisfaction.""
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Psychological Theories, 2005.
This paper is a literature review focusing on the attachment theory and existential humanistic theories emphasizing play therapy theories.
4,380 words (approx. 17.5 pages), 14 sources, APA, $ 115.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that the attachment theory demonstrates that attachment is not a race or culturally specific phenomenon because it is an instinctive, biological motivated need, which all humans have and use to adapt to their environment during the earliest stages of development. The author points out that the combination of humanistic and existential psychotherapies offers a wide range of approaches in case conceptualization, therapeutic goals, intervention strategies and research methodologies. The paper relates that play therapy is a psychoanalytic tool, which is based on the assumption that a child's internal issues can be tied to various unconscious conflicts and deficits, which reveal themselves during play sessions.
Table of Contents
Overview of the Content of the Literature Review
Purpose of the Literature Review
Scope of the Literature Review
Parameters and Limitations of the Review
Attachment Theory
Existential Humanistic Theories
Existentialism
Humanistic Psychology
Play Therapy
Existential Therapy for Alice: A Case
Conclusion
Gaps in the Literature
Considerations for Alice
Final Comments and Reflections on the Literature from the Researchers
From the Paper
"Attachment theory is one of the key theories associated to the study of developmental psychology and is considered an extension of psychoanalytic theory. It was Sigmund Freud who first understood by his observing children's attachment to their primary care givers which became the foundation for the model of a child's attachment throughout adult life. Later, John Bowlby's theories of attachment added to this original concept. Considered the major theorist on attachment theory, Bowlby (1939) began explaining and developing attachment theory based on his observations and conclusions. Bowlby took a radical departure from Freud's model of the pleasure principle and focused on the social interactive aspects of attachments with specific focus on the infants need for safety and security."
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The Creators of Psychotherapy, 2005.
This paper discusses the work of the three major creators of psychotherapy: Sigmund Freud, Carl Jung and Erik Erikson.
1,990 words (approx. 8.0 pages), 8 sources, APA, $ 63.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that Sigmund Freud, considered to be the seminal figure in the creation of psychotherapy through his technique of psychoanalysis, pioneered the underlying theoretical perspective of the id, the ego and the superego, which are still applicable today; however, many more contemporary psychologists discredit his theories as a sort of self-focused sexual mayhem plagued in a latent way by the romanticism of his era. The author points out that Carl Jung shares many of his underlying concepts with Freud's basic philosophies; however, Jung was more spiritual in his pursuit of meaning than Freud, who detested religion and saw it as a unproven illusion. The paper relates that Erik Erickson, also a follower of many Freudian principles, established his own psychotherapeutic theories of social development that, during childhood, after establishing a sense of self-regulation, individuals must begin a process of struggle and change, which continues throughout childhood and into adulthood.
Table of Contents
Introduction
Early Work of Freud and Jung
Early work of Erickson
Conclusion
From the Paper
"The individuation process was also seen by Jung to be potentially induced by trying to make a connection in the individual between their conscious and unconscious self/selves, through analysis and deliberate action. Jung favored this form of coaxing out the individuation process in an analytical setting. Obviously, this process does not occur
during early childhood, and is seen by most to have its roots in the second half of an individual's adult life. "Perhaps Jung's most original contribution is that of the collective unconscious and archetypal patterns and images that arise from it. " Jung was also somewhat strict about the individuation process being facilitated only by his own methods and descriptions and was distrustful of other methods such as yoga or other eastern paradigms of awareness and enlightenment as being legitimate."
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Psychotherapy, 2003.
This paper discusses the main schools of psychotherapy.
3,220 words (approx. 12.9 pages), 9 sources, MLA, $ 111.95
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Abstract
This paper describes the concepts of psychotherapy, aims and practices of the main schools of psychotherapy including their positive aspects from a therapeutic context. The author compares the differences in methodology, ideology and aims of the psychotherapy schools of Freud, Jung and Adler. The paper examines talking therapies especially the way the individual and the therapist approaches the therapy within the context of each school of psychotherapy.
From the Paper
"Gorey defines psychotherapy as the provision by qualified practitioners of a formal and professional relationship within which clients can profitably explore difficulties and often painful emotions."
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Psychodynamic, Behavioral and Cognitive Psychotherapy, 2002.
A discussion on the main schools of psychotherapy and their positive aspects in the therapeutic context.
3,420 words (approx. 13.7 pages), 5 sources, APA, $ 96.95
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Abstract
The following paper examines how psychotherapy can be used in many different situations, depending on the needs and desires of the patient. The writer examines several different approaches to psychotherapy based on different viewpoints or beliefs of the originators of the therapy. This paper examines the theories and approaches of Sigmund Freud, Alfred Adler and Carl Jung. In addition the way in which the ideas of Albert Ellis and others were added to and developed into different approaches to psychotherapy, will also be examined. The writer examines and divides the psychotherapeutic approaches of the above theorists into three main categories- psychodynamic, behavioral and cognitive.
