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The 'Three Strikes' Law in the United States - a Critique, 2008.
This paper describes and discusses the "Three Strikes" law adopted in the United States.
3,278 words (approx. 13.1 pages), 12 sources, MLA, $ 94.95
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Abstract
This paper describes the Three Strikes Law introduced in the USA as an effort to 'get tough' on crime. Over the years, it was seen that the law had no impact on crime rates or the nature of offenses as other states continued to follow the example set by California. The author intended that this paper would express the flimsiness of a law seeming rooted in deterrence but in fact he has revealed less reported and important surrounding matters.
Outline:
Introduction
The Failure of Three Strikes Law
Kinds of Crime - the Crack Revolution
Alleged Alternatives
Laws as Seen by Offenders
Concluding Discussion
From the Paper
" Approaches to 'getting tough' on crime in the United States of the 1990s showed commitment to what seems deterrence, as in the Three Strikes effort permitting tough sentences for repeat offenders. Over years, it was see that the law had no impact on crime rates or the nature of offenses as states continued to follow the example of California in 1994, towards varied crime statistics verifying, yet again, the ineffectiveness of deterrence models. What is absent from this kind of research is exploration of what Three Strike laws have been intended to achieve. One grows used to material empathizing with offenders affected by the law who serve inordinately long sentences for perhaps minor crimes. (See Abramsky 2002, Cole 1999) What tends to be missing concerns why this legislation was passed and the groups that favoured it. The message handed down by the Three Strikes law was one of society's non-tolerance for crime whereas the criminological message can fail to understand that criminality is opposed from within affected areas apt to support draconian legislation towards incarceration. What began as a paper expressing the flimsiness of a law seeming rooted in deterrence soon revealed less reported and important surrounding matters."
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Crime in New Jersey and in the United States, 2007.
An examination of the prison system and crime in New Jersey and in the United States.
2,706 words (approx. 10.8 pages), 11 sources, MLA, $ 81.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the activities of state authorities in relation to crime in New Jersey and in the United States. The paper explains that in recent years crime rates in New Jersey have dropped significantly, but the prison population, and its costs, have increased and the key reason is that New Jersey (like many other jurisdictions) uses incarceration to address drug problems. The paper points out that there are alternatives to full-scale incarceration that would save the state of New Jersey substantial sums which are now being spent on maintaining a prison system that is built to guard New Jersey from a threat that does not exist.
Outline:
Introduction
Part I: Recent Crime Statistics
Part II: Recent Legislation
Part III: Victims Assistance Programs
Part IV: Correctional Options
Part V: Three Strikes Laws
Conclusion
From the Paper
"There are two criminal justice systems in the United States: the state system and the federal system. When a person commits a crime, it may be a crime against the laws of the United States; it may be a crime against the laws of the state in which the crime occurs. Violations of the criminal laws of the United States ("federal crimes") are prosecuted by the United States through the U.S. Attorney in each state. Violations of the laws of a given state are prosecuted by the various officials of the state. While the two systems work cooperatively, they do not course over."
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HIV/AIDS in India and the United States, 2002.
A comparative analysis of the HIV/AIDS situation in India and the United States.
2,742 words (approx. 11.0 pages), 11 sources, MLA, $ 82.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the HIV (human immuno virus) and AIDS (acquired immunity deficiency syndrome) epidemic in India and the United States.
It examines the epidemiology of HIV/AIDS in both countries in turn and then follows with a discussion of the public health response for dealing with it. It evaluates how as a wealthy country, the United States has the resources to commit to an attack on HIV/AIDS that is far beyond the capacity of India and how as a consequence, a true HIV/AIDS disaster in likely to strike India before 2010.
