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The Tariff of Abominations, 2004.
This paper offers a research study on the Tariff of Abominations.
3,390 words (approx. 13.6 pages), 19 sources, $ 119.95
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Abstract
In the article, the writer provides an in-depth research study on the Tariff of 1828, known as the Tariff of Abominations. The writer discusses that this tariff was a significant precursor to Southern secession and the Civil War. The writer also discusses this tariff as an important indicator of the rise of Jacksonian democracy in America.
From the Paper
"The Civil War and the secession of the Southern states that preceded it is most often seen as the most significant rebellion against the federal government in American history. The decades prior to Civil War however are just as significant as the sectionalist battles that raged and nearly broke apart the Union. One of the key issues during this period that incited debate between federalism and state sovereignty was the so-called Tariff of Abominations."
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Tariffs and Non-Tariff Barriers (NTF), 2005.
This paper discusses the problems of tariffs and non-tariff barriers (NTF) in international trade.
1,015 words (approx. 4.1 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 35.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that tariffs, which are taxes on imports of commodities into a country or area, (1) supply income for the government and (2) are extensively used to defend domestic manufacturer's profits from overseas opposition; however, this defense comes at an economic cost to domestic consumers who pay higher prices for import competing goods and to the financial system as a whole. The author points out that, since 1948, when average tariffs on manufactured goods reached 30 percent in most developed economies, these economies sought to reduce tariffs on manufactured goods through numerous rounds of discussions under the General Agreement on Tariffs Trade (GATT). The paper relates that many non-tariff barriers, such as administrative refinement (arbitrary tariff classification), quantitative limitations (quotas and embargoes) and customs management (uplifting invoice value) are especially damaging to exports from developing countries especially the least developed countries.
From the Paper
"Economists and trade experts have been trying to certificate the occurrence of NTBs and are also struggling with the trickier task of shaping the particular financial consequence of a number of national or restricted requirements and regulations on limiting imports. Non-tariff barriers may comprise anti-dumping measures, new technological standards applied to imports, innovative security regulations, altered hygienic necessities, or more challenging procedures for import licensing and customs clearance. Experts say it can be tricky to differentiate among legitimate measures taken by industrialized countries to protect public health and promote consumer safety and regulations that abuse free-trade principles and unjustly limit imports."
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Southern Nationalism from 1830 to 1861, 1997.
How nationalism led to secession. Examining slavery as a basis for southern society. Looks at tariff of Abominations, nullification and Compromise of 1850.
1,575 words (approx. 6.3 pages), 1 source, $ 55.95
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From the Paper
"The purpose of this research is to examine the policies and programs promoted by southern nationalists in the United States from 1830 to 1861. The plan of the research will be to set forth the context in which southern nationalism arose in the U.S., citing specific features of its development, and then to discuss the degree of success on the part of southern nationalists in advancing their agenda.
Growth of Southern nationalism 1830-1860 has to be placed in the context of the transformation of American society and political economy as a whole and in the South in particular. Southern nationalism from the 1830s to 1860 really began in 1820, with the Missouri Compromise, the first major controversy over the American West and slavery. The question was whether slavery would be allowed in new states admitted from the area of the Louis.."
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Steel Tariffs, 2005.
This paper discusses tariffs, the politics of trading in the commodity of steel.
1,430 words (approx. 5.7 pages), 6 sources, APA, $ 47.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that a tariff is a tax levied by a government on imports and exports, which can be a major source of revenue for governments but is usually used as a political and economic policy for the protection of domestic industries against foreign competition by making imported goods costlier than their domestic counterparts. The author points out that throughout U.S. history, various administrations have granted benefits to the country's steel and iron industry through high tariffs to keep the steel prices above the fair competitive levels; as a result of such pampering, the U.S. steel industry has failed to become economically efficient, has lacked innovation to remain competitive and been a notorious laggard in adopting new technology. The paper relates that the World Trade Organization (WTO) decision that the tariffs imposed by the U.S. government in March 2002 on steel imports was illegal because the U.S. tariffs on steel imports were illegal under global trade laws and because the U.S. had not sufficiently proven that cheap imports from overseas were the reason for the U.S. steel companies' problems.
Table of Contents
U.S. Steel Tariffs: Was it a Correct Decision?
Protective Tariffs: Main Beneficiaries and Losers
World Trade Organization on Steel Tariffs: Loss of U.S. Sovereignty? Why Did WTO Side with EU?
