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Theories and Opinions, 2002.
How to build research and theories.
650 words (approx. 2.6 pages), 2 sources, $ 26.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the current research on theory building. The author takes the reader on an exploratory journey of research about developing and building theories.
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Examines possible reasons for US entry into the Korean War (1950-53), with reference to several political science theories, such as balance of power and public opinion theories.US Involvement in the Korean War, 2001.
1,560 words (approx. 6.2 pages), 7 sources, $ 51.95
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Abstract
Examines possible reasons for US entry into the Korean War (1950-53), with reference to several political science theories, such as balance of power and public opinion theories.
From the Paper
"The most apparent theory behind the United States? involvement in the Korean War must be the balance of power theory. Russia was obviously the most threatening side in the Korean War, therefore the states aligned against the Soviet Union. The United States was resolved to contain Russian influence, and prevent threats to world peace and the independence and stability of other nations by resorting to collective security arrangements and acting through the United Nations."
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Theories of Language Acquisition: Peters, Chomsky, and Brown, 1999.
An assessment and description of the different aspects of the Peters' Chomsky's and Brown's theories in detail and opinions on which theory proves to be the most successful and credible based on research.
2,706 words (approx. 10.8 pages), 8 sources, $ 81.95
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From the Paper
"How does a child begin to speak? Why? These are questions that many linguists set out to answer as they explore the world of language acquisition. Three credible linguists, Ann M. Peters, Noam Chomsky, and Roger Brown, all have different opinions and theories of language acquisition. All of them address influences, grammar, and patterns of speech in their theories, but in different contexts. Chomsky believes it is genetic, Peters believes it is totally up to the environment, and Brown believes it is due to positive reinforcement and trial and error. All three theories are credible and have provided great insight into the ways children do acquire language. Language acquisition is a widely researched topic, and will continue to have new theories evolve as long as children keep talking. This paper assesses and describes different aspects of each linguists? theory in detail and offers the author?s opinion on which theory proves to be the most successful and credible based on reasearch."
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Euthanasia - Theory and Practice, 2002.
A definition of euthanasia and a discussion of different theories and opinions on this controversial topic.
1,370 words (approx. 5.5 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 45.95
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Abstract
This paper explains how the rise of advanced technologies in the medical field, especially those that sustains life, has brought issues in the ethics and morality of those involved in the field of medicine. It discusses how the most significant to these issues is the practice of Euthanasia on patients diagnosed to have no chance of surviving and regaining life after any treatment has been implemented. In view of the issues on Euthanasia, this paper presents a discussion of this medical practice by analyzing the stands and views of Ned Cassem, James Rachel, Sidney Hook, and Leon R. Kass. This paper also explains the meaning of ?good death? as mentioned by Ned Cassem.
From the Paper
"On many medical books and dictionaries, ?euthanasia? or ?mercy-killing? is defined as ending a life of a terminally ill patient by ways such as removing life support machines or stopping treatments that somehow prolongs life. The basic reason why euthanasia is performed on terminally ill patients is to end their prolonged suffering. There are two basic types of euthanasia: passive euthanasia and active euthanasia. Passive euthanasia is the act of discontinuing artificial life support treatments, thus allowing a natural death to take place. This process is sometimes referred to as ?pulling the plug?. Active euthanasia on the other hand is the direct killing of a patient either by himself, also known as ?self-deliverance?, or by another person, as in the case of a physician assisting suicide."
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Morality Theories, 2006.
A discussion on Immanuel Kant's and John Start Mill's distinct theories of morality.
1,140 words (approx. 4.6 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 39.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses Kant's theory, which is based on rationality and the freedom of choice to act morally. It continues to discuss Mill's theory of maximization of happiness. In conclusion the author of the paper offers his personal opinion on the two theories and qualifies this opinion.
