| Papers [1-14] of 14 | Search results on "SURROGACY": |
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Gestational Surrogacy, 2007.
This paper discusses different kinds of surrogacy and argues that gestational surrogacy is not the best type.
1,653 words (approx. 6.6 pages), 11 sources, APA, $ 53.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer presents the types of surrogacy and then develops the arguments which emphasize that gestational surrogacy is not the best type. Next, the writer presents a solution for replacing commercial surrogacy, followed by a brief presentation of non-commercial surrogacy. Further, reasons for which the writer considers non-commercial surrogacy to be better than gestational surrogacy are presented. The end of the paper presents a brief conclusion of all the arguments which have been stated. The writer maintains that gestational surrogacy should be replaced in all cases by non-commercial surrogacy, a practice that would allow a closer relationship between the parents and the surrogate mother and would be able to develop under the jurisdiction of several law stipulations.
From the Paper
"Even though in the recent years it seems that the authorities in many parts of the world have understood the reasons for which people choose this practice and, in addition, they attempted to offer support through law and several facilities - for example, in the state of Virginia the law is especially suitable for facilitating surrogate arrangements, and independent legal advice on this issue can be provided to appropriate couples through our consultant network -, there are still many reasons for which gestational surrogacy is still not an overall accepted practice. Among these reasons there might be encountered the ethnical issues it might create, the lack of proper legislation regarding the norm and cultural problems as well. Even though, the practice cannot be totally forbidden, because in this way many couples would be left without the chance of having their own children."
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Surrogacy Laws, 2005.
A comparison of the surrogacy laws in the United Kingdom and the United States.
3,248 words (approx. 13.0 pages), 10 sources, APA, $ 93.95
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Abstract
This paper focuses on the differences between surrogacy laws in the United States and the much less restrictive surrogacy laws in the United Kingdom. The paper suggests that the differences between the laws are significant enough to warrant thorough investigation into the reason for these differences. The paper also looks at the problem that surrogacy in some countries may be used for the commercialization or selling of women's bodies. The paper points out that this must also be investigated so that laws that might be deemed very dangerous and detrimental to these surrogate mothers can be changed if necessary. Additionally, the paper points out that laws that are not as restrictive are particularly in question, since this might allow for a larger degree of commercialization, which can make the whole process suspect.
From the Paper
"The literature into the issue of surrogacy is quite significant, especially when one is working to compare the laws of two different countries. For ease of understanding, the laws of the US will be discussed, followed by the laws of the UK. The actual comparison of the laws is something that will be dealt with in the data analysis that will be done in Chapter Four of the final study. The purpose of this brief review of the literature is only to give an understanding of the differences that are seen between the laws in the two countries and therefore show why an examination of them is actually necessary."
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Surrogacy, 2007.
This paper discusses the psychological effects of surrogacy.
1,830 words (approx. 7.3 pages), 8 sources, MLA, $ 58.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer discusses the motherhood arrangements wherein a surrogate woman is impregnated with sperm from a male unrelated to her. The writer explains that the woman then carries a fetus and gives birth to a child for another woman. The writer notes that this has always been controversial, and has typically been a scenario in which psychological issues are present. This paper examines and reviews psychological and moral issues that accompany surrogate motherhood, from several different scholarly perspectives.
From the Paper
"There are also psychological issues attached to the method used in the surrogate procedure, Edelmann explains. For example, if the commissioning woman's egg is implanted in the surrogate mother and fertilized with the commissioning woman's partner's sperm, more complicated and potentially troublesome medical issues can arise and there may be a need for "mental health care" and counselling may be required. However if the surrogate mother is simply inseminated with the commissioning male's sperm, and the commissioning woman's egg is not implanted, there is less stress and hence fewer psychological scenarios may be present. "
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Surrogacy Law, 2002.
Presented as a policy brief for new legislation on Pre-Conception birth contracts.