From the Paper
"Most cases of AIDS and most deaths from AIDS in the United States have occurred among persons 30 to 39 years old, with second most stricken group being 40 to 49 year olds, and the third most stricken group being 20 to 29 year olds. Men comprise almost 90 percent of AIDS victims in the United States. While whites account for the most AIDS victims in the United States, African-Americans and Hispanics are represented among AIDS victims at levels disproportionately high in relation to their proportional representation in the general population (Economics and Statistics Administration, 1997). With respect to formal education, higher levels of AIDS victimization appear to be associated with lower levels of formal education attainment; however, such relationships have not been established conclusively with precision (Centers for Disease Control & Prevention, 1998)."
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Three Strikes Law, 2002.
A look at the issues concerning the ?three strikes? sentencing law.
2,531 words (approx. 10.1 pages), 12 sources, MLA, $ 76.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the issues surrounding the "three strikes" law to determine whether it has been effective in reducing crime, if it deters crime,and if it is a fair and practical law. Ultimately, this paper aims to determine if the three strikes law should be implemented nation-wide. It discusses how since its introduction in 1993, the controversial "three strikes" sentencing law has been a topic of heated debate amongst politicians, lawmakers and the public. It looks at how the foundation of the "three strikes" law is often referred to as the ?six percent solution? which holds that a small percentage of criminals, approximately six percent, commit up to 80 percent of all crimes. Thus, proponents of the ?three strikes? laws believe that it will get this highly active and dangerous group of repeat criminals off the street, significantly reducing crime rates. Statistics and graphs are included.
From the Paper
"A separate study by Beres and Griffith (1998) revealed that the three strikes law produces a modest reduction in crime (Jones, et al, 2001). However, these results showed that the reasoning behind the law is intrinsically flawed for many reasons. For one, there is little evidence that incarcerating the six percent of career criminal actually reduces crime. Rather, evidence shows that a substantial number of young males engage in criminal activity during their adolescence years. In addition, this study showed that criminally active offenders are often imprisoned regardless of ?three strikes? laws. Therefore, the only offenders affected by the three-strikes law are mainly low-rate, non-violent offenders. Finally, this study revealed that sentencing repeat offenders to longer terms would not have a real impact on the general crime rate. "
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The Three Strikes Law, 2007.
An argument supporting the use of the three strikes law.
838 words (approx. 3.4 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 29.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses the three strikes law whereby a third felony conviction brings a mandatory sentence with no parole possible for a long period of time. The paper explains that critics of the three strikes law most frequently oppose it because the law allows for a non-violent third strike, has high costs and means an increase in the prison population. The writer contends that what critics should really be concerned about is the high rate of repeat offenders, the high cost of crime and the desirability of letting violent offenders roam free versus sit in prison. The writer admits that prison populations have increased and there are more elderly prisoners. The writer maintains that this means that the three strikes law is meeting its objective of finally putting the guilty where they belong and for a very long time.
From the Paper
"Unfortunately, it seems nearly impossible to avoid becoming a victim of crime in our country. Personally, I have had my car stolen and seriously damaged and my apartment broken into with items of high emotional value taken from me. And, who hasn't experience fear at some time or other when they are walking down the street minding their own business only to be intimidated by some bully or thug? Thus, it's extraordinarily frustrating to see the same individuals churn through the justice system only to commit the same or worse acts time after time. California, one of the first implementers of the three strikes laws, has a sixty percent recidivism rate for some of its most serious crimes."
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The ?3-Strikes? Law, 2004.
This paper argues against California?s "3-strikes law", which attempts to stop repeat criminals by sentencing them to mandatory life in jail after their third offense.
1,095 words (approx. 4.4 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 38.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that the 3-strikes law has created a dynamic within the criminal justice system that seeks to punish minor offenses, while shifting focus away from violent offenders. The author points out that, unlike other 3-strikes laws around the country, California?s is unique in that it permits a lifetime sentence for any third offense, even one that is non-violent by nature, includes juvenile adjudications of those 16 and 17 years of age, and does not provide a ?wash-out? period for long periods of time between offenses. The paper concludes that billions of dollars, nationally, have been thrown towards the 3-strikes legislation, but the intent of the law, to reduced crime, has not necessarily been achieved.
