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Surrogate Mothers, 2002.
A discussion of the issues involved in being and using surrogate mothers, including a look at the pertinent legal issues.
2,557 words (approx. 10.2 pages), 15 sources, MLA, $ 77.95
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Abstract
This paper analyzes the topic of surrogate mothers, discussing the many considerations to be taken into account when deciding to be a surrogate mother or selecting a surrogate mother. The paper provides information about laws concerning surrogate mothers, from various countries. Also illustrated are the sensitive issues for the surrogate mother to deal with after birth of the baby.
From the Paper
"Surrogate mothers have many battles to face giving their babies to the set of parents that want to receive them. ?Between 50 and 100 babies a year are born to surrogate mothers in Britain? (Henderson 2). Italy is against using surrogate mothers for childless couples (Australian 1). Should couples that have had children be allowed to use surrogate mothers? What are the problems of selecting a surrogate mother? What are the steps to having a baby from a surrogate mother? If the surrogate mother has more than one baby, what happens? Are the proposed parents mandated to take more than one baby? What about expenses? Surrogate mothers offer hope to couples that have not been able to have a baby with the natural childbirth and to couples who have married for the second time who desire to have a baby, but there are many decisions that should be made first."
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Surrogated Motherhood, 2008.
This paper looks at whether surrogate motherhood should be either banned or regulated by law.
4,042 words (approx. 16.2 pages), 11 sources, APA, $ 109.95
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Abstract
This paper mainly discusses in- vitro fertilization and surrogate pregnancies that are contracted, in which case the surrogate mother is usually a contracted person, with no link to the donors. In the case of contracted surrogate pregnancies, there is no way to judge the health of the surrogate mother and no regulation to see that the medical fraternity does not use the persons who are infected by diseases that could be passed to the infant. This paper affirms that laws must therefore be passed in such a manner that voluntary surrogate mothers are screened, identified and certified in such a manner that the resultant infant is not traumatized by diseases. The donors must be similarly screened. Furthermore, this paper looks at the idea of commercialization, within surrogate pregnancies. Namely it discusses the free market and the prostitution model. While some surrogate mothers do agree for altruistic reasons, where there is a demand, there will be a commercial supply. Since such children are at risk of being abandoned and neglected by the surrogate mother as well as by the donors, it is considered to be the duty of the state to enact laws to make sure that the donors, the surrogate mother and the genetic material are all fine to prevent deformities. In cases where such deformities do occur, the law must make the donor parents responsible for the child. Also, this paper asserts that there must also be a prohibition of payment for surrogate motherhood.
Outline:
Introduction
The Definition of Surrogate Motherhood
Adoption, Surrogate Motherhood - The Contrasts and Commonalities
The Arguments Favoring Regulation and Ban
The Arguments Against the Ban
Legal Problems
The Legal Controls Ought to be Set
Current Global Situation
Conclusion
From the Paper
"It is well if the resultant child is perfect what is the case if the child is born with deformities? What if it is liability? The management and care of such babies have legal moral and ethical implications. What is the relationship between the woman and the child in such cases at childbirth? For example the simple case of a low weight baby and in the case of mentally and physically challenged babies born to surrogate mothers, what will be the position and who shoulders the painful task? In the United States the Federal Government intervenes. In the UK the problem is ignored or the issue is glossed over. (Lee; Morgan, 1990) Judges have been sentencing mothers for not caring for the children in the womb. There have been cases of sentences handed down to mothers who consumed drugs and passed it on to the baby in the womb. Fetal neglect is now culpable. This shows that the state is concerned more and more with the unborn child and its welfare. The issue of in vitro fertilization and the knowledge of in genital illnesses are changing the perceptions of the society and the prevailing values are being modified. (Blank, 1992)
"The commoditization of sexuality has brought in the prospect of baby selling and prostitution. Poor women and even affluent ones are not above selling babies in the black market. The baby for sale has all its features added up to its price. The better suited ones getting the better price. The participants tend to market the baby in the fashion of a commodity and that is where the question of the babies with deformities and their fate steps in. There is likely to be more feticide and infanticide. The issue of 'Baby selling' drags down humanity considerations. (Warren, 1991) Originally surrogate mother hood was not a baby selling proposition. Yet today it has assumed the features of baby selling. Just as prohibition of payment exists for adoption, there must also be a prohibition of payment for surrogate motherhood. The courts sometimes have applied the baby sale acts to bar surrogate motherhood."
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Surrogate Parents, 2002.
