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Theories of Crime, 2004.
This paper reviews and compares psychological and sociological theories of crime at the level of the society, the community, the group, and the individual.
2,490 words (approx. 10.0 pages), 11 sources, APA, $ 75.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses that the psychological theories of crime relate to the mental programming and functioning of the human brain and the way it is programmed; whereas, the sociological theories relate to the functioning of a society and its value system that can create criminals. The author points out that the psychological theories of crime are better at explaining some kinds of crimes, such as violence against women; but other kinds of crimes, such as picking pockets in a rough neighborhood, are better explained using the sociological theories of crime. The paper explains that biological theories are related to the inherited genetic influences and any abnormalities due to a defective construction of the brain or the body, such as a hyperactive thyroid gland or other malfunctions of the human body and their effects on the behavior of individuals.
Table of Contents
Introduction
Psychologist?s Theories of Crime
Sociological Theories of Crime
The Incompatibilities between the Psychologist and Sociologist Theories of Crime
Conclusion
From the Paper
"If a person rejected by the society maintains contact through necessity with people constantly attempting to destroy that individual by making him develop a low ego and self-image and calling him a thief, killer or rapist; the person is likely to develop a criminal behavior. This behavior takes the form of a desire to take revenge on a society that gave him absolutely nothing. This process, called the Labeling theory, explains that, if a society is made up of people with sick deviant minds where they are constantly bent on destroying each other, then that society is likely to produce more criminals."
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Subcultural Theories of Crime, 2004.
An assessment of the usefulness of subcultural theories in understanding crime and deviance.
1,631 words (approx. 6.5 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 53.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses how subcultural theories provide an alternative view to the sociology of crime, by using the subculture of a particular social group to explain the acts of crime and deviance that are committed by the groups? members. It assesses the subcultural theories of crime and deviance, paying particular detail to sociological theory, including studies from the Chicago School of Sociology, Cohen, Merton, Cloward and Ohlin and Matza.
From the Paper
"Most of these studies are conducted by American sociologists and are consequently based on an American experience of society, which often appears inconsistent to British ways of life. Downes and Rock, however, argue that Matza?s theory is particularly applicable to the British context as British studies of delinquent subcultures, particularly with young people show that young delinquents were not in fact members of structured gangs, but they had become dissociated from mainstream society because they were uninterested in their long term future. Sociologists have however criticised Matza?s theory. Taylor Walton and Young argue that those who use the techniques of neutralisation do not challenge the dominant values in society."
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Theories in Youth Crime, 2007.
This paper analyzes a theory regarding youth crime in the city of Huberville.
3,042 words (approx. 12.2 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 89.95
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Abstract
In this essay the writer discusses a theory about youth crime in Huberville between the years of 1960 and 1990 and why this rate began to decrease after 1990. Furthermore, the writer attempts to explain how this theory of delinquency might have an influence on the legal ideology of juvenile justice in the city. Lastly, the writer discusses social policies which may stabilize or decrease the crime rate of the youth in Huberville. The writer concludes that Huberville's working and immigrant class may benefit from a program such as the one mentioned in the paper, which gives youth at risk someone whom they are close to and do not want to disappoint and who will encourage more conventional behavior.
From the Paper
"This theory of criminal activity however does not explain why the crime rate among the youth as well as the adult of Huberville increased from 1960 to 1990 and then began to decrease when the city was revitalized. Although the city changed from a more stable city environment before 1959 to a more transient environment after that date, many of the same youths who were present before 1959 were still present after 1959. If these individuals had self control before that date it would stand to reason that they still had self control after that date so there must have been something that changed other than the level of self control which the youth possessed that would encourage them to engage in more criminal behavior. One thing that had changed in Huberville shortly before the crime rate increased was that the largest employer in the city closed its doors. This action which plunged Huberville into a recession also led to high unemployment rate of people would did possess the self control to work for a living before the jobs left town."
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Theories on Crime, 2003.
A comparison and contrast of different theories on crime.
2,226 words (approx. 8.9 pages), 6 sources, APA, $ 69.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the similarities and differences between social disorganisation theory, social control theory and opportunity theories.
