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Syria and Turkey Today, 2003.
An in-depth, historical survey of the troubles in Syrian-Turkish relations.
30,000 words (approx. 120.0 pages), 51 sources, APA, $ 249.95
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Abstract
Syria and Turkey are connected by a long history of mutual antagonisms and irreconcilable conceptions of the political and regional role of the other. To this day, there is often resentment for what Syria and other Arab countries consider to be ?Ottoman high-handedness? over Turkey?s reported efforts to exert regional ambitions. Divided by ethnic, ideological, and political lines, a common ground for agreement building has been difficult to establish. This paper surveys the key areas of friction between the two countries and tracks the nature of Syria?s relationship with Turkey from the period when both countries emerged as independent modern nations in the early to mid 20th century to recent times. Many of the problems affecting the relationship between the two states today are rooted in the past. The paper examines the origins and history of this conflict, explores how seemingly diverse issues are actually interconnected, and observes how past attempts toward conflict resolution may assist in any similar attempts at reconciliation in the future.
From the Paper
"Syria?s relationship with Turkey has been very temperamental, passing through a number of tense periods that nearly resulted in full-scale war between the two. When the Ottoman Empire fell, the French and British were competing for control of the Levant. Turkey under the leadership of Attaturk was able to salvage enough of the Ottoman institutions and emerge as a fairly strong regional power. Syria?s struggle to gain independence was more difficult and the French were not so inclined to give up control. In 1939, with the rise of Nazi Germany, the French Mandatory authorities sought to induce Ankara into a neutral position toward the pending European conflict by ceding the province of Alexandretta to Turkey. Alexandretta, known as Hatay to the Turkish, was part of the Syrian province (sanjak) under the Ottomans. Syrian political elites see the province of Alexendretta as demographically and historically part of their country. The Syrians have never accepted Turkish sovereignty over this territory and the issue of Alexandretta remains a sticking point between Syria and Turkey. Following the breakup of the Ottoman Empire during World War I, Syria was administered by the French until independence in 1946. In the 1967 Arab-Israeli War, Syria lost the Golan Heights to Israel. Since 1976, Syrian troops have been stationed in Lebanon, reportedly in a peacekeeping capacity. In recent years, Syria and Israel have occasionally conducted peace talks over the return of the Golan Heights."
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Euphrates River Water Scarcity, 1999.
Discusses the water needs and problems of Iraq, Syria and Turkey related to the management of the river and conflicts among the nations.
1,350 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 7 sources, $ 47.95
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From the Paper
"EUPHRATES WATER SCARCITY: CONFLICTS BETWEEN IRAQ, SYRIA, AND TURKEY
This research examines the problem of water scarcity involving the surface waters of the Euphrates River in the Middle East. The Euphrates River is a major source of surface water for Iraq, Syria, and Turkey ("Middle East Water Resources: How Much of A Threat to Peace Can They Be?" 1993). As surface water is critical for the conduct of agriculture in the three countries, and as agriculture is a crucial industry in each of the three countries, the management of Euphrates River water has been a source of continuing conflict between the three countries (Food and Agriculture Organization, United Nations, 1997b).
While the focus of this research is on the surface waters provided by the Euphrates River, the research also must consider ..."
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U.S. Relief Efforts in Turkey, 2006.
A report on U.S. relief efforts in Turkey, after an earthquake registering 7.4 on the Richter scale, shook western Turkey.
1,432 words (approx. 5.7 pages), 8 sources, MLA, $ 47.95
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Abstract
This paper details the efforts of a U.S. search and rescue team that left for Turkey immediately following the news of a devastating earthquake that shook the western region of Turkey. The paper outlines the different aspects of disaster relief and how the U.S. responded to those aspects as well as the lessons learned from the aftermath.
From the Paper
"At 3:02AM, on Tuesday, August 17, an earthquake shook western Turkey that measured 7.4 on the Richter scale. "The ground shook violently for 45 seconds...entombing thousands of sleeping families....The densely populated industrial heartland of the country lay in ruin, some 40,000 buildings smashed by nature's power into mountains or shattered concrete and sharp mangled steel.""
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Turkey and the European Union, 2003.
A discussion on why Turkey should be admitted to the European Union.