A discussion of the issues concerning surrogate parenting.
774 words (approx. 3.1 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 27.95
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Abstract
This paper examines how for many infertile couples, the assistance of a surrogate mother represents one last hope for becoming a genetic parent and therefore they turn to surrogate mothers, or women who bear children for couples who cannot become parents through normal pregnancy and childbirth. It looks at how with careful preparation on both sides, surrogate parenting can be a viable option for couples to conceive a child and add to their family. It also shows how many critics charge that this practice provides another opportunity for couples to exploit poor women.
From the Paper
"The rising popularity of surrogate parenting stems in part from new technology. In the Baby M case, the surrogate mother was also the biological mother, because she was artificially inseminated with the intended father?s sperm. Today, however, 95 percent of these types of pregnancy involve ?gestational surrogacy,? where the intended parents sperm and egg are used to create an embryo, that is then implanted into the surrogate?s uterus. Though more expensive than traditional surrogacy, this type also insures that the intended parents are genetically related to their child (Gentry)."
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Mothers as Educators, 2005.
This paper takes a look at the role of the mother as educator of her child or children, including her history and function today.
2,250 words (approx. 9.0 pages), 5 sources, $ 89.95
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Abstract
The paper examines the role of the mother as educator of her child or children. The paper contends that firstly, the expectations of mother as educator are glossed. Then the paper studies the historical role of sole and first educator that the mother has traditionally held. Next, the paper mentions the phenomenon of working mothers and the use of day care centers as surrogate mothers and teachers. Finally, the paper discusses instances of underprivileged children and home schooled children.
From the Paper
"One of the most important works by the impressionist painter Mary Cassatt is "Family Group Reading," a beautiful and touching painting made in 1901. In the painting, a mother is depicted with her child on her lap, the two of them reading a book together. The aesthetic and monetary importance and value of this painting to the world of art is for another subject and another paper entirely. But the statement that this work makes on the subject of a mother's role as educator to her children is priceless. In Cassatt's time in turn-of-the-century France, most children of her class were raised and educated by nurses or nannies, not by their mothers."
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Surrogate Motherhood, 2006.
This paper analyzes and gives insights on whether there is anything intrinsically immoral with the act of surrogate motherhood.
2,733 words (approx. 10.9 pages), 14 sources, MLA, $ 81.95
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Abstract
This paper examines all of the moral and emotional issues surrounding surrogate motherhood. The author explains the different definitions of surrogacy from donation of sperm to egg donation to traditional surrogacy. He examines the ethical issues involved in surrogacy and if it can be considered as a moral or an immoral act from the perspective of the surrogate. The author cites examples of court cases that support surrogacy. He also examines how surrogacy has become a legal practice in many Western countries. In conclusion the author states his opinion that the existing laws and public policies regarding surrogacy and surrogate arrangements were created and established primarily for the purpose of justifying the end and existence of surrogate motherhood.
From the Paper
"Those who advocates the practice of surrogacy claims that it is a moral and just act since people who are burdened by the frustration of not being able to procreate are actually being addressed. With surrogacy, infertile couples are actually provided the joys of parenthood. Likewise, it is also said that surrogacy does not necessarily have to be equated with money. With the aid of laws and existing public policies regarding it, it is also claimed that the possibility of commercialization and the development of a market for it can be controlled and at the same time
access to the said reproductive technology is made possible for anyone who would like to avail it (http://www.debatabase.org)."
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Surrogate Parenting, 2007.
This paper argues that surrogate motherhood is an appropriate and ethical consideration for childless couples.
1,085 words (approx. 4.3 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 37.95
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Abstract
This paper explores the issues of surrogate pregnancy. The various types of surrogacy are defined as well as the possible problems that may arise because of this arrangement. Despite the implications of surrogate parenting, the author concludes that this is a viable means for childless couples to become parents.
From the Paper
"Because gestational surrogacy does not genetically link the host mother with the gestational parents, relinquishment of the child after pregnancy would seem much simpler than if the mother carrying the baby is genetically linked with the baby. Traditional surrogacy, requiring the carrier mother's eggs to conceive a child, automatically brings forth the question of whether the genetic mother should have a continuing relationship with the child after birth (Jaggar, 1994). It is important that couples consider the implications of traditional surrogacy. Still other opponents argue it is more difficult for the genetic or gestational mother to bond with a child she has not carried. There is adequate research however, supporting the role of the genetic mother and legitimizing her right to raising her child (Beckman & Ciccarelli, 2005). This research suggests that genetic mothers when provided ample support and resources are just as likely to raise a healthy child whether they carried the child to term or not."