Theorists such as Emile Durkheim, Clifford Shaw and Henry McKay (of the Chicago School of Sociology), Sigmund Freud, Thomas Hobbes and Huschi and their thoughts about crime are also discussed.
From the Paper
"Theories on crime have been devised by numerous disciplines. Economists, Psychologists and Sociologists were among them. The idea that crime was a social problem, rather than a biological one was suggested by Emile Durkheim back in 1893 when he proposed that people were driven to crime by society."
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"Theories of Crime", 2002.
Discusses this text written by Daniel Curran and Claire Renzetti which addresses the psychology of crime and punishment.
3,650 words (approx. 14.6 pages), 1 source, $ 133.95
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Abstract
Daniel Curran and Claire Renzetti's work, "Theories of Crime" presents us with a tome in which the theories of crime are addressed with poignant and pointed research directly addressing the psychology of crime, punishment and victimization. The paper specifically covers elements of crime within the context of their argument. Crime and punishment, victimization and retribution are our natural and legislated balances. Romancing the outlaw goes part of the way toward explaining the desire not to speak of violent crime in social terms. A first step in breaking these rounds of crime-and-punishment, punishment-and-crime, is to recognize the fact of their existence.
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"Theories of Crime", 2002.
A summary of this book by Daniel Curran and Claire Renzetti.
650 words (approx. 2.6 pages), 1 source, $ 26.95
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Abstract
This paper will discuss the book "Theories of Crime" by Daniel Curran and Claire Renzetti and discus the summary of the book's overall system of crime. By understanding the different elements of crime that seem to be a part of our society, these authors make a claim to the theories that lie behind societies horrors.
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Theories of Crime, 2008.
This paper compares the Marxist perspective of crime with the left realist view.
1,120 words (approx. 4.5 pages), 3 sources, APA, $ 38.95
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Abstract
The paper explains how the Marxist perspective of crime reveals vastly different ideals when compared to the left realist view of crime. The paper discusses how they are both conflict-oriented theories of crime and both have aspects which are at once compelling and unconvincing. The paper concludes that overall, left realism seems more suited to the analysis of crime in today's global society.
Outline:
Introduction
Marxist Approach to Crime
The Left Realist Approach to Crime
The Two Perspectives
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Under the Marxian Critique of Criminal Justice, the fact under capitalist law is "exchange". The economic relation between the two bodies of an exchange is not a relation of wills, but merely the response of an economic exchange. There is utter freedom in the exchange, making it a free exchange. Crime occurs when coercive measures intercede, and the exchange involves capitalist ownership and worker ownership - an imbalance that is rectified by legislation (Reimen, 2003, p. 180). The law, in Marx's opinion, averages out the commonalities of exchange; and it is applied thusly, not on an individual case basis. According to Marx, criminal law remedy typically involves punishment in response to heinous action. Crime is the result of a violation of a normal exchange, whereby one's property (including his or her body) is violated. In response, the law is equalizing in that working classes and ruling classes are held equally accountable. Punishment matches the crime, and punishment is only allowable when the transgression was committed freely."
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Theories of Crime, 2004.
A discussion of the historical theory of criminology of Cesare Lombroso and how it was used as a basis for other theories.
1,141 words (approx. 4.6 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 39.95
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Abstract
A brief examination of various criminology theories. It begins by discussing Cesare Lombroso's theory, which used an analysis of facial and cranial features to detect those who were prone to criminal behavior. It then looks at how this science has matured and developed into a psychological science by considering the theories of Freud and others.
From the Paper
"The thing that makes these ideas so exciting to researchers is the possibility that, by using such factors and discover an underlying physical thread, we could predict who those most at risk for antisocial behavior were and then either contain them or medicate them in such a way that would be able, effectively, to stop crime before it occurs. The possibility of the use of these methods as a preventative is largely what keeps this research going, because it has produced relatively little in terms of actual benefit, but nonetheless the proponents argue for the possibility of a breakthrough."
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Social Learning and Social Control Theories On Crime, 1999.