If All Tariffs on Steel are Removed
From the Paper
"Lower tariffs result in greater international trade in which all the countries participating in such trade benefit through the economic principle of comparative advantage. Greater international trade, stimulated by lower tariffs, result in creation of wealth and higher economic growth rates for the participating countries. Recent real life examples of the dramatic benefits of free trade and reduced tariffs abound. Economies of Asian 'tiger' countries such as Korea, Singapore, Taiwan, and Thailand that followed policies of low tariffs and few trade barriers in the 1990s experienced very high growth rates. On the other hand, economies such as India, and Cuba that put up high tariff regimes and protective barriers during the same period, stagnated."
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U.S. Steel Tariffs, 2002.
An opinion essay defending U.S. Steel tariffs recently imposed by the Bush administration on imported steel.
770 words (approx. 3.1 pages), 3 sources, APA, $ 27.95
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Abstract
This paper explains the U.S. Steel tariffs and when and why they were put in place. It presents an argument defending the tariffs, and discusses how these tariffs impact international business and world wide relations for the United States.
From the Paper
"On March 5, 2002, the Bush administration imposed a 30 percent tariff on steel imports over the next three years. The tariffs exclude members of the North American Free Trade Agreement, including Canada and Mexico. Imports from developing nations that account for less than 3 percent of the total for individual steel product lines are also excluded. Duties ranging from 8 percent to 30 percent took effect on March 20, 2002. The tariffs cover flat-rolled steel and other steel product imports from countries including Brazil, South Korea, Japan, Russia, Germany, Turkey, France, China, Australia, and the Netherlands and will remain in place for three years (Bush 2002).
President Bush faced few alternatives to save the nation?s beleaguered steel industry. United States trade representative, Robert Zoellick, expressed that the American steel industry was basically up against the wall and that Bush?s actions would restore the strength and profitability of the industry. Approximately thirty-one steel companies have filed for bankruptcy since 1998, the year of the Asian financial crisis that prompted a flood of cheap steel into the United States, causing steel prices to tumble to 20 year lows. The Bush administration defended import restrictions as an effort to eliminate some of the 200 million tons of global excess steel-making capacity (Bush 2002). Originally demanding 40 percent tariffs over four years, the U.S. steel makers seem content with the imposed 30 percent over three years. The Bush administration faced strong political pressure to protect the industry from the crushing effects of imports from the political battleground states such as Pennsylvania, Ohio and Illinois (Bush 2002)."
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Tariffs And Quotas, 2005.
This paper discusses the impact of tariffs and quotas on the steel industry.
2,034 words (approx. 8.1 pages), 6 sources, APA, $ 71.95
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Abstract
This paper explains the implications of tariffs in general. The author identifies issue of tariffs and quotas such as the increased price of steel. The paper argues against protectionist laws.
From the Paper
"According to the International Society for Individual Liberty online, protectionist laws raise taxes called tariffs on imported goods or impose limits or quotas on the amount of goods governments permit to enter into a country. They are laws that not only restrict the choice of consumer goods but also contribute greatly both to the cost of goods and to the cost of doing business. So under protectionism, you end-up poorer with less money for buying other things you ..."
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Altering Tariffs, 2002.
The result of tariff reductions as per the WTO.
1,400 words (approx. 5.6 pages), 6 sources, $ 53.95
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Abstract
This paper analyzes the consequences of tariff reduction as WTO had indicated for uplifting poverty.
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Import Tariffs, 2002.
Examines the negative effects of import tariff on the welfare of a country.
1,400 words (approx. 5.6 pages), 4 sources, $ 53.95
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Abstract
This paper looks at the advantages and handicaps of international trade that have led to ardent debates throughout the nation and the world. The paper elaborates on the impact of import tariff on goods, which will always have a negative welfare effect on a country.
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Government Intervention in the Steel Industry, 2002.
A paper on the U.S. federal government's imposition of steel tariffs on international trade.