From the Paper
"The term psychotherapy encompasses many different forms of therapy. The first modern form of psychotherapy was called the "talking cure". Psychotherapy had its early beginnings when psychologists, priests, etc. attempted to determine the causes of the person's emotional distress by talking, counseling, educating and interpreting dreams and behavior. These practices however fell into disrepute. The many varieties of therapy practiced today still are characterized by their common dependence on verbal exchange between the counselor or therapist and the client. Psychotherapy can be defined as a means of treating psychological or emotional problems such as neurosis or personality disorder through verbal and non-verbal communication."
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Counseling and Psychotherapy, 2002.
An examination of the difference between counseling and psychotherapy.
1,874 words (approx. 7.5 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 59.95
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Abstract
This paper proves that there are several differences between counseling and psychotherapy. While counseling and psychotherapy have several different elements, the following information also shows the reader that there are some areas where the two overlap.
From the Paper
"In lay terms counseling can be described as a face to face relationship, having goals to help a client to learn or acquire new skills which will enable them to cope and adjust to life situations. The focus is to help a person reach maximum fulfillment or potential, and to become fully functioning as a person. Definition of Psychotherapy Psychotherapy is the process inwhich a therapists assists the client in re-organizing his or her personality. The therapist also helps the client integrate insights into everyday behavior. Psychotherapy can be defined as "more inclusive re-education of the individual" (Brammer& Shostrom,1977). Objectives of counseling The objectives of counseling according to the Committee on Definition, Division of Counseling Psychology, American Psychological Association are to "help individuals toward overcoming obstacles to their personal growth, wherever these may be encountered, and toward achieving optimum development of their personal resources" (Arbuckle, 1967)."
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"The Talking Cure: The Science Behind Psychotherapy", 2002.
The paper reviews the book "The Talking Cure: The Science Behind Psychotherapy" by Susan C. Vaughan.
960 words (approx. 3.8 pages), 3 sources, APA, $ 34.95
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Abstract
The paper explores the suggestion raised in the book about a possible relationship between psychotherapy and neurobiology. It delves into Vaughan's methods of psychotherapy and looks at her lack of scientific evidence in her proposals.
From the Paper
"In her book, The Talking Cure: The Science Behind Psychotherapy, Susan C. Vaughan MD. employs the knowledge and experience that she has gained in the fields of science and psychoanalysis, and combines them to propose an informative and innovative theory on the possible existence of a relationship between psychotherapy and neurobiology. Vaughan has earned her credentials and expertise as a research fellow of the National Institute of Mental Health and a senior candidate at the Columbia Center for Psychoanalytic Training and Research in New York City, allied to her continued studies into long-term psychotherapy and psychoanalysis at the New York State Psychiatric Institute. In addition to The Talking Cure, Vaughan has published two other books, Half Empty, Half Full, Understanding the Psychological Roots of Optimism (2001) and Viagra: A Guide to the Phenomenal Potency-Promoting Drug (1998), and her articles have appeared in publications such as, the International Journal of Psychoanalysis, The American Journal of Psychiatry, and The New Yorker."
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Treatment Planning in Psychotherapy, 2007.
This paper discusses the importance of treatment planning in psychotherapy.
2,301 words (approx. 9.2 pages), 9 sources, APA, $ 71.95
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Abstract
This paper outlines the critical elements of treatment planning in psychotherapy. It also provides a hypothetical case and proposes a treatment plan for the incumbent. Issues addressed include the importance of treatment planning and vital aspects of a quality treatment plan. The author concludes that ultimately a good treatment plan can be evaluated by examining the patient's response to treatment goals and outcomes.
Outline:
Treatment Planning Defined
Relevance of Treatment Planning in Psychotherapy
Treatment Plan Overview
Stages of Treatment Planning
Characteristics of a Good Treatment Plan
Hypothetical Treatment Case - Depression
Conclusions
From the Paper
"Bray, Falvey & Hebert (2005) define treatment planning, as a "frequent and universal judgment task" often required of mental health practitioners interested in promoting positive patient outcomes. During the treatment planning and conceptualization process, clinicians work to help problem solve and predict outcomes for patients using various clinical judgment strategies (Bray et al. 2005). This process while complex allows favorable outcomes for a majority of patients and improves clinical performance thus is vital to the success and well being not only of patients but also of the caregivers working with them (Bray, et al. 2005). "
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