2,300 words (approx. 9.2 pages), 16 sources, MLA, $ 79.95
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Abstract
This paper analyzes the efforts made by Turkey to gain acceptance into the European Union (EU), including the advantages to the EU of accepting Turkey. It looks at how the acceptance of Turkey is based on the country having stable institutions, respect for human rights, the rule of law, a functioning market economy and the ability to take on membership obligations.
From the Paper
"At a December summit in Copenhagen Denmark, European Union EU or the Union officials announced that Turkey could begin membership negotiations in December if it met certain membership criteria aimed ...."
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Turkey and the European Union, 2007.
This paper explores whether Turkey should be accepted to the European Union.
2,868 words (approx. 11.5 pages), 8 sources, MLA, $ 85.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses Turkey's possible entrance into the EU through a brief historical view of the country's political program. The paper also looks at the questions raised concerning any future acceptance as a member state and Turkey's present position in relation to its possible candidacy. The paper considers the significant impacts Turkey's accession would have on the Union, how such an enlargement could be managed and how this would affect the future of the European Union.
Outline:
Introduction
Asian or European?
Political Impacts Regarding the Acceptance of Turkey
Turkish Accession and Cyprus
Human Rights, Religious Liberty and Freedom of Speech
Looking Towards Continued Reform and the Future
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Turkey was officially accepted as a possible candidate for EU membership in December 1999, and in 2002 the European Council stated that if Turkey met the 'Copenhagen' criterion by 2004, it would immediately open negotiations. Since 1999, and in particular since the AKP government's election in 2002, Turkey has introduced radical reforms promoting democratisation, and has made considerable efforts concerning human rights. However, these reforms are still not complete, and there are problems concerning their implementation in many areas, including within the area of human rights. In other words, judicial reform, according to the European Commission, remains insufficient."
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Human Rights in Turkey, 2004.
Looks at the problem of human rights abuses in modern Turkey.
1,777 words (approx. 7.1 pages), 7 sources, APA, $ 57.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the prevalence of human rights abuses in modern-day Turkey, with special notice of human rights abuses towards prisoners. It also looks at what Turkey is doing to change how it treats those who have been arrested and incarcerated. The paper also looks at the pressure being imposed on Turkey by various human rights organizations and some of the factors motivating Turkey to try and improve its record on human rights.
From the Paper
"Few people can think of Turkey without calling to mind the 1978 movie, Midnight Express. In the film, a misguided (and foolhardy) American is arrested by Turkish authorities after he is found attempting to smuggle drugs out of the country. What follows is a (supposedly true) story of the atrocious torture he faced in the depths of a Turkish prison. To be sure, the story was hardly farfetched. Turkey has had a horrific human rights record throughout modern history?especially after the seating of the infamous Ataturk. Indeed, one can find evidence of virtually every human rights violation imaginable in modern Turkey, for, although the country seems to be genuinely attempting to ?clean up its act,? it still has a long way to go."
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Turkey and the European Union (EU), 2007.
This paper is a conceptual and empirical analysis of the foreign policy of Turkey as a bridge between the European Union (EU)and the Muslim world.
6,465 words (approx. 25.9 pages), 29 sources, APA, $ 149.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that Turkey's potential membership in the European Union (EU) underscores its role in the region and throughout the international community, especially as Europe becomes increasingly Islamized and as the unrest in the Middle East remains at a boiling point. The author presents, in addition to the literature review, case studies of the continuing unrest between the Palestinians and Israelis and the Danish religious cartoon controversy featuring pictures of the Islamic prophet, as examples of Turkey's increasing importance in the region and in the global geopolitical sphere. The paper states that international observers believe that Turkey represents the West's best chances for securing a mediating influence in the region and for developing a cultural, political, religious and geographic buffer between themselves and the increasingly hostile nature of many factions in the Middle East. The paper includes several long quotations.
Table of Contents
Introduction
Methodology
Research Questions
Overview of the Study
Conceptualization
Case Studies
Palestine - Israel Conflict
Cartoon Controversy
Conclusion
From the Paper
"For example, when the Western European Union was designated as the defense component of the EU by the Maastricht Treaty, which came into force in 1993, the intention was for the organization to serve as a bridge between the EU and NATO. Because membership in the WEU was restricted to EU member states only, opportunities for states to achieve "associate membership" and "associate partnership" in the EU were introduced in order to involve non-EU members in this emerging framework in an attempt to forge the WEU into a more inclusive and relevant organization."
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Syria, 2003.