From the Paper
"Kant also maintains that morality must be separated from all practical or empirical concerns. In other words, he feels that morality must be a priori so that every person is ought to take that action regardless of his experiences or any other excuses. The questions of whether it can be done, is it human nature to do it, etc should not be taken into account. Similarly the circumstances under which the act is being performed must not be a consideration too."
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Theories of Criminology, 2008.
This paper discusses and explains different theories of criminology.
1,134 words (approx. 4.5 pages), 12 sources, APA, $ 39.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer discusses that in the field of criminology, various theories have been advanced to explain why people commit crimes. The writer notes that more manageable and more conventional is the listing of theories provided by Victor Jupp, which posits four theories: biological, social bonding, social structure and psychological bonding. Jupp points out that these four theories reflect the learning of different intellectual disciplines and come to widely different opinions about the individual criminal, but are all directed to the common question - why do people commit crimes? The writer concludes that while each of these theories offers some insight, there is a frustrating difficultly in criminology. The writer maintains that although criminology may be able to explain why certain people have committed certain crimes, it is frustratingly less effective at discerning how one might commit crimes and how to prevent them.
From the Paper
"The biological theory and the social bonding theory both assume that the individual develops into a criminal because of inborn factors. Lombroso and his followers contend that the stigmata mark the atavistic criminal, and these cannot be changed. Eysenck and company contend that, certainly in the adult, the personality is largely unchangeable, and in the case of the criminal, the psychoticisms cannot be removed. By contrast, social structure theories contend that the individual is more of a blank slate, shaped by his surroundings, so that if these surroundings can be manipulated, criminality will not develop."
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Needs-based and Process-based Theories of Motivation, 2006.
An explanation of the differences between "needs-based" and "process-based" theories of motivation.
1,290 words (approx. 5.2 pages), 8 sources, APA, $ 43.95
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Abstract
This paper takes a look at "needs-based" and "process-based" theories of motivation, focusing on the difference between the two.
According to the paper, there have been many attempts in the history of psychology to give an exact meaning to the concept of motivation. The paper concludes with the author's personal opinion of these theories.
From the Paper
"Other important needs-based theories of motivation have been developed by Mc Gregor -"Theory X and Theory Y", theory X stipulating that lower-order needs motivate individual behaviour and theory Y that higher-order needs motivate it-, Harzberg -"Two Factors Theory": presents a contrasting view on satisfaction and dissatisfaction- or Alderfer. The one presented by the latter scientist, named the ERG Theory classifies the core needs into three groups: existence needs - psychological and safety -, relatedness needs - mainly the desire to maintain inter-personal relationships - and growth needs, which consist in an intrinsic desire for personal development. Moreover, other three types of needs are also identified by McClelland: achievement - the need for competitive success -, affiliations - the need for friendly relationships with other people - and power, explained by the need to control the others. "
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Control Theories, 2004.
An analysis of control theories as a method of crime prevention.
1,134 words (approx. 4.5 pages), 1 source, MLA, $ 39.95
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Abstract
There are numerous theorists from the criminal justice arena who tend to blame crime and delinquency on biological, psychological, or sociological factors. Control theories take another approach. They assume that all people would commit crime if left to their own devices. In general, the control theories helps society understand that there are ways to prevent crime. This paper explains the theories and presents some of the writer's own opinions.
From the Paper
"In 1951, Albert J. Reiss published an article that examined the number of factors related to control perspective. His work was a product of an experiment whose intent was to prove whether control factors can be used to predict prohibition revocation among juvenile offenders. Reiss analyzed court records of 1,110 white male juvenile probationers between the ages of 11 and 17. He found that prohibition revocation was more likely when the juvenile was psychiatrically diagnosed as having an ego or superego controls and when the "psychiatrics recommended either intensive psychotherapy in the community or treatment in closed institutions" (Vold 178). Reiss argued that such assessments were based on the juveniles' personal controls, which is the ability to refrain from meeting needs from ways that conflicted with the norms and views of the community. Furthermore, he managed to find that probation revocation was more likely when juveniles did not regularly attend school, and they were described as behavior problems by school authorities. Consequently, Reiss agued that these were a messure of acceptance or submission of the juveniles control, namely the controls of socially approved institutions."