From the Paper
"Finally, the 3-strikes rule is unfair in its application. Many argue criminal justice systems throughout the United States are discriminatory, but California?s is blatantly so. The 3-strike law has had its most dramatic effect on California?s African American population. While only 7% of the state?s population is African American, more than 40% make up those convicted under the 3-strike law. Plus, the majority of offenses targeted by the law (robbery, possession of drugs, ect.) are offenses more commonly performed by minority and underrepresented groups."
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California's Three-Strikes Law, 2002.
An examination of the pros and cons of California?s Three-Strikes law - which imposes heavy mandatory sentences on persons convicted for the third time of a felony.
994 words (approx. 4.0 pages), 2 sources, MLA, $ 35.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses why the California law is slightly different from other states which uphold the Three-Strikes law - California law allows prosecutors to count classified misdemeanors as felonies for purposes of applying third-strike sentences. This paper discusses how, in many cases, the question of whether the law exhibits adequate proportionality is a major aspect of applying third-strike sentences.
From the Paper
"Recently, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled to uphold long-term sentences for two men who were convicted under California?s three-strikes law (Mears, 2003). The decisions for the two cases, Ewing v. California and Lockyer v. Andrade, increased the likelihood that future challenges to the three-strikes law will have to be made in the legislatures rather than the courts.
California?s three-strikes law came about when the state?s voters approved Proposition 184 in 1994 after 12-year-old Polly Klaas was kidnapped, raped and murdered by Richard Allen Davis, a man who was serving parole at the time of the crime. Davis had formerly been convicted of kidnapping, assault and burglary but only served half of his sentence. If he had served his full sentence, proponents of the law argued, Klaas would have been safe."
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California?s "Three-Strikes Law", 2002.
The paper analyzes the "Three-Strikes Law" using two recent cases, Ewing vs. California and Lockyer vs. Andrade.
914 words (approx. 3.7 pages), 2 sources, MLA, $ 32.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses the background to the creation of the three-strikes law, which imposes heavy mandatory sentences on persons convicted for the third time of a felony. The paper examines whether the law exhibits adequate proportionality in applying third-strike sentences.
It also discusses the constitutionality of the law and arguments put forward by opponents to the law.
From the Paper
"Supreme Court Justice Sandra Day O?Connor?s opinion in Ewing v. California stressed that courts should not interfere with decisions by state legislatures concerning criminal sentencing policies (Cahill, 2003). In this case, the supreme court upheld the constitutionality of a 25-year sentence against Gary Albert Ewing, whose third-strike sentence was stealing three golf clubs, valued at $1200, from a store."
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"Three Strikes" Laws, 2008.
This paper discusses the criticism of the "three strikes" criminal laws.
712 words (approx. 2.8 pages), 11 sources, APA, $ 25.95
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Abstract
The paper explores the view of proponents of 'three strikes' laws, who argue that incarcerating repeat criminals reduces crime. The paper questions the deterrence of these laws and looks at critics who maintain that they actually increase violence, are a financial burden and are discriminatory. The paper discuses the lack of consistency in the legislation and implementation of these laws among states as well as the crippling of judicial and prosecutorial discretion.
From the Paper
"Americans perceive crime as a threat, although statistically violent crime has declined in recent years. (Pfeffer) Responding, many states have adopted "three strikes" laws, based on the idea that a small class of repeat offenders commits the majority of crimes. (Beres & Griffith, 1998; Pfeffer) Proponents of such laws argue that incarcerating "career" criminals reduces crime. Critics call these laws a sloppy response to the problem, only mildly deterrent, and are a financial burden. (Pfeffer)"
"California's was the first "three strikes" law, requiring that criminals with prior felonies be gotten off the street, sentenced to longer prison terms, 25 years to life even if the third crime was a non-violent felony, so that even minor crimes can lead to a life sentence. (Pfeffer)"
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Employment Laws in the United States Post 9/11, 2003.
An examination of employment laws in the United States following the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks.
