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Strikes on the Air Zones, 2002.
This paper takes a look at labor disputes in connection with air travel.
1,550 words (approx. 6.2 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 50.95
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Abstract
This paper addresses such questions as to why there were air strikes in 2001, how the strikes were settled and why President Bush became involved with the air strikes.
From the Paper
"Almost every year the threat of airline strikes seem to happen. Approximately 97 percent of airline labor disputes will be solved without them going on strike. The airlines do not have good public relations. ?In fact, the industry?s very structure and the disagreement between labor and management about who runs the enterprise create persistent tensions even when the employees own the airline? (Freeman1). The pilot may believe that management is extraneous and themselves as indispensable."
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Air Traffic Controllers Strike in 1981, 1989.
Discusses central issues, consequences & impact on major differences between labor & government/management, Reagan's actions & their appropriateness, public interest, use of military controllers, impact of FAA and air traffic safety risks.
9,000 words (approx. 36.0 pages), 54 sources, $ 135.95
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From the Paper
"The Professional Air Traffic Controllers Organization (PATCO), a labor union representing civilian air traffic controllers employed by an agency . the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) . of the United States (US) government, called a strike on 3 August 1981 (Office of AFCC History [OOAFCCH], 1985). In the ensuing months, PATCO's effectiveness as a collective bargaining organization was destroyed, the lives of hundreds of air traffic controllers and their families were quickly characterized by high levels of uncertainty and distress, air traffic safety in the US was temporarily compromised, military personnel were used as temporary replacements for the civilian air traffic controllers, and the quality of the industrial relations environment in the country deteriorated (...)"
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Firefighter Strikes, 2002.
An exploration of the history of strike action in the U.K., in terms of the Labour government and the recent firefighter strikes.
1,640 words (approx. 6.6 pages), 26 sources, APA, $ 53.95
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Abstract
This paper looks at how the history of strike action stretches beyond the First World War, often linked to economic fluxes and changing conditions. It examines U.K.strike patterns and policies throughout the twentieth century and provides an analysis of the firefighter strikes which took place in the latter half of 2002. It analyses the current Government's relationship to this issue and how the various "independent bodies" are to seeking to resolve this issue. It also shows how the firefighter issues are particularly apt at present (2003) as the postal strikes continue.
From the Paper
"In 1977, the Fire Brigades Unions (FBU)1 had never taken strike action; their leaders were right wing (conservative) and at that time opposed to strike over pay2. Labour was elected in 1974 on the back of the National Miners Strike, first led by Harold Wilson and then by James Callaghan. During 1977 the firefighters had no support from any left or right wing officials on the TUC general council and consequently the odds were stacked against them. However there also was an overwhelming vote for strike action. As a result of proletarian support for the strike there was a tidal wave of collections across the country in defence of the firefighters campaign. The right wing officials of the FBU and the TUC soon secured a return to work for the firefighters."
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Economic Development and Enterprise Zones, 2008.
An analysis of the purpose and implications of enterprise zones and minority, women and disadvantaged business enterprise programs in North Carolina.
1,349 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 4 sources, APA, $ 45.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the implications of economic development, particularly in the form of enterprise zones. The paper defines enterprise zones and discusses their purpose, and focuses on the strengthening of enterprise zones in the state of North Carolina. The paper also looks at the cost benefit analysis and the incentives for the government to set up th development programs in the form of minority, women and disadvantaged business enterprise (MWDBE) programs. Finally, the paper looks at the ethical consequences associated with the programs.
Table of Contents:
Enterprise Zones
Enterprise Zone and Economic Development
Cost Benefit Analysis
Incentives
Ethical Consequences
Conclusion
From the Paper
"The city of Charlotte focuses consistently on the needs of the community and the ethical standards that are essential in evaluating programs and the populations that those programs affect ("City", 2006, p. 14). In some locations the economic development initiatives that have been attempted through the creation of enterprise zones have not been affective because of the government's willingness to bend rules regarding enterprise zone policies and support wealthy business owners. Yet, in North Carolina this issue was alleviated with the changes in the policies associated with enterprise zones in 1999. It is for this reason that it is evident that the inclusion of MWBDE businesses within enterprise zones in North Carolina would be handled with the utmost ethical considerations, leading to a successful partnership between enterprise zones and the disadvantaged businesses in the zone areas."