3,150 words (approx. 12.6 pages), 3 sources, $ 115.95
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Abstract
This paper provides recommendations for a policy brief for new legislation on Pre-Conception (Surrogacy) birth contracts. Recommendations in this policy brief include the inclusion of allowance and awareness of gender, race, sex and class influences, as well as ethical fairness in evaluating the implications of this legislation.
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Legalizing Surrogacy, 2002.
The paper suggests that the concept of surrogate mothering should be legalized.
870 words (approx. 3.5 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 30.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the moral and legal ramifications of surrogacy being recognized by the law and by the state. It examines the impact this might have on childless couples, how the truth might effect the child in the future and how, in the end, the best interest of the child should be the main factor in this decision making process.
From the Paper
"A clean break from the child is what the mother must make. Deliver the baby and walk away--no binding emotional ties. Surrogate mothering takes place when an infertile couple asks another woman to carry their fertilized egg in her womb. The woman is usually paid to carry the embryo and once born she hand over the child to the couple. However, this creates a number of moral and ethical problems that are quite a dilemma. Though the concept offers a very effective solution to the problem faced by couples that are unable to have children the fact remains that the emotional toil on the surrogate is high. That there are legal problems involved is also something that cannot be doubted. Is the state entitled to interfere in a personal issue if a surrogate decides that she will keep her child? Then consider the medical issues."
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Surrogate Motherhood, 2006.
This paper analyzes and gives insights on whether there is anything intrinsically immoral with the act of surrogate motherhood.
2,733 words (approx. 10.9 pages), 14 sources, MLA, $ 81.95
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Abstract
This paper examines all of the moral and emotional issues surrounding surrogate motherhood. The author explains the different definitions of surrogacy from donation of sperm to egg donation to traditional surrogacy. He examines the ethical issues involved in surrogacy and if it can be considered as a moral or an immoral act from the perspective of the surrogate. The author cites examples of court cases that support surrogacy. He also examines how surrogacy has become a legal practice in many Western countries. In conclusion the author states his opinion that the existing laws and public policies regarding surrogacy and surrogate arrangements were created and established primarily for the purpose of justifying the end and existence of surrogate motherhood.
From the Paper
"Those who advocates the practice of surrogacy claims that it is a moral and just act since people who are burdened by the frustration of not being able to procreate are actually being addressed. With surrogacy, infertile couples are actually provided the joys of parenthood. Likewise, it is also said that surrogacy does not necessarily have to be equated with money. With the aid of laws and existing public policies regarding it, it is also claimed that the possibility of commercialization and the development of a market for it can be controlled and at the same time
access to the said reproductive technology is made possible for anyone who would like to avail it (http://www.debatabase.org)."
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Surrogate Pregnancies in Canada, 2002.
A look at a policy brief regarding legislation to govern pre-conception (surrogacy) birth contracts in Canada.
2,900 words (approx. 11.6 pages), 7 sources, $ 106.95
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Abstract
This essay examines Canadian law and government policy with regards to surrogate pregnancies. This is a policy brief concerning legislation that would refer to pre-conception birth contracts (surrogacy) in Canada and provides a detailed analysis of the legal issues and potential conflicts in cases of surrogate pregnancy.
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The Baby Market & Adoption, 1996.
Explores the issue of the developing baby market for adoptive parents. Examines the history of paying for children, including surrogacy, some of the legal issues involved, & the ramification either a fee for services or a price for the child itself.
6,750 words (approx. 27.0 pages), 21 sources, $ 135.95
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From the Paper
"The last half of the 20th century has seen a radical change in the way in which human beings in the United States manage their fertility. While most people throughout human history, and even today, have been at the mercy of the fates in regard to fertility, that is no longer the case.
Fertility management extends in two different directions. For those who do not wish to have children, birth control and abortion technologies are now extremely effective and relatively safe. On the other hand, for those who are infertile for some reason, but wish to have children, reproductive technologies are more advanced. For those who cannot successfully have their own children, there is..."