3,226 words (approx. 12.9 pages), 7 sources, MLA, $ 93.95
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Abstract
To determine how and to what extent the controlling of employment legislation has changed following the terrorist attacks of 9/11, this paper provides a review of the relevant literature, followed by a summary of the research and a presentation of the findings in the conclusion.
From the Paper
"Before World War II, American workers began organizing to achieve a more equitable share of the benefits of their labor, and the changes in the social contract following World War II resulting from a series of downsizing, mergers and acquisitions have fundamentally changed the relationship between the American worker and employers. No longer was there a patriarchal system in place that guaranteed life-long employment in exchange for hard work and loyalty; instead, the competition for good jobs - and jobs at all - became increasingly fierce. However, during this period of history illegal immigrant workers were not aggressively prosecuted because they were merely working at jobs that "no American would want." After the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001 though, many unemployed U.S. citizens might scoff at that argument. While many components of the immigration laws that control employment in the U.S. remain unchanged following September 11, there have been some profound changes that have nevertheless affected the ability of immigrants - legal or illegal - to find gainful employment in the United States. "
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Consumer Laws in the United Kingdom, 2002.
This paper uses a case study to examine United Kingdom Consumer Laws and Consumer criminal laws. The laws are meant to protect consumers against defective and unsafe products and services.
16,682 words (approx. 66.7 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 249.95
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Abstract
United Kingdom Consumer Laws and Consumer criminal Laws are meant to protect consumers against defective and unsafe products and services. They can be invoked if a consumer feels he was taken for a ride and given product or service, which did not meet his needs or was faulty in any sense. We need to understand that certain conditions apply when these laws are made use of to bring charges against a trader. For example, the nature of product or service doesn't count at all but the length of use; special seller instructions, representation of a product etc. play a dominant role in determining the exact nature of breach of contract between the seller and the consumer.
Proposal-Introduction
Executive Summary
-------Rights and Liabilities-Used car
-------Rights and Liabilities-Seat cover
-------Rights and Liabilities- Cell batteries
-------Rights and Liabilities-Re-roofing
-------Rights and liabilities-Dogs
Conclusions/Recommendations
From the Paper
"Eleanor and Nicos needed to purchase a second-hand car and visited Solid Cars for this purpose. There they found a Range Rover, which was being offered for ?2,000. The salesman informed them the original engine of the Rover had been replaced with a reconditioned engine. After initial discussions with the salesman, they agreed to purchase the vehicle through their debit card. The salesman however told them few things, which later proved to be incorrect and caused them several problems during test-drive."
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Three Strike Law, 2001.
This paper analyses the Three Strike Law which is used against repeated offenders. It uses the State of California as an example of the enforcement of this law and provides an overview of sources which are for and against its institution.
2,820 words (approx. 11.3 pages), 7 sources, $ 83.95
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Abstract
This paper analyses the Three Strike Law which is used against repeated offenders. It uses the State of California as an example of the enforcement of this law and provides an overview of sources which are for and against its institution.
From the paper:
"Following the highly publicized kidnapping and murder of 12-year-old Polly Klaus and Kimber Reynolds, California Governor Pete Wilson signed the state?s three-strikes law, Proposition 184, in March 1994. The law was designed to punish the most serious and habitual offenders and help control crime. By May 31, 2001, over 50,000 criminals had been incarcerated. This included 43,800 under a second strike provision."
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"Three Strikes" Laws, 2005.
This paper maintains that "Three strikes and you're out" mandatory sentence laws do not reduce the crime rate.
2,034 words (approx. 8.1 pages), 6 sources, APA, $ 71.95
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Abstract
The paper contends that "three strikes and you're out" mandatory sentence laws do not reduce the crime rate. The paper discusses the reasons for the three strikes legislation, and explains how it works. The paper discusses that there is lack of evidence to show it reduces the crime rate.
From the Paper
""Three Strikes and You're Out" crime laws which are now in effect in almost all states in the U S are essentially laws that mandate that an individual who commits three of a certain group of felonies receives a mandatory prison sentence ranging from years to life. Mauer Walker's Proposition states succinctly that three strikes and you're out laws are a terrible crime policy. In this essay, arguments supporting Walker's Proposition will be advanced."
