| Papers [1-15] of 100 :: [Page 1 of 7] | | Go to page : 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 —> | Search results on "STUTTERING BRAIN DAMAGE": |
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Stuttering and Brain Damage, 2008.
An analysis of the evidence that stuttering is related to brain damage.
1,298 words (approx. 5.2 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 43.95
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Abstract
This paper relates that hypotheses that attempt to explain stuttering point to the roots of this condition in the neurophysiology and/or neuropsychology of the individual experiencing the dysfluency. The paper further discusses that, while theories do exist that place stuttering into a behavior dependant on learning and conditioning due to environmental aspects, the fact remains that stuttering, whether learned or conditioned, is the result of a neurophysiological response manifested as dysfluent speech. The paper maintains that, upon examination of the nature of stuttering both in terms of research into etiology and effective treatment, the conclusion that stuttering is the result of brain damage is the one most applicable and probable.
From the Paper
"According to earlier research statistics, approximately 25 to 35 percent of individuals who have developed stuttering sustained a form of brain damage, either at birth or during early childhood (Guitar, 2006). The reported factors, including anoxia at birth, premature birth, head injury, and mild cerebral palsy, all point to a disruption in the fetal development of a normal central nervous system (Guitar, 2006). Since there appears to be this correlation between brain damage and stuttering, research has been done to determine how brain functions are different in these individuals. Electroencephalographic (EEG) studies have shown a possible right-hemisphere dominance in terms of language production in individuals who stutter and cerebral blood flow (CBF) studies have shown these results as well (Guitar, 2006). "
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Brain Damage and Amnesia, 2002.
A paper on brain damage and the concept of amnesia in individuals.
2,552 words (approx. 10.2 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 77.95
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Abstract
This paper investigates and outlines the different theories that explain why amnesia occurs in individuals. The paper explores how theorists view the temporary loss of memory as an unnatural problem in individuals that must be taken into account by both medical professionals and individuals who suffer from amnesia. The paper describes several of the different theories, including Lashley, Hebb, and Korsakaff.
From the Paper
"One of the repercussions of the brain damage, or injury to the brain is a condition known as Amnesia, in which the individual suffers a loss of memory. Though the causes of amnesia are not limited to the direct injury of the brain such as an accident, and may occur to either a stroke, result of a disease, of the after-effects of excessive alcoholism, the presence of a chronic drug abuse, or psychological trauma or even stress, the subject of our study will be limited to Amnesia in relation to the brain injury."
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| Term Paper # 17659 |
temporarily unavailable
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Stuttering, 2002.
An insight into stuttering and examination of the relationship between stuttering and expressive language problems.
2,974 words (approx. 11.9 pages), 13 sources, MLA, $ 87.95
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Abstract
This paper looks at the relationship between stuttering, a speech disorder of dysfluency, which is classified as a speech problem and expressive language problems, which are classified as language disorders. It discusses how stuttering can appear to be a relatively minor communication problem, as the person knows what he or she wants to say and how it is the ability to communicate that separates us from the other animals. It demonstrates how communication is central to what makes us human and how stuttering can disrupt the normal rhythm of social interaction.
Outline
Introduction
Cause
Language Skills and Fluency
Research on the Topic
Discussion
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Recent research in brain imaging has produced interesting new information. MRI?s used to compare the brains of stutterers and non-stutterers showed anatomical differences in two areas used in language production: Broca?s area and Wernicke?s area (Perkins, 2001). This could easily lead one to assume that the cause of stuttering is a structural brain difference, but this might be an incorrect interpretation. The brain is plastic, and it is possible that these areas change over time as a result of the stuttering. However, it does give evidence regarding the involuntary nature of dysfluency (Perkins, 2001). Other neurological research suggests that the right hemisphere may be interfering with the language activities of the left hemisphere (Sobel, 2001). Other research implicates other parts of the brain. The region of the brain that processes hearing is active when fluent speakers speak but underactive when stutterers speak."
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Stuttering, 2007.
An analysis of the negative stereotypes of stuttering and the sociolinguistic effect of stuttering on individuals.
2,124 words (approx. 8.5 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 66.95
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Abstract
This paper highlights the important topic of stuttering and its effects on individual stutterers, from a sociolinguistic point of view. It looks at the negative stereotypes and prejudices that are associated with people who stutter and those that attempt to conceal their stuttering. The paper analyzes whether attempting to conceal stuttering is in fact effective or if it adds to the negative stereotypes that surround stutterers.
Table of Contents:
Ignorance and Generalization
Backfiring of Concealment Strategies
From the Paper
"In sum, the attempts to disguise or avoid stuttering may contribute to an even worse overall perception of the stutterer. Listeners are not easily fooled by concealment strategies, and they tend to react more favourable to speech "blocks, repetitions and prolongations" than to attempts of disguise (Parry)."