3,695 words (approx. 14.8 pages), 13 sources, APA, $ 102.95
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Abstract
This research report focuses on various aspects of the U.S. government?s imposition of steel tariffs. It discusses the benefits and costs of tariffs in general, and includes a history of government?s support of the U.S. steel industry, details of the steel tariff 2002, why it was imposed, and its repercussions, both negative and positive. The paper also describes the research report which focuses on various aspects of the U.S. government?s imposition of steel tariffs. It discusses the benefits and costs of tariffs in general, and includes a history of government support of the US steel industry, details of the steel tariff 2002, why it was imposed, and its repercussions, both negative and positive. The paper also describes the reaction of different countries including the European Union and the Asian countries to the imposition of the tariff, how they would be affected by the tariff, and what counter measures they have taken or can take in retaliation. It explores the long and short-term economic and political impacts of the measure, both at the internationally and domestic levels. The paper includes the ramifications of such protective tariffs on international trade and on the campaign for globalization and free market economy led by the United States and views of the World Trade Organization (WTO) on the US move and also discusses the reaction of different countries including the European Union and the Asian countries to the imposition of the tariff, how they would be affected by the tariff, and what counter measures they have taken or can take in retaliation. It explores the long and short-term economic and political impacts of the measure, both at the international and domestic levels. The paper also includes the ramifications of such protective tariffs.
From the Paper
"The Bush administration announced the imposition of sweeping tariffs of up to 30% on steel imports to the United States for a period of 3 years in March 2002 purportedly to save the ailing steel industry from collapsing. Predictably, the action has invited particularly harsh criticism from the US trade partners that have been directly affected by the tax, i.e., the European Union, Japan, and China. Domestically too, the proponents of a free market economy have been no less critical of the measure, although the US steel industry, in general, has welcomed the move."
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The Japanese Distribution System, 2004.
The story behind the most effective non-tariff barrier to the Japanese market and how to overcome it.
2,281 words (approx. 9.1 pages), 13 sources, MLA, $ 70.95
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Abstract
This paper examines how distribution has often been considered the most effective non-tariff barrier to the Japanese market and how the distribution system in Japan is vastly different from its American and European counterparts. It discusses the evolution of the Japanese distribution system, its distinguishing features, methods of successfully penetrating the Japanese market and the future outlook for the system.
Outline
1.0 Introduction
2.0 Evolution of the System
3.0 Features of the System
3.1 High Density of Middlemen
3.2 Channel Control
3.3 Business Philosophy & Culture
3.4 Large-Scale Retail Store Law
3.5 Price and Return System
3.6 Distribution Keiretsu
4.0 Overcoming the Japanese Distribution System
4.1 Successes in Japan
4.2 Failures in Japan
5.0 The Future of the System
Endnotes
From the Paper
"The complex distribution system in Japan has evolved for numerous reasons. Following the Second World War, there were no large stores selling products. The average Japanese consumer did not possess enough financial resources to purchase more than the bare necessities provided by small, localized shops. Due to citizen demand, the Japanese government opted to support these small stores. As a result, the distribution system was forced to cater to the localized shops. The Japanese government even enacted the Large-Scale Retail Store Law to ensure the continued survival of the small stores. Japanese consumers also prefer to purchase fresh goods, and possess limited storage space for bulk shopping. This further promotes the longevity of small stores and the necessary distribution chains."
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Article Analysis: International Trade, 2005.
Cites an article about Asian nations working toward an agreement on lowering tariffs.
920 words (approx. 3.7 pages), 2 sources, APA, $ 31.95
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Abstract
This paper cites an article about seven Asian nations working toward an agreement on lowering tariffs, and assesses the impact on Nike. The paper provides answers to questions regarding forecast method, stock price indicators, and doublespeak.
From the Paper
"According to the April issue of BRIDGES Weekly seven Asian countries have decided to pursue a preliminary agreement on trade liberalization in industrial goods. The seven nations ..."
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The Economic Impact of VOIP, 2007.
A dissertation to study the economic impact on the Netherlands Antilles of the liberalization of the fixed telecommunication infrastructure in connection with the voice over Internet protocol (VOIP).
21,400 words (approx. 85.6 pages), 30 sources, APA, $ 249.95
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Abstract
This paper examines what must be done, as VoIP moves away from the early adopter to an early majority market stage, by incumbents, mobile operators, cable companies and ISPs in order to find ways to turn VoIP from a threat into an opportunity. The author reports that the instruments used for this study include interviews, referrals and consultation feedback, which includes a Web-based survey. The paper discovers that broadband development has led to a situation in which the moratorium in the Netherlands Antilles puts national long-distance licensees at a disadvantage.
Table of Contents:
VOIP Economic Impact Study
Introduction
Approach
Interpretation
Phase 2 Approach
Work Planning
Subject Areas
Planning
Regulation and VOIP
Introduction
Services
To Regulate or not to Regulate?
Market Situation of Packet-Switched Telephony Services
Markets and Regulation
Traffic Market
Access Market
Technology
Introduction
Investments and Operational Costs of Local Networks
Broadband Connections
Mobile UMTS
Benefit Segmentation
Electricity Companies and Cable TV Networks
Information Gathering
Introduction
Action Plan
Research
information Gathering
Definitions of Certain Terms Relevant to this Research.