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Constitutional Law in the United Kingdom.
This paper examines the constitution of the United Kingdom, specifically the "conventions" of law, their ability to be enforced, and the superior rule of law.
1,665 words (approx. 6.7 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 54.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that the United Kingdom (UK), or Great Britain, is considered a democracy, which operates under a parliamentary system in which the supreme authority is held by the legislature under a figurehead sovereign, who, for all intents and purposes, does not rule but does reign. The author points out that, due to conventions, the Queen generally will not act against the advice of her ministers, but her participation is a requirement, as is her approval. The paper relates that the sources of constitutional conventions are those things that are acceptable and have been acceptable for a long time, things that society finds acceptable within the realm of its morals, beliefs, or principles, based on many years of compatibility and agreeability among the majority of society.
Table of Contents
Statement of Thesis
Introduction
Government of the UK and Great Britain
Parliament
The Legislature
The Executive
The Judiciary
The Crown
The House of Lords
The House of Commons
Political Parties
The Ministry and Cabinet
County Courts
Constitutional Conventions
Functions of Constitutional Conventions
Conclusion
From the Paper
"An act of Parliament can make changes in the constitution or a new convention being established through usage and acceptance in general. An appointed committee released a report in 1973 which makes recommendation for revisions that were major in nature. These recommended revisions would permit the constituent parts within the United Kingdom to take the reins of control of their own affairs to a much greater extent. The government is composed of the Parliament which governs in the name of the Crown or Monarchy and is considered to be supreme. The three branches of the Parliament are the Legislature, Executive and Judiciary branches."
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Fundamental Health Law in the United Kingdom, 2004.
In-depth analysis of United Kingdom case law regarding mental health.
24,888 words (approx. 99.6 pages), 39 sources, APA, $ 249.95
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Abstract
This paper outlines the history of mental health law in the UK, identifying a number of key principles of health care economics and ethics, with a focus on the particular incentives and trade-offs that are raised by these principles at three levels of the mental health system: government and society; purchasers and providers; and users and caretakers. The paper then suggests that there is a need to move towards a more open, accountable, and evidence-based mental health care system, which would be fully supported by UK law.
Table of Contents
History of UK Case Law
Draft Mental Incapacity Bill
The Fundamental Principle Behind Medical Law in the UK
Capacity Law
Problems in Mental Health Systems in the UK
A Right to Health Care: The Libertarian Objection
Whom to Sacrifice
The Struggle Between Ethics and Economics in Mental Healthcare
Four Principles of Healthcare Economics
Four Principles of Healthcare Ethics
Tensions in Healthcare Decision-Making
Government and Society
Purchasers and Providers
Economic Incentives
Ethical Trade-offs
Users and Caretakers
Linking the Past to the Present
From the Paper
"In the United Kingdom, a debate has surfaced in recent years regarding existing mental health laws . This debate raises important questions about human rights, duty of care, individual responsibility, the nature of mental illness and the purpose of mental health services. The focus of this debate revolves around the libertarian principles of autonomy and self-determination. In basic terms, stakeholders in the debate, including mental health professionals, insurance companies, patients and family members, have varying ideas regarding whether or not we can justify the legalized use of force by mental health services on individuals diagnosed with a mental disorder who have not committed a crime."
History of UK Case Law
Draft Mental Incapacity Bill
The Fundamental Principle Behind Medical Law in the UK
Capacity Law
Problems in Mental Health Systems in the UK
A Right to Health Care: The Libertarian Objection
Whom to Sacrifice
The Struggle Between Ethics and Economics in Mental Healthcare
Four Principles of Healthcare Economics
Four Principles of Healthcare Ethics
Tensions in Healthcare Decision-Making
Government and Society
Purchasers and Providers
Economic Incentives
Ethical Trade-offs
Users and Caretakers
Linking the Past to the Present
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