A discussion on Syria's interventions in Lebanon.
2,300 words (approx. 9.2 pages), 19 sources, MLA, $ 79.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the reasons behind Syria's interventions in Lebanon since 1976, its justifications therefore and the consequences of the Syrian presence there. It expands on Syria's interventions in Lebanon's civil wars and the subsequent role played by Syria. The paper offers background of the intervention.
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Turkey, 2004.
A review of the M. Hakan Yavuz book "Islamic Political Identity in Turkey".
920 words (approx. 3.7 pages), 1 source, APA, $ 31.95
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Abstract
This book reviews the book "Islamic Political Identity in Turkey" by M. Hakan Yavuz. The book details the political and ideological shift taking place in the largely Muslim country of Turkey. The paper analyzes the main issues presented in the book and investigates Turkey's future in the global sociopolitical order.
From the Paper
"'Islamic Political Identity in Turkey' by M. Hakan Yavuz is a timely explication of the political and ideological shift taking place in Turkey, a largely Muslim country which has experienced an Islamic resurgence after..."
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Turkey's Economy, 2008.
An overview of Turkey's budget deficit from 1980 and its growth outlook, as well as its current economic situation.
1,228 words (approx. 4.9 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 41.95
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Abstract
This paper provides an overview of the Turkish economy from the 1980s to the present day. It looks at Turkey's budget deficit over the years from 1980, inflation in the country and its growth outlook. It then discusses Turkey's purchasing power parity (PPP). The paper then focuses on the economic situation in Turkey from 2007 and provides expansion plans for the economy of the country.
Table of Contents:
Inflation
1980s and Later
Budget Deficit
Inflation and Growth Outlook
Purchasing Power Parity
PPP and the Exchange Rate
2007 and Beyond
Short-term Interest Rates
Interest Rate Spreads
Interest Rate Projections
Turkish Expansion Plans
From the Paper
"While the Turkish economy is still fragile and highly susceptible to external shocks, it is just as clear that the government has done a remarkable job in gaining control of the economy. The short-term interest rate is at historically low levels and the Turkish Lira is trading strongly on the foreign exchange markets. Inflation too is relatively low for the market and GDP is on a growth trend. The greatest risk to market entry is actually not from internal economic instability but rather from the external geo-political climate in the region. The company should pursue market entry into Turkey but needs a well thought out exits strategy integrated into the project plan."
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The Problems of Contemporary Turkey, 2001.
This paper examines Turkey's current problems, including ethnic strife, religious discord and economic weakness and suggests some possible solutions.
1,680 words (approx. 6.7 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 54.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the main problems that modern Turkey faces and their possible origins such as: the military's weakening hold on the civilians, provisions of the 1961 Constitution, the forming of violent movements and economic instability. The paper provides future projections for Turkey and gives solutions in possible policy reform.
From the Paper
"Many of Turkey?s current political and even cultural problems actually stem from the proportional representation provisions of its 1961 constitution, which made it difficult for any party to gain the majority needed to enact effective legislation. Action, as a result, has all too often been taken by the rising up of violent movements in the streets (Ibrahim, 2001, p. 38).The military?s hold over the country has lessened. In 1989, ?zal was chosen as Turkey?s first civilian head of state since 1960. However, despite the growing political stability of the central government over the last decade and an increasing commitment on the part of the nation to democracy, Turkey?s economy suffered badly during the 1980s and 1990s due to government deficits, a weak currency, and continued economic losses incurred by the UN trade embargo of Iraq. All of these factors continue to have repercussions in the country?s current economic condition, and the weakness in the economy has left the nation subject to Islamic nationalist movements that many Turks believe to be disruptive and (because they are backed by Arab interests) alien and insensitive to Turkey?s unique position at the crossroads of the East and the West (Abramowitz, 2001, p. 81)."
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Modern Turkey, 2002.
A constitutional analysis of the development of modern Turkey.
2,400 words (approx. 9.6 pages), 8 sources, $ 89.95
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Abstract
This research paper examines the development of the modern Turkish constitution, discusses how the constitution has limited religious influence in the government and created a true secular state in Turkey, and analyzes how instrumental Mustafa Kemal Ataturk was in the development of the constitution and the establishment of modern Turkey.
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Marketing Turkey as a Tourist Destination, 2003.
An overall explanation of what needs to be done to improve Turkey's image as a tourist attraction.