"Even if the stutterer does get away with his attempt, the outcome might be far from desirable. He may confirm the popular stereotype that sutterers are "shy, nervous, anxious, tense, fearful, introverted, quiet or reticent (Acton and Hird 505; Heite)," or maybe even worse, create himself a social identity that is associated with terms like arrogance and disinterest."
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Stuttering, 2005.
Discusses the importance of understanding the underlying psychological problems associated with stuttering.
2,966 words (approx. 11.9 pages), 16 sources, MLA, $ 87.95
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Abstract
This paper begins by examining the many and varied theories used to explain the causes of stuttering and then follows with an analysis of stuttering and its affect on academic achievement. The paper asserts that this analysis supports the argument that stuttering is primarily a psychologically-caused, linguistic impairment condition and that this knowledge is an important step towards reducing the academic difficulties faced by students who stutter.
From the Paper
"The majority of children learn language in what seems to look like an easy and natural process, characterized by different stages of fluency. At each stage of the language acquisition process, the child gains a larger vocabulary and a greater fluency. Because most children pass from one stage to another without difficulty few people, except linguists, psychologists and scientists, have considered the minority of children who do not acquire linguistic fluency, and do not speak in a clear and comprehensible way, although they may have the same language knowledge and vocabulary as do others of their age group. Among the various linguistic problems that a child may suffer from, reducing his ability to use language fluently and to communicate effectively, is stuttering."
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Stuttering, 2003.
This paper discusses stuttering, its etiology, diagnosis, treatment, and stereotypes, as seen in the films "Primal Fear" and "Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone".
2,115 words (approx. 8.5 pages), 8 sources, APA, $ 66.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that stuttering is a complex disorder, with an etiology and severity level that varies from case to case. The author selected ?Harry Potter? and ?Primal Fear? as examples of stuttering stereotypes in films because, in both films, a character faked his disorder to convey a falsehood to people that he hoped to deceive. The paper relates that treating stuttering should be focused on the patient's hearing, seeing, feelings, and the effects the disorder has had on the person?s personality.
Table of Contents
Stereotypes Displayed in Films
?Harry Potter and the Sorcerer?s Stone?
?Primal Fear?
Etiology of Stuttering
Myths, Misconceptions and Multiple Causes
Diagnosis
Treatment
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Parents who are concerned that their preschool-age child may be a stutterer should be aware that what is considered ?normal? dysfluency can occur in ten of every one hundred spoken words. ( More recently, it has been suggested that dysfluencies can be categorized as ?stuttering-like? or ?other?. Stutter-like dysfluencies include blocks, repetitions, and prolongations. Other dysfluencies include interjections, revisions or deserted statements, and repetitions of phrases or multi-syllables."
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Stuttering in Pre-school Children, 2006.
A research paper dealing with stuttering disorders in young children.
4,123 words (approx. 16.5 pages), 13 sources, APA, $ 110.95
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Abstract
Stuttering is characterized by an abnormal high frequency and/or duration of stoppages in the forward flow of speech. Such stoppages usually take the form of sound repetitions, syllables or one-word syllables, prolongations of sounds or blocks of airflow or voice speech. This paper examines the speech problem of stuttering in pre-school children. It examines causes, symptoms and possible treatments. It includes a table.
Paper Outline:
General Description of the Disorder
Stuttering in Pre-school Age Children
Patterns of Stuttering
Assessment of Preschool Disfluent Children
References
From the Paper
"Other factors, such as traumatic events can also disrupt speech patterns, particularly in younger children. Trautman says that there is also some research suggesting that children who have a behaviorally inhibited temperament might be at increased risk for stuttering (e.g. children who appear to be more sensitive to changes and tend to cry more often). In addition, Trauman notes that some parents have reported changes in the fluency of their child's speech after (non-related) treatment with stimulant medications, such as Ritalin (methylphenidate) and some asthma medications."
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Tort Law as Compensation for Environmental Damage, 2007.
An analysis of the effectiveness of tort law with regard to providing compensation and preventing environmental damage.
2,881 words (approx. 11.5 pages), 34 sources, APA, $ 85.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the effectiveness of tort law in providing compensation for environmental damage. It also looks at the ability of tort law to prevent environmental damage from occurring. The paper describes some of the obstacles suffered by tort law in fulfilling a central role in environmental protection, such as cost, evidence and standing and then looks at the limits to the limitations that exist in terms of tort law and environmental damage.
Table of Contents:
Developing, and Restricting an 'Environmental Tort': Issues of Locality and Use
Establishing the Causative Link and Proving Foreseeability
Further Obstacles: Evidence, Cost and Standing
Limiting the Limitations
The European Influence - Lowering the Hurdles?
