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TCP Congestion Controls, 2006.
This paper focuses on the TCP congestion control techniques used over connectionless IP networks.
2,075 words (approx. 8.3 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 65.95
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Abstract
In this paper the author examines TCP (connection-oriented unicast protocol) congestion control techniques that can be used over connectionless IP networks. The paper starts with the author describing in detail why, the TCP is necessary. He states that it is because it maintains a congestion window that restraints the number of outstanding unacknowledged data packets on a network. The author points out that transmitting data devours slots in the window of the sender and the sender can send packets only as long as free slots are available. The author proceeds to discuss the different methods that can be used, their advantages and disadvantages in connectionless IP networks. The author concludes that there is still no real solution to the problem of getting the acknowledgment packets back to the sender without delay. This is why, he states, that prioritization in connectionless environments remains an open research problem in computer science.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Thesis Statement
The Problem
The Issues with IP
Congestion Basics
TCP Congestion Control Protocols
The Multi-Rate Protocols
End-to-end Window Protocols
Partial Solutions
Conclusion
From the Paper
"The RAP protocol machinery is mainly implemented at the source. A RAP source sends data packets with numbers and a RAP sink acknowledges each packet providing end-to-end feedback. Each acknowledgment packet contains the sequence number of the corresponding delivered data packet. Using the feed back the RAP source can detect losses and sample the round-trip-time (RTT). To design a rate adaptation mechanism, three issues must be addressed. These are the decision function, the increase/ decrease algorithm, and the decision frequency (Lynch and Rose, 1993)."
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The London Congestion Charge, 2004.
This paper discusses the benefits of the Congestion Charge in London to reduce traffic congestion and its acceptance by the population and the government.
2,630 words (approx. 10.5 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 79.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that a new scheme has been introduced in London to manage the traffic congestion under which motorists are obliged to pay ?5 everyday to enter central London. The author points out that the strength of this system lies in the fact that it helps reduce traffic, allowing journeys and delivery times to be more reliable, and simultaneously raises money in fees that can be reinvested in London?s transport system. The paper concludes that, today, 100,000 people pay every day; the enforcement is working, and dissatisfaction with public transit is decreasing with more people riding the buses than just those displaced by pricing scheme.
Table of Contents
Introduction to the Congestion Charge
Why Was the Congestion Charge Introduced?
Benefits of the Congestion Charge to the Public
How does the Congestion Charge Work?
Primary Activities
Who Has to Pay Congestion Charge?
Congestion Charge Encouraging New Modes of Transport
Support Activities
Success of the System
Strengths of the Scheme
Weaknesses of the Scheme
Opportunities in the Scheme
Threats Presented in the Scheme
Conclusion
From the Paper
"The scheme was introduced during the weeklong mid-term school holidays, during which the traffic was reduced by about 20 percent. The scheme started at 7am as a move to control the heavy traffic in London. However, the London Mayor Ken Livingstone, felt that the scheme is more of an political gamble then a program with a goal to reduce congestion in the British capital, where the average speed of the is sometimes less than 10 mph during the peak hours of the day."
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Controlling Urban Congestion, 2007.
This paper provides an analysis of data from London, Stockholm, and New York City in order to discuss variable pricing as a means for controlling urban congestion.
2,615 words (approx. 10.5 pages), 10 sources, MLA, $ 78.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer notes that roadway congestion is a significant problem for nations with an active motorist population, especially in urban areas. The writer points out that traditional efforts to combat congestion have typically focused on increasing capacity through increases in roadway infrastructure. The writer then claims that research has shown, however, that these methods are ultimately ineffective for controlling congestion and its associated ills. Economists have long seen the value in associating usage costs with roadways in order to control congestion and encourage more efficient resource use. The writer relates that with technology finally catching up to this ideal, roadway-pricing schemes are becoming more popular in cities throughout the world. The writer concludes that a consideration of the pros and cons of pricing strategies implemented in London and Stockholm, and proposed in New York City, reveals that while there is still significant political and public resistance, the strategies are effective at achieving their stated goals.
Outline:
Introduction
The Myriad Negative Effects of Persistent Congestion
Why Congestion Continues Despite Increased Expenditures on Highway Infrastructure
Variable Congestion Pricing as a Viable Solution
Schemes to Alleviate the Problem of Urban Congestion
London: a System at Work
Stockholm: a Seven-Month Experiment Ready for Implementation
New York City: Public and Political Resistance
Schemes for Controlling Roadway Congestion
Analysis of the Costs and Benefits
Conclusions
From the Paper
"Congestion, both in urban centers and on connecting highways, has become a major problem for the transportation networks of cities throughout the world. In the world's major metropolises, the issue has become particularly acute, with congestion having profound negative effects on air quality, travel time, the cost of goods and services, and the general livability of cities. Congestion problems are literally becoming a liability for these cities. As the pressure of congestion increases, the capacity of a given city to function effectively is greatly diminished, resulting in hidden and overt costs for individuals, businesses, and public resources. The net effect, then, of congestion has been consistently deleterious."