Defines, analyzes and compares the basic concepts of two approaches to an understanding of the nature and cause of criminal and deviant behavior.
4,500 words (approx. 18.0 pages), 7 sources, $ 135.95
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Abstract
Why do people perform criminal acts? Is it something in their genes? Something in the hand of fate? Is it something that they learn the way that other people learn to recite the names of the presidents or their parents' trade?
From the Paper
"Social Learning Theory and Control Theory: A comparison of two models for criminal behavior
Why do people perform criminal acts? Is it something in their genes? Something in the hand of fate? Is it something that they learn the way that other people learn to recite the names of the presidents or their parents' trade?
Many criminologists, along with a high percentage of the sociologists and social psychologists that have studied criminal behavior, have selected this final explanation: People learn to be criminals in the same way that people learn any other kind of voluntary behavior. Scholars who believe this to be the case are adhering to social learning theories - or to related differential association theories - of criminality."
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Crime Theories, 2007.
This paper discusses theories of crime within society.
996 words (approx. 4.0 pages), 2 sources, MLA, $ 35.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer notes that followers of the social organization theory believe the degree of a society's organization is correlated with violent crime. The writer maintains that if a community has strong social institutions or organizations, there will be less violent crime. Conversely, the writer points out that in a society where social organizations are under-funded, weak or ineffective, there will be higher instances of crime. The writer argues that social organization theories are right to emphasize the importance of institutions, which after all exist to serve public needs such as safety and education. It is also important to note, as social process theories do, that these institutions are made up of individuals, and as social creatures, these inter-relations fulfill basic human needs. Thus, the writer claims that a more comprehensive approach to preventing violent crime would be to ensure that institutions such as schools and law enforcement are well-funded.
From the Paper
"The strengths of the social organization theory of crime can be seen in the success of recreational programs targeted to at-risk youth. These programs are designed to meet the youth's problems in a positive way, encouraging them to form healthy attachments with their peers and mentors. One such successful project is the "Comin' Up" program in Forth Worth, Texas. Comin' Up is a midnight youth-oriented basketball league that was convened to give gang members an alternative activity to crime and violence. Since the program was initiated, Fort Worth police reported a 39 percent decrease in juvenile crime. Similarly, mentoring programs stress the need for mentoring programs for youths having difficulty at school. This requires concerted efforts on the part of teachers and other educators, as well as counselors and social workers. Athletic leagues, summer camps and similar recreation programs remain staples of community activities geared towards avoiding violent crime."
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White Collar Crime Theories, 2002.
An examination of the phenomena of white-collar crimes and theories of social deviance.
3,879 words (approx. 15.5 pages), 10 sources, MLA, $ 106.95
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Abstract
This research examines Michael Milken's white-collar crimes and corporate deviance in terms of sociologist Robert K. Merton's theory of deviance. The research sets forth the context in which Milken's behavior patterns lend themselves to analysis from Merton's perspective and then discusses how shifts in Milken's behavior since the exposure of his white-collar crime can be explained by Merton's views.
From the Paper
"Merton's conception of deviance is structured around the relationship between individual wants and needs on one hand and the ability to fulfill those wants, needs, and dreams on the other. According to Merton (25ff), the venue for fulfillment is society, and its class structure, institutions, cultural norms, and the position of the individual within the whole may facilitate, prevent, or retard fulfillment. Man, says Merton (195), "is to a very important degree controlled by his social relations to the instruments of production." Written and unwritten rules of engagement between individuals and between individuals and social institutions dominate life experience, such that social life amounts to life in a bureaucracy, with behavior assuming the character of ritual adherence to specific kinds of action."
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Crime and Social Theory, 2000.
A discussion of the differences and similarities between social disorganisation theory, social control theory and opportunity theories.
2,610 words (approx. 10.4 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 78.95
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Abstract
This paper examines how theories on crime have been devised by numerous disciplines including economists, psychologists and sociologists were among them. It provides a definition and an overview of social disorganisation theory, social control theory and opportunity theories in relation to drawing on the work of Shaw and McKay (Chicago School) and Burgess' zonal theory of city development as well as the opinions of Hobbes, Nye, Reckless, Huschi and Burke.