Assessing the Use of Common Law Actions in Tort
From the Paper
"Today there is a propensity to think of environmental protection as attained by the volume of specific legislation, but this does not mean that the role of the common law in environmental protection has become obsolete. Although perhaps a somewhat tenuous link, it has been argued that actions in tort are able to prevent environmental harm by deterring others from engaging in the same behaviour due to a fear of having to pay damages. However, Barbara Young, the chief executive of the Environment Agency, challenges such a rationalisation, arguing "the scale of penalties levied by the courts makes pollution and prosecution an acceptable risk and an acceptable business expense" . Naturally, the extent to which the extent to this will vary according to the polluting offender involved, however it would seem unlikely that the prospect of paying damages would have the same influence as the fear of facing an environmental regulator is set standards are breached."
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Stuttering in Preschool-age Children, 2006.
An overview of this speech disorder in young children.
4,123 words (approx. 16.5 pages), 13 sources, APA, $ 110.95
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Abstract
Stuttering is a communication disorder that interferes with a child's ability to speak fluently. It is characterized by the prolongation or blockage of sound, repetition, syllables or words, and its course can be cyclical, with the frequency and severity of the stuttering changing dramatically over time. This paper provides an overview of stuttering in preschool-age children, including how a stutter develops and how children are assessed.
Paper Outline:
General Description of the Disorder
Stuttering in Preschool-age Children
Patterns of Stuttering
Development of a Stutter
Assessment of Preschool Disfluent Children
Predictive Factors of Preschool Children Who Will Have Persistent Stuttering
References
From the Paper
"Trautman says that there is also some research suggesting that children who have a behaviorally inhibited temperament might be at increased risk for stuttering (e.g. children who appear to be more sensitive to changes and tend to cry more often). In addition, Trauman notes that some parents have reported changes in the fluency of their child's speech after (non-related) treatment with stimulant medications, such as Ritalin (methylphenidate) and some asthma medications. However, she says that she knows of no clinical evidence supporting these observations."
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Stuttering, 2007.
An analysis of the incidence, treatment and implications of stuttering for the adult male.
1,297 words (approx. 5.2 pages), 7 sources, MLA, $ 43.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses how the incidence of stuttering is low and usually resolves itself by the time an individual reaches adulthood. The paper relates that five times as many men as women stutter, a factor that has led some researchers to conclude that there is a powerful cultural element at play. The paper shows that while stuttering cannot be cured in the traditional sense, adult stutterers today can obtain formal fluency training assistance and can make the fundamental changes in thinking that may have contributed to the onset of the problem from the outset.
Outline:
Review and Discussion
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Stuttering, or dysphemia (the term is seldom used) (Wingate, 1997), is a speech defect that affects both the fluency and rhythm of speech; the condition is characterized by involuntary repetition of sounds or syllables and the intermittent blocking or prolongation of sounds, syllables, and words (Gibbons & Sims, 2006). There appears to be some type of anticipatory element involved in stuttering, with adult stutterers being able to accurately predict 95 percent of the words over which they will stutter in reading aloud a given passage before doing so; this factor has led some researchers to believe that when adult stutterers anticipate having problems with certain words, it acts like a self-fulfilling prophecy that actually produces the stuttering (Gibbons & Sims, 2006)."
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Stuttering, 2002.
This paper discusses the treatment of childhood stuttering.
2,900 words (approx. 11.6 pages), 14 sources, $ 106.95
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Abstract
This paper examines current approaches to stuttering and strategies towards its correction especially Behavior Modification approaches. The paper stresses the need for parental involvement. The author relates the ongoing 'mystery' of stuttering despite the known need to treat it actively.
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Lightning Damage, 2003.
Examines lightning damage and reviews lightning protection systems.
2,070 words (approx. 8.3 pages), 6 sources, APA, $ 71.95
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Abstract
This report examines lightning damage, particularly its effects on electrical systems, and protective measures than can be taken. It explains lightning and reviews lightning protection systems for both residential and commercial properties.
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The Links Between Poverty And Environmental Damage In Developing Countries, 2002.
This paper discusses the links between poverty and environmental damage in the developing countries.
2,150 words (approx. 8.6 pages), 5 sources, $ 80.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the links between poverty and environmental damage in the developing countries and their implication for sustainable development. Two developing countries are used as case studies
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Stuttering, 1992.
An analysis of the causes, definition and treatment of stuttering.
1,575 words (approx. 6.3 pages), 26 sources, $ 55.95
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From the Paper
"Stuttering: An Overview
This research reviews the speech disorder of stuttering. In this research, the emphasis is placed on theories concerning the causes of stuttering.
Defining Stuttering
Stuttering is the word most frequently used in the United States to describe the disorder, while stammering is the word used most frequently in the United Kingdom (Byrne, 1989). There is no difference between stuttering and stammering (Byrne, 1989).
Stuttering is "speech which is hesitant, stumbling, tense or jerky to the extent that it causes anxiety to the speaker and/or the listener" (Byrne, 1989, p. 1). There is no single speech behavior which may be designated as the definition of a stutter (Byrne, 1989..."
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