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Traffic Congestion in Oxford, 2007.
An analysis of the market failure associated with traffic congestion in Oxford, London and possible solutions to the problem.
3,952 words (approx. 15.8 pages), 9 sources, MLA, $ 107.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses traffic congestion in Oxford, London as a form of market failure. It describes conventional congestion policies and their success or failure at eliminating congestion. It also discusses the failure of traffic planning to counter congestion. The paper then focuses on market failure in terms of traffic congestion and how the situation can be improved. The paper finally discusses the application of congestion charging. The paper contains graphs and tables.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
What is meant by Market Failure?
Cost Benefit Analysis in a Perfect Market
Cost Benefit Analysis in an External Cost Situation
Application of Congestion Charging
Analysis of Traffic Congestion
Conclusions
From the Paper
"The London Congestion Charging is a policy that needs to be copied for the central areas of other cities including Oxford before the problem becomes even more difficult. The present charge rate for congestion parking is not the real market price but it has helped in reducing congestion in the area of operation. The present charge of L40 for 5 days for non residents and L4/week for residents of designated areas is a very moderate charge but it has resulted in reduction of traffic level by 10%. The principle aim of congestion charging was to reduce traffic levels in central London by between 10 and 15 per cent and congestion by between 20 and 30 per cent. These targets equate to billions of pounds worth of investments in capacity expansion and as we have seen the effect of road capacity expansion is short lived."
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The Problem of Traffic Congestion, 2001.
A look at issues to do with traffic congestion, including determining optimum toll charges and solutions to reducing congestion in urban areas.
2,150 words (approx. 8.6 pages), 8 sources, $ 67.95
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Abstract
This essay examines the problem of traffic congestion and how governments are dealing with it. Furthermore it analyses the main differences between the public and private sector in imposing tariffs and tolls, as well as how the optimum price of tolls is determined. Finally it suggests solutions that could reduce congestion in urban areas
From the Paper
"Congestion is mainly a problem as a result of shortage of road space, and luck of such facilities to satisfy the needs of passengers and travelers. In other words congestion problem deals with capacity Vs demand.Solutions that have been used until now seem not to work. Although the development in public transportation means (busses, trains, trolleys etc.) has had a tremendous growth in big cities, the problem not just remains the same but also increases other external problems such as ??accidents, noise annoyance and environmental pollution, which all together contribute to an excessive social pressure??.Why people still drive in cities? And why can?t we build more roads to cope with the problem? What differentiate congestion under the public and private sector? What?s the government role in solving the problem of congestion?"
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TCP/IP Networks: Performance Improvement Issues, 2000.
Discusses the various methods of controlling network congestion in the Internet.
4,850 words (approx. 19.4 pages), 3 sources, $ 123.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses some of the advancements implemented in networking protocol in order to reduce network congestion and improve speed. It also includes a discussion of RED, an active queue management protocol that is widely implemented in the Internet.
From the Paper
"Further research should be carried out to improve RED. Infact, a lot research is currently going on in order to make RED adaptive to network flows. Due to the random nature of RED, there are certain times when the algorithm drops packets especially if the network has observed congestion. Packet loss should be minimized for two important reasons. One to improve network performance and two, to save the resources that are wasted once a packet is dropped enroute to its destination. Increasing queue size, reducing packet processing delays at the router are one of the methods of improving overall network performance."
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TCP/IP Protocols, 2004.
An overview of the theory and use of TCP/IP protocols.
2,215 words (approx. 8.9 pages), 13 sources, MLA, $ 68.95
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Abstract
This paper explores TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol) and how it is the driving force behind the scenes of the Internet and most business networks today. It examines how, even though the name insinuates that there are only two protocols involved, TCP/IP consists of several different protocols. It looks at how these protocols are designed to work together to ensure the transfer of data communications across the Internet so that information arrives the same way it was sent and how they include many important features, such as logical addressing, routing, name service, error and flow control, and applications support.
From the Paper
"The layer above the Network Access layer is the Internet layer, at this layer the most important protocol lies ? IP. The IP protocol sends the data packets from one to point to another. On a routed network it is not possible to deliver the data by only using its physical address therefore a logical address is needed. The network is organized by a logical addressing scheme, holding logical addresses, and is maintained by the IP protocol at the Internet layer. The logical address is known as the IP address. ?The Address Resolution Protocol assembles a table that maps IP addresses to physical addresses. This Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) table is the link between the IP address and the physical address burned into the network adapter card? (Casad, Hour 4)."