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Theories of Dream Interpretation, 2003.
Examines the differences between Sigmund Freud and Carl Jung?s theories of dream interpretation based on Freud's patient, "Dora".
4,116 words (approx. 16.5 pages), 12 sources, MLA, $ 110.95
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Abstract
After psychiatrists Sigmund Freud and Carl Jung met, they immediately formed a close friendship. Jung learned as much as he could from Freud, and Freud was very eager to pass on his knowledge and beliefs. The paper shows however, that after six years, Jung felt that Freud needed to broaden his theories. Freud was unable to accept this criticism because he expected unquestioning loyalty from his followers. The two men parted and expanded on their own theories independently. The paper explains that Freud maintained his theory that all dreams are the fulfillment of repressed wishes and contain mostly sexual symbols. Jung, however, believed that dreams do not have to be wish fulfillments and that the role of sex is not as strong as Freud believed it was. Based on their different theories, this paper explores how Jung might have analyzed Dora, one of Freud?s patients. Sigmund Freud?s interpretation of dreams differs from Carl Jung?s interpretation due to his different opinion of the purpose of dreams and the role of sexuality, as evidenced in their contrary analysis of Dora in this paper.
From the Paper
"Freud decided to begin his analysis of Dora?s first dream using free association. Through this method, Freud discovered that Dora?s parents had been fighting because Dora?s mother was locking the dining room door at night. Dora?s father was upset because if something were to happen in the night, then her brother would be locked inside the house since his bedroom only leads into the dining room. When Dora?s father mentioned his fear of something happening at night, Dora thought about a fire. Freud concluded that it was this fear of fire that caused Dora?s recurring dream to resurface (Freud 82)."
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Personality Theories, 2006.
A comparative essay on personality theories.
1,319 words (approx. 5.3 pages), 4 sources, APA, $ 44.95
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Abstract
This paper examines different personality theories and explains that, just as psychology is the study of behavior, personality is the study of individual behavior. The paper considers the nature vs. nurture theory of personality and the psychoanalytic approach to personality development, which include Freud, Jung and Adler's theories of personality development. The paper concludes with the author's own opinions about personality development, suggesting that people seek out or even create environments to which they are both genetically and psychologically predisposed.
From the Paper
"The word personality is taken from the Latin root persona, meaning "mask," an implication that the acts we put on for others, are an indication of who we really are. If our outward behaviors reflect our true personality, a complete picture of personality necessitates consideration of thoughts, feelings, (both conscious and unconscious) genetics, and societal influences."
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Concepts in Moral Arguments and Theories, 2002.
This paper looks to define arguments, finding that two goals of effective arguments are greater understanding and clarification of opinions.
2,298 words (approx. 9.2 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 70.95
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Abstract
The writer looks at a few theories of arguing and how to imbue arguments with morality. Nearly all perspectives of moral theory offer interesting thought and contemplation for the reader. The paper attempts to harmonize these ideas and arguments about morality and its nature in order to make suggestions of how we ought to live our lives.
From the Paper
"The consequentialist proposes that the morally right option in any circumstance can be determined by deciding which option it is that brings about the most good, or the best consequences for all persons affected by the action. These individuals look at the good and bad of each situation and choose the option that will yield more good consequences than bad. A consequentialist will examine possible scenarios and eventually choose the one with the best end result. The utilitarian principle forces individuals to think about not only the direct and immediate consequences of their actions, but also any foreseeable future consequences (these future consequences must be taken into consideration when weighing decisions). Finally, the consequentialist must not consider one's happiness above another's?that is, "each person's welfare is equally important.""
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Cloning Opinions, 2002.
An exploration the issues of gender differences and their effect on one?s opinions regarding the acceptance or rejection of the practice of cloning.