From the Paper
"In further support of the theory of social disorganisation is the Chicago Area Project, established by Clifford Shaw, which aimed to put some organisation back into these areas. It encouraged locals to form committees to fight crime and held recreational activities for youths to get them off the streets and give them something other than crime to do. An evaluation by Schlossman, Zellman and Shavelson in 1984 concluded that it had effectively reduced incidences of reported juvenile crime."
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Crime Theory, 2007.
An analysis of the theories of how to prevent an increase in violent crime.
1,493 words (approx. 6.0 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 49.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the theories behind why some people commit violent crimes against others. It discusses classical theory which is based on the early work of Cecare Beccaria and Jeremy Bentham. It then goes on to describe rational choice theory, deterrence theory and the rationalist theory. The paper suggests that an understanding of all the theories are necessary in order to attempt to curb an increase in violent crime.
From the Paper
"This is not to suggest that criminals should be coddled, a view parodied in the musical West Side Story when gang members sang out excuses for their bad behavior. If all criminal behavior were rationally driven, manipulation of the factors of certainty, severity and celerity would drastically reduce crime. However, ignoring the other things that influence and even detract from logical processes will lead to a greater understanding of why individuals commit crimes. In that way, the specific approach points to the general approach, because in research we find specific individuals, who, when grouped together in an effective research model, can suggest explanations for their behavior (Aurhahn & Parker, 1998). For example, research shows that alcohol abuse and violence correlate highly. But knowing such facts does not always point to simple solutions, possibly because behavior is too complex to be blamed on one behavior. This was demonstrated ironically and powerfully with this country's experiment with prohibition, which led to a dramatic increase in some crimes."
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Organized Crime, Hate Crime, and Ritualistic Crimes, 2006.
A paper examining police responsibility in investigating hate crimes, organized crime, and ritualistic crimes.
1,767 words (approx. 7.1 pages), 19 sources, APA, $ 56.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the concept of community policing. The author says that for certain types of crime, such as hate crimes, mob-related crimes and ritualistic crimes, police must look at the underlying causes of the crimes rather than just dealing with the perpetrators after the fact. The paper explains why these particular categories differ from other crimes, and why these categories require a different kind of approach from police.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Organized Crime
Hate Crime
Ritual Crimes
Law Enforcement Perspective
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Community policing is a term that is becoming increasingly common in police studies and practice. This is a natural result of the increase in the responsibility of the police in a complex and modern environment. This means that policing has to deal not only with the effects of crime but also with the underlying causes of criminal acts in order to be effective. This is especially the case with regard to forms of crime such as hate and ritual crimes which have sensitive and far-reaching social implications. In this regard the responsibility of the police is being shared with other institutions and the community in order to provide a more adequate and comprehensive solution to contemporary crime issues."
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Racist Crime in Light of Criminal Theory, 2005.
A survey of criminal theories in an attempt to explain the racist crime motivation.
1,000 words (approx. 4.0 pages), 6 sources, APA, $ 35.95
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Abstract
This study seeks the origin and causes of a racial homicide in Jasper, Texas. Three schools of crime theories help explain various dimensions of the crime. The classical school advances the social contract theory and the theory of proportionality. The Marxist school presents the labeling and conflict theories. Finally, the paper shows how Vernon Geberth and Erich Fromm advance the psychology of evil or malignant narcissism to explain the origin and cause of James Byrd's lynching.
From the Paper
"The proponents of the proportionality theory claim that the punishment should fit the crime. For example, if the punishment for stealing a doughnut were the same for stealing a car, many would see no added risk in stealing the car. Therefore, crime would increase if the punishment did not fit the crime. For several generations in Jasper, law enforcement looked the other way and/or participated in racist crimes. The risk for committing these crimes was next to nonexistent. Therefore, these unchallenged crimes increased in our tragic history of racism, over the decades. (Hoffman, 1999) This theory helps explain the racist crime trends from the 1920s to the 1960s. Jasper in 1998 was seen as a vestige of that era. Another paradigm may help explain the events at Jasper."
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