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Security Problems with TCP/IP, 2002.
This paper examines the basic security flaws involved with TCP/IP protocols in the Internet world.
1,790 words (approx. 7.2 pages), 3 sources, APA, $ 57.95
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Abstract
The paper defines TCP/IP as basically the core of the Internet. It consists of both TCP and IP protocols, with the Internet protocol (IP) the network layer of the Internet which provides a connection-free service and the The Transmission Control protocol (TCP), which runs on top of the IP protocol, providing a connection-oriented service between the sender and the receiver. The paper discusses how, at one time, the Internet was a specialized tool; but today, it is a general-purpose tool used for a variety of things by both individuals and businesses. The TCP/IP protocols were designed when the Internet was still very young and users trusted each other, for the most part.
The paper shows how these protocols lack some of the most basic mechanisms for security, including authentication and encryption. As more and more people use the Internet and use of the TCP/IP protocols increases, this lack of security is becoming a major issue. This paper examines the basic security flaws involved with TCP/IP protocols, discussing the roots of and possible solutions to these problems.
From the Paper
"Network developers generally use client-side cookies to combat the TCP session hijacking problem (Atkins, 1997). Cookies allow the system to check the identity of the user by means of storing the CFID and CFTOKEN in client side cookies and using that information to accurately identify the user. The cookies are issued when the user logs in, so this technique is generally effective.
A hacker would actually have to literally copy the cookies off another's machine to steal their identity. However, a lot of people do not like cookies and may even have them disabled. Fortunately, there are other ways."
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TCP/IP Protocol Suite, 2002.
A brief overview of the TCP/IP Protocol Suite.
812 words (approx. 3.2 pages), 6 sources, APA, $ 28.95
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Abstract
TCP/IP is the acronym for Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol, which was originally established by the U.S. Department of Defense in 1993 to connect defense department computers with other computer networks.This paper shows that while for the average computer user, TCP/IP probably doesn?t mean a whole lot, except maybe when it comes to ?configuring? their computer so they can get online, without the TCP/IP protocol, the activity experienced on the internet up until this point would not be possible. This paper examines some of the components of the TCP/IP protocol and explores their uses as they apply to relevant parts of the internet.
From the Paper
"TCP and IP actually represent a family of many protocols, with TCP/IP being the common term used when speaking of any one of those protocols. For instance, different protocols allow computers to do different things such as transferring files or sending or receiving mail. One of the most important services of TCP/IP is the ability to transfer files, commonly referred to as FTP, which allows a user on one computer to get files or a part of a file from another computer. Another popular service TCP/IP allows is the remote logon, which allows a user to access to a network system from a computer at a remote location. Probably the most popular, or at least one of the most common, uses provided by TCP/IP is electronic mail. Other services TCP/IP offers are data formatting, encryption, and the transmission of binary data over a communications network."
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Congestive Heart Failure.
This paper discusses congestive heart failure, a condition that primarily affects the elderly, but can affect younger people.
2,380 words (approx. 9.5 pages), 5 sources, APA, $ 72.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that, in congestive heart failure, the blood flow, which normally comes from the heart, is slowed down; therefore, the blood, which is coming through the veins and returning to the heart, often backs up, causing swelling in various tissues and in the lungs; this is a serious problem. The author points out that there are genetic and congenital risk factors for congestive heart failure, and not all of them can be controlled. Other factors, such as quitting smoking, getting blood pressure and diabetes under control, losing weight, and watching one's diet, can be controlled, however. The paper relates that nursing care can help patients deal with their condition, especially in the areas of their greatest concern, which include activity, lack of knowledge about the condition, and pain management.
Table of Contents
Introduction
Disease Condition
Treatment
Conclusion
From the Paper
"There are many different instruments and other medical tactics used to diagnose congestive heart failure. Obtaining a complete and thorough clinical history for the patient is the first step towards this diagnosis. Once this has been completed, the patient is usually placed in a classification based on how severe their suspected congestive heart failure is and what they can and cannot do on a normal basis. A complete physical is also performed. Being able to diagnose congestive heart failure in someone who is elderly is sometimes difficult because anorexia, anxiety, and other seemingly odd problems that are considered to be atypical of congestive heart failure are the things that are seen most often in this age group."
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Congestive Heart Failure, 2007.
A look at the symptoms and treatment of congestive heart failure.