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Assisted Reproductive Technology, 2007.
This paper discusses assisted reproductive technology (A.R.T.)
2,712 words (approx. 10.8 pages), 8 sources, MLA, $ 81.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer notes that assisted reproductive technology (A.R.T.) has received a great deal of attention in recent years. The writer explains that couples who have difficulty having children are now seeking out assisted reproductive technology to conceive children. The writer examines the developments and advancements in assisted reproductive technologies. The technologies examined include: Zygote intra fallopian transfer, donor egg or embryo, surrogacy/gestational carrier, in vitro fertilization (IVF), intra cytoplasmic sperm injection and gamete intra fallopian transfer (GIFT). The writer concludes that the research indicates that there are many alternatives available to infertile couples and that IVF and GIFT remain among the most popular and successful types of reproductive technologies.
Outline:
Introduction
Zygote Intra fallopian Transfer
Donor Egg or Embryo
Surrogacy/Gestational Carrier
In Vitro Fertilization
Intra cytoplasmic Sperm Injection
Gamete Intra fallopian Transfer
Future Technologies and Conclusions
From the Paper
"In addition to egg donation, embryos can also be donated. In most cases embryos are donated by couples that have undergone IVF and still have some additional frozen embryos; couples can choose to donate these embryos, have them used for medical research or have them destroyed. When the embryos are donated they are given to couples that have problems creating their own embryos."
"The author also points out that as it relates to having to use donor eggs, there are certain emotions that a woman may experience. The author asserts that these emotions are similar to the emotions that a man may experience when he discovers he is sterile. Relying on a donor egg or embryo also means that the woman will have no genetic link to the child."
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Surrogate Motherhood, 2002.
A discussion of the ethical issues presented by surrogate motherhood and breastfeeding.
867 words (approx. 3.5 pages), 2 sources, MLA, $ 30.95
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Abstract
The process of surrogate motherhood involves a third party carrying a child for a couple, a single women, or persons involved in same sex relationships. This paper gives a personal opinion of why it is ethically wrong by examining literature both for and against surrogacy. It discusses such issues as bonding and separation and the key issue of breastfeeding, why surrogate mothers are not allowed to breastfeed.
From the Paper
"Opponents of surrogacy argue that the surrogacy process creates a separation in the mind of the surrogate mother that she must have the child but not raise the child. Thus surrogacy creates a situation in which a child is created for the purpose of fulfilling the desires of the adoptive parents. The Humanist writes: "To sanction the use and treatment of human beings to the achievement of other goals instead of as ends in themselves is to accept an ethic with a tragic past and to establish a precedent with a dangerous future." (Pyton 2001)"
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Surrogate Parenting, 2007.
This paper argues that surrogate motherhood is an appropriate and ethical consideration for childless couples.
1,085 words (approx. 4.3 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 37.95
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Abstract
This paper explores the issues of surrogate pregnancy. The various types of surrogacy are defined as well as the possible problems that may arise because of this arrangement. Despite the implications of surrogate parenting, the author concludes that this is a viable means for childless couples to become parents.
From the Paper
"Because gestational surrogacy does not genetically link the host mother with the gestational parents, relinquishment of the child after pregnancy would seem much simpler than if the mother carrying the baby is genetically linked with the baby. Traditional surrogacy, requiring the carrier mother's eggs to conceive a child, automatically brings forth the question of whether the genetic mother should have a continuing relationship with the child after birth (Jaggar, 1994). It is important that couples consider the implications of traditional surrogacy. Still other opponents argue it is more difficult for the genetic or gestational mother to bond with a child she has not carried. There is adequate research however, supporting the role of the genetic mother and legitimizing her right to raising her child (Beckman & Ciccarelli, 2005). This research suggests that genetic mothers when provided ample support and resources are just as likely to raise a healthy child whether they carried the child to term or not."
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In Vitro Fertilization, 2002.
A review of the issues involved with In Vitro Fertilization.