5,105 words (approx. 20.4 pages), 15 sources, MLA, $ 128.95
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Abstract
An in-depth paper about the need to produce a brand for Turkey, which can be marketed internationally as the tourist attraction of the country.
1. Introduction.
2. Background and Trends
3. Government Policies Towards Industry
4. International Tourism Marketing
4.1. Turkey as a Tourism Destination
4.2. Market Segmentation
4.3. Marketing Communication
5. TTO?s Branding Strategy and the Core Values
6. Brand Personality and Identity
7. Impact of European Union Policies
8. The Challenge of External Environment Policy
9. Conclusion
From the Paper
"During the last four decades tourism has become one of the world?s largest and fastest growing industries. As an industry, tourism in 1996 directly and indirectly generated and supported 204 million jobs world-wide, equivalent to more than 10% of the world?s workforce - a figure which is forecast to rise to over 11% during the first years of the new millennium. Tourism is in other words of great economic importance and new ?tourism areas? are constantly being developed, implying that consumers have even more destinations available to choose from when going on vacation. Moreover, people are travelling increasingly, among other things due to more flexible working hours and rising levels of disposable income. Furthermore, transportation networks have become more efficient which makes it possible to travel to any destination in the world within relatively few hours. The growing importance of tourism implies that national tourism boards around the world face intensive competition in the battle of attracting tourists. Hence, tourism marketers are faced with the challenge of developing new and different marketing strategies that will differentiate a destination from its competitors."
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Turkey's Foreign Policy, 2005.
This paper examines the foreign policy of Turkey since its establishment in 1923.
5,198 words (approx. 20.8 pages), 14 sources, MLA, $ 129.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the historical and present factors that shape Turkey's foreign policy. The paper organizes these factors into two main categories; state level factors and international level factors. The also paper shows how Turkey is faced with one of the most complicated foreign policy situations in the world. Additionally, the paper discusses how there is little doubt that they have the potentialto become a high ranking influential power; whether their potential is realized will depend largely upon what directions in foreign policy are pursued. The paper includes MLA style sources but does not append a bibliography.
From the Paper
"Because the Ottoman Empire was essentially carved up by the victors of the Great War, Turkey was forced to totally redefine its foreign policy and self-image based on what the international community had given them. The result was a generally inward-looking policy that avoided foreign entanglements whenever possible, and such a policy has been the foundational belief and continuing practice of Turkish since its creation, with little variance until the end of the Cold War. Two factors are critical in explaining Turkey's historic restraint in foreign affairs. First, Turkey was reacting to the dramatic decline and fall of the Ottoman Empire, and the European battle of great-power politics. In order to keep it from being partitioned off by the European empires, Turkey had to distinguish itself clearly from its foreign empire, and assure its neighbors, by focusing solely on itself, that it was not threatening them by trying to revive old boundaries (the Soviet Union was the biggest threat, and an attempt to build a pan-Turkic empire would have no doubt ended in a battle which Turkey would undoubtedly have lost, followed by the Soviets annexing it into its Union of Republics)."
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The Golan Heights, Syria and the Middle East Peace Process, 2002.
A discussion of the relationship between Israel and Syria over the Golan Heights and its effect on the Middle East peace process.
2,688 words (approx. 10.8 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 80.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the history of the conflict between Israel and Syria over the Golan Heights. Syria remains the one Arab neighbor that has never entered into formal negotiations with Israel. It looks at how Gaza and the West Bank have become subjects not only of negotiation but also of active peacemaking and how the Golan Heights alone has never been brought to the peace table, much less placed on it. It provides a brief description of the history and the geography of the Heights and the current situation and analyzes the prospects of any form of local peace in the near future.
From the Paper
"Yet for all these similarities, there is one profound difference: Assad has always been a "player" in Middle Eastern politics, while Saddam Hussein has never been. To some degree this can be explained by geography: Syria has a border with Israel and therefore must be integral to any overall Arab-Israeli settlement, whereas Iraq does not. However, that cannot be the only explanation; Iraq is an important regional power, and the Arab-Israeli issue is not the only game in the Middle East; there is also (among others) the Persian Gulf. The more fundamental reason is the nature and skills of the two men themselves. Both have a gift for staying in power, but Assad also has shown great talent at making himself an indispensable man: without his support no general Arab-Israeli peace can be established, but also without him no anti-Israeli front was viable."
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