1,353 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 45.95
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Abstract
The purpose of this paper is to introduce, discuss and analyze the topic of heart disease. Specifically, the paper discusses the causes of congestive heart failure (CHF) and its affects on the body. Heart failure is a leading cause of illness and death in America today. It looks at how congestive heart failure can weaken the body and the person until that person can no longer function and how it can lead to several other debilitating diseases.
From the Paper
"There are also several different birth and other physical conditions that can eventually lead to CHF. These include congenital heart disease that is present at birth (also called birth defects), abnormal heart valves, which can result from disease or infection, and heart muscle disease, which can also come from disease but can also occur as a result of substance abuse. Other conditions include anemia, an overactive thyroid gland, or abnormal heart rhythm. Some of these conditions come from health problems, and some are simply genetic. Therefore, there are a wide variety of causes of CHF, and Americans should be aware of high-risk lifestyles that can lead to increased instances of CHF. "
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TCP/IP, 2002.
An insight into the network protocols TCP/IP.
3,650 words (approx. 14.6 pages), 15 sources, $ 133.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses TCP/IP, its foundations, advantages and strengths, disadvantages and weaknesses, and its security issues. TCP/IP, although flawed in some respects, has gained immense popularity among computer users, and is currently on almost every desktop in the world. Its success has been essential to that of the Internet, and it has been called the backbone of the Internet itself.
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TCP/IP Networks: Performance and Routing Issues, 1999.
TCP/IP network evaluation in terms of routing protocols and performance metrics.
4,550 words (approx. 18.2 pages), 3 sources, $ 118.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the interaction of various elements that conform to the TCP/IP protocol enabling the Internet as we know it.
From the Paper
"The TCP protocol was designed to operate reliably over almost any transmission medium regardless of transmission rate, delay, corruption, duplication, or reordering of segments. Production TCP implementations currently adapt to transfer rates in the range of 100 bps to 10**7 bps and round-trip delays in the range 1 ms to 100 seconds. Recent work on TCP performance has shown that TCP can work well over a variety of Internet paths, ranging from 800Mbit/sec I/O channels to 300 bit/sec dial-up modems. There is no one-line answer to the question: ?How fast can TCP go?"
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Congestive Heart Failure, 2005.
Examines several nursing interventions important for control and maintenance of congestive heart failure.
1,059 words (approx. 4.2 pages), 8 sources, APA, $ 37.95
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Abstract
This paper explores ideas regarding nursing management of patients with congestive heart failure. In particular, the paper explores ideas for nursing management regarding appropriate medical evaluation, medication, administration, monitoring, and patient education.
From the Paper
"Congestive heart failure is often congenital in nature. Congestive heart failure usually manifests when the cardiac muscle is old and tired and stops circulating properly. This may result from damage to the heart; alternatively myocarditis and cardio myopathy may be present which might lead to congestive heart failure. Heart attacks that end up killing part of the heart tissue and this can also lead to congestive heart failure."
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Monitoring Device For Patients With Congestive Heart Failure, 2007.
A review of an article entitled "Pilot Study of a Web-based Compliance Monitoring Device for Patients with Congestive Heart Failure," written by NT Artinian, JK Harden, MW Kronenberg, JS Vander Wal, E Daher, Q Stephens, et al.
1,641 words (approx. 6.6 pages), 1 source, APA, $ 53.95
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Abstract
This paper analyzes the article "Pilot Study of a Web-based Compliance Monitoring Device for Patients with Congestive Heart Failure," written by NT Artinian, JK Harden, MW Kronenberg, JS Vander Wal, E Daher, Q Stephens, et al. It describes the purpose and hypotheses of the study and discusses the study variables. The paper then reviews the related literature and analyzes the study design as presented in the article.
Table of Contents:
Problem
Study Purpose
Research Question(s)
Hypothesis/hypotheses
Study Variables
Conceptual Model/Theoretical Framework
Review of Related Literature
Study Design
Sample and Setting
Identification and Control of Extraneous Variables
Study Instruments/Tools
Data Collection Methods
Data Analysis Procedures
Strengths/Limitations
From the Paper
"The support provided for the validity of the study instruments was adequate for use in this study and employed the Chronbach alpha reliability coefficient. The scales were appropriate for this study in that they were specifically made for CHF patients and possessed specific subscales appropriate for measuring quality of life in this study. The validity of the Revised Heart Failure Self-Care Behavior Scale was carried out for this particular study by a panel consisting of two nurse practitioners and two experts in self-care. Using the average Cronbach alpha reliability coefficient across times was 0.81 (Artinian, Harden, Kronenberg, Vander Wal, Daher, Stephens et al, 2003)."
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