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Surrogate Court in New York, 2005.
An examination of the changes that have occurred to Surrogate Court in New York City since 1930.
675 words (approx. 2.7 pages), 3 sources, $ 26.95
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Abstract
The paper briefly reviews Surrogate Court in New York City as it stood in 1930 and then briefly examines how it stands today. It compares and contrasts any changes that have occurred. The paper suggests that the changes that have taken place to Surrogate Court since the 1930s are largely overshadowed by the continuities.
From the Paper
"Surrogate Court in New York: Yesterday and Today Surrogate Court in New York City has seen both change and continuity since 1930. The following paper will briefly review Surrogate Court as it stood in 1930 and then briefly examine how it stands today. As will become clear, the changes that have taken place since the 1930s are largely overshadowed by the continuities. Specifically, the Courthouse continues to stand indomitably as a stirring testament to the "City Beautiful" movement which swept urban America in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. With that in mind, it is to a brief review of what has changed - and what has not - in that tiny corner of the world that this paper now turns. To begin with, even by 1930, the august Surrogate Court was very much a relic of the past. To wit, it was built between 1899 and 1907 and replaced the old Hall of Records that once stood in City Hall Park."
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Surrogate Motherhood, 2002.
A discussion of the ethical issues presented by surrogate motherhood and breastfeeding.
867 words (approx. 3.5 pages), 2 sources, MLA, $ 30.95
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Abstract
The process of surrogate motherhood involves a third party carrying a child for a couple, a single women, or persons involved in same sex relationships. This paper gives a personal opinion of why it is ethically wrong by examining literature both for and against surrogacy. It discusses such issues as bonding and separation and the key issue of breastfeeding, why surrogate mothers are not allowed to breastfeed.
From the Paper
"Opponents of surrogacy argue that the surrogacy process creates a separation in the mind of the surrogate mother that she must have the child but not raise the child. Thus surrogacy creates a situation in which a child is created for the purpose of fulfilling the desires of the adoptive parents. The Humanist writes: "To sanction the use and treatment of human beings to the achievement of other goals instead of as ends in themselves is to accept an ethic with a tragic past and to establish a precedent with a dangerous future." (Pyton 2001)"
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Surrogate Parenting, 2006.
A discussion regarding the legal and ethical issues and complications surrounding surrogate parenting.
1,017 words (approx. 4.1 pages), 7 sources, MLA, $ 35.95
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Abstract
This paper takes a look at the new and emerging reproductive technologies used today to help couples with fertility issues to have children. The paper focuses specifically on surrogate parenting, discussing the legal and ethical issues that can complicate surrogacy.
From the Paper
"The most commonly raised question is: are we not commercialization children by severing the bond between the natural mother and the child? Closely connected to this question are the feelings of the natural mother who might not want to give up the child once he is born. The legal cases in this regard have only further complicated the whole issue. The baby M case is one of the most well known cases of surrogacy parenting in the US. In 1986, Mary Beth Whitehead entered into a contract with Elizabeth and Daniel Stern to bear a child for them using husband's sperm. However when the child was born, Mary Beth refused to give up the custody which resulted in a bitter battle where many legal and ethical questions surfaced. It was decided by the court that while Sterns would keep the child, Whitehead would have visitation rights. This is not something common because it is decided prior to the birth of the child that natural mother would have no contact with him/her. This brings us to the philosophical question: Who exactly is a mother and what precisely is motherhood?"
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Surrogate Motherhood, 1989.
Argues against the legality of surrogate motherhood. Examines the definition, history, legal status and opposing arguments.
1,125 words (approx. 4.5 pages), 3 sources, $ 39.95
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From the Paper
" The question of surrogate motherhood and whether or not it should be legal has created a controversy among lawyers, doctors, feminists, historians, sociologists, men and women alike and crosses over all cultures, races, classes and religions. The overwhelming arguments and evidence indicate that surrogate motherhood should be illegal.
The issues and numerous objections of a moral and legal nature surrounding the question of legality include: baby selling, the legality of the contracts, class advantage (rich versus nonrich), religious beliefs, impact on traditional rights of birth mothers, the psychological impact on the children who are the products of these contracts, indentured servitude and prostitution.
Briefly defined, surrogate motherhood involves a man who..."
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Surrogate Parenting Case, 1999.
Analyzes cases and decisions related to surrogate law, focusing on the "Keller v. Rose", Illinois case in which the birth mother sued for custody of the child.