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The Three Strikes Mandatory Sentencing Law, 2004.
This paper reviews arguments against the efficacy of the three strikes mandatory sentencing law.
1,630 words (approx. 6.5 pages), 5 sources, APA, $ 53.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that three strikes legislation mandates specific consequences when someone is classified as a habitual offender by having three strikes, convictions for a serious or violent felony crime. The author points out that the ideology behind three strikes laws is that criminals are guided by the expected utility principle theory, which states that the costs of their crime outweigh the benefits. The paper relates that the general goal of a three strikes law is to make punishment severe for repeat offenders in hopes that this will deter them from committing additional crimes and that, if they still choose to commit crimes, locking them up for 25 years to life is an effective means of incapacitation. The author underscores that the deterrence ability of three strikes laws is not accepted by many researchers and that this law has numerous negative side effects including increased homicide rates and prison overcrowding.
From the Paper
"The federal version of the three strikes law is the Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act, also known as the Federal Crime Bill, which was enacted by Congress in 1994. According to Schichor, the act mandates life in prison for criminals convicted of three violent felonies or drug offenses if the third conviction is a federal crime. In addition to the federal law, in a three year span from 1993 to 1996, 25 states adopted their own three strikes laws. Schichor (1997) believes this shift in criminal justice policy focuses more on "controlling aggregates instead of individual offenders" by sorting criminals into groups such as high rate offender and career criminal."
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Air Pollution In Buenos Aires, 2006.
This brief, yet concise, paper examines the lack of regulations and enforcement capabilities in Buenos Aires which are the main contributing factors in the high levels of air pollution in the city.
720 words (approx. 2.9 pages), 3 sources, APA, $ 25.95
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Abstract
The writer of this paper describes the escalating air pollution problem in Buenos Aires, mostly due to the increase in poorly maintained automobiles that are permitted to operate. This paper examines the increase in mortality rates due to respiratory and circulatory diseases which are a direct result of declining air quality. This paper also discusses the various strategies that the government and environmental groups are considering instituting in the Argentinean capital, which include spot controlling of diesel vehicles as well as a training and awareness campaign.
Table of Contents:
Sources of Air Pollution In Buenos Aires
Emissions of Pollutants in Buenos Aires
Air Quality Monitoring in Buenos Aires
Conclusions
References
From the Paper
"In 1988 estimated emissions of particulates were 68,000 tons per annum, stationary sources being responsible for 96% of emissions in the early eighties. These sources were given 5 years to comply with strict guidelines aimed at reducing emissions. The imposed reductions have been met by industry, however the particulate problem remains. Probably caused by the fleet of poorly maintained diesels. To resolve this problem several measures have been introduced including Spot control of diesel vehicles, certification of distributed diesel oils and a training and awareness campaign especially for truck, taxi and bus owners."
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Strikes and Their Economic Impact, 2007.
A comparison of the effectiveness of a workers' strike versus a baseball strike in terms of financial impact.
3,025 words (approx. 12.1 pages), 7 sources, MLA, $ 88.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the need for cost consequence in order for a labor strike to be effective. The writer explores the Philadelphia city workers' strike of 1986 and compares it to the baseball strike of 1981 to illustrate which one was more effective. The writer argues that the baseball strike had more influence and pull because of the financial impact that it had on the national economy.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Strike
Worker's Strike
Baseball Strike
Final Analysis
Conclusion
From the Paper
"The baseball strike held a ripple effect power over the nation. When the players stopped playing the vendors who provided the food did not have anywhere to sell their product. They ceased ordering food or supplies from their vendors who in turn felt the financial impact and had to adjust their own production lines in recognition of the strike and its impact on the bottom line.