Judgments About
Price
Comparison of Broadband Tariffs
BEP Calculation, Changeover from Dialup to Broadband
Quality
Broadband
Market Operation
Remedies
Conclusions and Recommendations
Market Development
Introduction
Supply Side
Network Providers
service Providers
Position of Incumbents
Position of Newcomers
Accessibility of Network Incumbent
Moratorium
Tariffs
Solutions
Demand Side
Private Market
Telecommunications Networks
Development
Present Networks
Economic Impact
Introduction
Cost of NGN
Prices
End-user Tariffs
Interconnection Tariffs
Revenues
Macroeconomic Impact
Scenarios
Present Situation
Conclusion
Infrastructure Competition
Service Competition
Decision Points
Lifting the Moratorium on Local Telecommunications Infrastructure
Licence
Expansion of the Portfolio of Access Services
Linking of Networks to One Another
Recommendations Relating to the Ordinance
Effect on Revenues of BT&P
From the Paper
"The term, "broadband," comes from the words, "broad bandwidth," and is used to describe a high-capacity, two-way link between an end user and access network suppliers that are capable of supporting full-motion, interactive video applications. Broadband is also the term that is used to describe ICT-infrastructures with a very large capacity. In this context, bandwidth considerations mean that implementing VoIP is not as straightforward as deploying other types of network applications."
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France and U.S. Firms, 2000.
An overview of the nation in the context of American business expansion: politics, demographics, labor, tariffs, barriers and laws.
1,350 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 6 sources, $ 47.95
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Abstract
Rohwer (1998) paints a disturbing picture of the Japanese Banking Industry. He states that much has happened in America's S&L crisis in the early 1990s, bad banks need to be shut down or taken over, good banks recapitalized, bad loans written off, and the collateral underlying them (usually real estate) disposed of at fire sale prices (Rohwer, 1998, 22).
From the Paper
"Introduction
Rohwer (1998) paints a disturbing picture of the Japanese Banking Industry. He states that much has happened in America's S&L crisis in the early 1990s, bad banks need to be shut down or taken over, good banks recapitalized, bad loans written off, and the collateral underlying them (usually real estate) disposed of at fire sale prices (Rohwer, 1998, 22). Today, France is seen as one of the more important markets within the EU, and American companies considering expanding operations to France need to evaluate the political, demographic and business environment within France before making the commitment to market there. This research considers these factors in today's environment.
Politics
France was one of the first European nations to move from a feudal society into a nation-state, and its monarchy lasted for centuries. There was a..."
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Australian Economy & Trade, 1996.
Effects of General Agreement on Tariffs & Trade, World Trade Organization, U.S. & regional trade policy on Australian economy.
1,575 words (approx. 6.3 pages), 18 sources, $ 55.95
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From the Paper
"GATT & THE WTO: EFFECTS ON AUSTRALIA?S ECONOMY
This research examines the effects of GATT (General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade) and the WTO (World Trade Organization) on Australia?s economy. GATT represented an effort to open the markets of the world to freer trade through the reductions or elimination of tariffs and other imposed impediments to trade (Niblett, 1995, pp. 74-77). Following the Uruguay Round of the GATT negotiations, sufficient progress had been made to persuade the member countries to form the WTO as a successor to GATT and as a permanent organization to monitor and regulate global trade (Niblett, 1995, pp. 74-77).
The Uruguay Round more than doubled (from 20 percent to 44 percent) the share of non-agricultural imports by industrialized countries that .."
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Honduras, 2000.
An overview of the nation's history, politics, economy, trade, tariff policy, foreign business opportunities, banking, debt and the impact of the 1998 hurricane.
3,150 words (approx. 12.6 pages), 6 sources, $ 111.95
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From the Paper
"Introduction
Latin America represents an attractive marketing opportunity for many American companies because it is relatively close to the United States and because the economies in the region are becoming more stable and attractive. Honduras in particular is seeking to improve its trade relations with foreign partners, and companies willing to invest in this country may well see benefit in the long-term. This research examines the demographics of the nation, factors which can influence success, and the trade patterns and relations which are currently in effect.
History..."
Approximately 90 percent of the population is mestizo. There also are small minorities of European, African, Asian, Arab and indigenous Indian descent. Most Hondurans are Catholic, but Protestant missionary work
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