2,925 words (approx. 11.7 pages), 30 sources, $ 103.95
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From the Paper
"KELLER V. ROSE: APPELLATE BRIEF
This paper consists of a summary of the facts, the legal issue presented, the legal arguments and points and authorities supporting an appellate brief to be filed by plaintiffs-appellees, Patricia and Stephen Keller ("Plaintiffs" or "the Kellers"), in the appeal of defendants-appellants, Isaiah and Madeline Rose ("Defendants" or "the Roses"), to the Illinois Supreme Court of the decision of the Appellate Court of Illinois in favor of Plaintiffs in Case No. 96-L-2041. The Appellate Court reversed the decision of a trial court in Cook County which had found that a surrogate agreement between the Roses and the Kellers was valid and that the attempt by the Roses to obtain legal custody of the female child, Leah Clare Rose ("Leah"), born pursuant to the surrogate agreement, was in breach thereof."
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Surrogate Pregnancies in Canada, 2002.
A look at a policy brief regarding legislation to govern pre-conception (surrogacy) birth contracts in Canada.
2,900 words (approx. 11.6 pages), 7 sources, $ 106.95
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Abstract
This essay examines Canadian law and government policy with regards to surrogate pregnancies. This is a policy brief concerning legislation that would refer to pre-conception birth contracts (surrogacy) in Canada and provides a detailed analysis of the legal issues and potential conflicts in cases of surrogate pregnancy.
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Daycare: The Nurturing Surrogate Parent, 2002.
A paper describing how daycare can be beneficial to a child's development.
1,859 words (approx. 7.4 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 59.95
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Abstract
Since the increase in single parent families and dual income families, daycare has become a necessity for some households. The paper shows that through many sources and scientific tests, it has been proven that daycare has no negative effects on a childs well-being, and can actually help develop some necessary social skills for interaction with other children. The paper discusses the history of daycare, gives a contemporary definition and then shows the arguments for and against the use of daycare.
From the Paper
"In addition, there are advantages to each specific type of daycare. In-home care provides continuity and stability, as the child stays in the home all day. The child will also be able to follow his or her own schedule for meals and naps, and not deviate from the weekdays to the weekends (Berezin 13). Family daycare offers a comfortable place for a child to stay all day, while away from his or her house. The family daycare can also offer a small group of playmates for the child (Berezin 14). Childcare centers usually have on staff professionals that have studied development. In addition, there are plenty of other children at centers who can play with and socialize with the child. Finally, the childcare center will offer more of a range of activities that may not be available at home (Berezin 16)."
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Surrogate Motherhood, 1989.
Discusses pros & cons, woman's rights, legalities, ethics, emotional/psychological aspects and Baby M case.
1,350 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 9 sources, $ 47.95
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From the Paper
"This paper will discuss the pros and cons of surrogacy. Surrogate motherhood occurs when a woman agrees to bear a child for another woman. Surrogacy became a controversial issue in 1986 with the "Baby M" case, in which Mary Beth Whitehead agreed to bear a child for Bill and Betsy Stern, an infertile couple. Ms. Whitehead later changed her mind about giving up the infant. A great number of philosophical questions were raised by this incident as Mr. Stern, the biological father, and Ms. Whitehead battled over custody rights in court.
The case raised questions regarding the rights of a natural mother versus those of the natural father's wife; the extent of a father's rights in his role as financial provider; the importance of the mother-infant bond; the extent to which a surrogate mother has a right to her own body; the extent to which a surrogate (...)"
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Legalizing Surrogacy, 2002.
The paper suggests that the concept of surrogate mothering should be legalized.
870 words (approx. 3.5 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 30.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the moral and legal ramifications of surrogacy being recognized by the law and by the state. It examines the impact this might have on childless couples, how the truth might effect the child in the future and how, in the end, the best interest of the child should be the main factor in this decision making process.
From the Paper
"A clean break from the child is what the mother must make. Deliver the baby and walk away--no binding emotional ties. Surrogate mothering takes place when an infertile couple asks another woman to carry their fertilized egg in her womb. The woman is usually paid to carry the embryo and once born she hand over the child to the couple. However, this creates a number of moral and ethical problems that are quite a dilemma. Though the concept offers a very effective solution to the problem faced by couples that are unable to have children the fact remains that the emotional toil on the surrogate is high. That there are legal problems involved is also something that cannot be doubted. Is the state entitled to interfere in a personal issue if a surrogate decides that she will keep her child? Then consider the medical issues."
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