3,254 words (approx. 13.0 pages), 7 sources, MLA, $ 93.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses how there have been many surveys conducted on public opinion concerning the issue of cloning and how many of these studies failed to separate answers according to gender, age and other demographic issues. It examines the issue of gender bias and how it is generally accepted that women and men think differently and that some of these differences have their root in biology and others have their basis in environment and social upbringing. In particular it looks at the topic of cloning and proposes a study to determine if the issues of gender differences have an effect on perceptions of its practice.
From the Paper
"The primary focus of this study is to explore the factors that may influence the results of public opinions polls concerning cloning issues. There are many demographic issues that could serve to confound the results of the study such as socio-economic status, social issues including religion of the subject, educational status, rural or urban upbringing, amount of knowledge in general about cloning, mass media effects and many other issues. This study will focus on attempting to isolate the issue of gender as a predictor of acceptance or rejection of cloning. This study may be effected by the above issues, or other issues that have not been identified. An attempt will be made to eliminate these variables from the research by carefully selecting a balanced sample population."
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Euthanasia - Two Opinions, 2002.
Comparing two opposing opinions on euthanasia by Ned Cassem and James Rachels.
1,734 words (approx. 6.9 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 56.95
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Abstract
This paper presents these two arguments by each of these thinkers and examines their philosophies on euthanasia. It shows how Ned Cassem uses the term "good death" to mean a painless death that alleviates suffering, and he also means that it is a choice that has been made by the sufferer. This is in reference to passive death. It examines James Rachels position which addresses this distinction and notes that the distinction exists not only in law but in the moral code adhered to by many medical practitioners, who see clear reasons not to engage in active euthanasia but who see passive euthanasia as sometimes necessary.
From the Paper
"Euthanasia comes from two Greek words meaning "good death" or "happy death," and the term refers to any action that brings a painless death to a person suffering from an injury, disease, or the ravages of age. There is a distinction between active euthanasia and passive euthanasia. Passive euthanasia refers to the withdrawal of "heroic" measures that keep a moribund person alive. Active euthanasia means taking a positive action that leads directly to the death of another person, and active euthanasia is considered murder in most legal and religious systems. As the authors of the articles under discussion note, there are a number of reasons to oppose euthanasia and to question whether there can be any such thing as a "good death." "
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Opinions on Democracy, 2002.
A comparison of the ideas in "Race Matters" by Cornel West and "Democracy on Trial" by Jean Bethke Elshtain.
2,400 words (approx. 9.6 pages), 9 sources, $ 89.95
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Abstract
This compares two books and their authorial opinions of democracy.
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Differing Opinions of Liberty, 2008.
This paper looks at the differing views of Thomas Paine, John Adams, Alexander Hamilton and Thomas Jefferson regarding liberty.
1,658 words (approx. 6.6 pages), 7 sources, MLA, $ 53.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer discusses that for Thomas Paine, liberty was "common sense," the catchphrase that he used to describe his sermonizing pamphlet of 1776 denouncing monarchy. The writer notes that while this might have seemed nonsense to a colonist of a dozen years earlier, in 1776 it roused a people ready for independence. The writer then points out that Adams regarded the form of government as important and that he firmly believed that the separation of powers in government was essential to control human nature's tendency to become tyrannical. The writer notes that, unlike most of those around him, Hamilton favored monarchy and felt there were sound reasons for strengthening government. Finally, the writer points out that it was Thomas Jefferson, of course, who penned the opening of the Declaration of Independence.
From the Paper
"Hamilton felt there were sound reasons for strengthening government. In 1791, the Congress authorized an excise tax on distilled whiskey. To westerners, this was an insult. With only crude roads through much of the country beyond the bare seaboard, the westerners had no efficient way of moving grain. Grain distilled into whiskey was far more compact and marketable. Further, Hamilton's financial policies had so restricted currency that in the western territories nation that there was essentially no conventional currency. Whiskey became the accepted medium of exchange, offered and accepted in exchange for other goods. As a result, a tax on this amounted to an attack on their prosperity."
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