3,057 words (approx. 12.2 pages), 12 sources, MLA, $ 89.95
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Abstract
This paper outlines the morality issue behind in vitro fertilization. The paper begins by explaining the concept of IV, so that the reader understands what specifically the method refers to. The paper then goes on to list and explain the various moral issues associated with the IV medical practice, including the biological, ethical and religious significance.
Contents:
Thesis
Introduction
In Vitro fertilization
Literature Review
Fate of the Embryo
Parental Rights
Cryoprecipitation
Human Embryo Research
Genetic Screening
Eugenics
Commercializing Reproduction
Multiple Births
Surrogacy
Religion
The Child
Conclusion
From the Paper
"In 1978 with the birth of Louise Brown, the first child conceived through in vitro fertilization (IVF), man finally realized his power to create, not passively through instinctual processes but consciously and actively. [Daar 1999] The desire to have children is strong in the human heart and infertility is a serious and painful issue. There are however more aspects to having a child than mere desire and the means by which the child is created is amongst the most important. Over the past few decades science has allowed individuals biologically otherwise incapable of reproducing, to make or have children by artificial methods such as in vitro fertilization."
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Concerns with Reproductive Technology, 2001.
This paper takes a thorough look at artificial reproduction, the many options available, plus medical, legal, and ethical concerns regarding the hi-tech procedures.
2,940 words (approx. 11.8 pages), 15 sources, $ 86.95
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Abstract
This paper provides an in-depth analysis of artificial reproduction technology. The author discusses surrogacy, in vitro fertilization, egg donation, frozen embryos, and fertility drugs. The paper looks at the medical ramifications of hi-tech reproduction, the ethical questions, legal concerns, and psychological reasons why people turn to assisted reproduction. The author also discusses religion and artificial reproduction.
From the Paper
"Where do babies come from? This question used to have a pretty straightforward answer. In recent times, ?baby making? can sound a lot more like science fiction than the birds and the bees. For the first time in history, because of in vitro fertilization technology and research, the traditional elements of parenthood: the genetic, the gestational, and the nurturing, can be separated, Cooper and Glazer 2. Ovum donation gives infertile couples the opportunity for gestation and parenting a child who is genetically connected to only half of the couple. This may sound like a dream comes true for many unfertile couples, however; the procedure is very complicated and carries with it many unanswered ethnical questions. Egg trafficking via the internet, health risks for both the donors and recipients, multiple pregnancy and selective reduction, fetal egg donation, and psychological harm to the children are just a few examples of the problems experts in the fields of ethics, theology, law, medicine, genetics, and public policy face. Artificial Reproductive Technology, ART, has many complicated drawbacks that overshadow the benefits."
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Surrogate Parenting, 2006.
A discussion regarding the legal and ethical issues and complications surrounding surrogate parenting.
1,017 words (approx. 4.1 pages), 7 sources, MLA, $ 35.95
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Abstract
This paper takes a look at the new and emerging reproductive technologies used today to help couples with fertility issues to have children. The paper focuses specifically on surrogate parenting, discussing the legal and ethical issues that can complicate surrogacy.
From the Paper
"The most commonly raised question is: are we not commercialization children by severing the bond between the natural mother and the child? Closely connected to this question are the feelings of the natural mother who might not want to give up the child once he is born. The legal cases in this regard have only further complicated the whole issue. The baby M case is one of the most well known cases of surrogacy parenting in the US. In 1986, Mary Beth Whitehead entered into a contract with Elizabeth and Daniel Stern to bear a child for them using husband's sperm. However when the child was born, Mary Beth refused to give up the custody which resulted in a bitter battle where many legal and ethical questions surfaced. It was decided by the court that while Sterns would keep the child, Whitehead would have visitation rights. This is not something common because it is decided prior to the birth of the child that natural mother would have no contact with him/her. This brings us to the philosophical question: Who exactly is a mother and what precisely is motherhood?"
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