"There were also many revenue dollars lost that had already been spent in advertising for upcoming games. Local advertising attempts were wasted as were the nationally printed calendars and other items of interest that had to do with the game. The strike centered on the free agent issues of the profession. The owners had lost in court and in collective bargaining but still demanded that they hold the rights over their players when it came to the free agency draft."
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Three Strikes Law, 2002.
A look at the issues concerning the ?three strikes? sentencing law.
2,531 words (approx. 10.1 pages), 12 sources, MLA, $ 76.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the issues surrounding the "three strikes" law to determine whether it has been effective in reducing crime, if it deters crime,and if it is a fair and practical law. Ultimately, this paper aims to determine if the three strikes law should be implemented nation-wide. It discusses how since its introduction in 1993, the controversial "three strikes" sentencing law has been a topic of heated debate amongst politicians, lawmakers and the public. It looks at how the foundation of the "three strikes" law is often referred to as the ?six percent solution? which holds that a small percentage of criminals, approximately six percent, commit up to 80 percent of all crimes. Thus, proponents of the ?three strikes? laws believe that it will get this highly active and dangerous group of repeat criminals off the street, significantly reducing crime rates. Statistics and graphs are included.
From the Paper
"A separate study by Beres and Griffith (1998) revealed that the three strikes law produces a modest reduction in crime (Jones, et al, 2001). However, these results showed that the reasoning behind the law is intrinsically flawed for many reasons. For one, there is little evidence that incarcerating the six percent of career criminal actually reduces crime. Rather, evidence shows that a substantial number of young males engage in criminal activity during their adolescence years. In addition, this study showed that criminally active offenders are often imprisoned regardless of ?three strikes? laws. Therefore, the only offenders affected by the three-strikes law are mainly low-rate, non-violent offenders. Finally, this study revealed that sentencing repeat offenders to longer terms would not have a real impact on the general crime rate. "
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The Three Strikes Law, 2007.
An argument supporting the use of the three strikes law.
838 words (approx. 3.4 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 29.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses the three strikes law whereby a third felony conviction brings a mandatory sentence with no parole possible for a long period of time. The paper explains that critics of the three strikes law most frequently oppose it because the law allows for a non-violent third strike, has high costs and means an increase in the prison population. The writer contends that what critics should really be concerned about is the high rate of repeat offenders, the high cost of crime and the desirability of letting violent offenders roam free versus sit in prison. The writer admits that prison populations have increased and there are more elderly prisoners. The writer maintains that this means that the three strikes law is meeting its objective of finally putting the guilty where they belong and for a very long time.
From the Paper
"Unfortunately, it seems nearly impossible to avoid becoming a victim of crime in our country. Personally, I have had my car stolen and seriously damaged and my apartment broken into with items of high emotional value taken from me. And, who hasn't experience fear at some time or other when they are walking down the street minding their own business only to be intimidated by some bully or thug? Thus, it's extraordinarily frustrating to see the same individuals churn through the justice system only to commit the same or worse acts time after time. California, one of the first implementers of the three strikes laws, has a sixty percent recidivism rate for some of its most serious crimes."
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Positive and Negative Consequences of Union Strikes, 2005.
A look at the impact of union labor strikes on labor conditions.
1,124 words (approx. 4.5 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 38.95
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Abstract
Labor strikes by union workers have become a part of American history. This paper discusses how the consequences of such strikes are positive or negative depending on who is reviewing the outcomes. The writer explains how labor strikes once were usually a matter of human rights; now, more often than not, they revolve around the bottom-line issues of wages and health care.
From the Paper
"Motivations for strikers vary, such as higher wages, better benefits, bargaining rights, legislation, job control and dignity, as well as to unite for fellow workers of another race, religion, ethnicity, or sex (Strikes pp). And the results of such strikes have been just as varied, from motivating groundbreaking legislation that defined new rights for all citizens as well as the workers, to the destruction of laborers? organization and the loss of livelihoods (Strikes pp). Moreover, strikes have shaped the future of corporations and the overall economy, as well as political culture on the federal and local level (Strikes pp)."
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The ?3-Strikes? Law, 2004.
This paper argues against California?s "3-strikes law", which attempts to stop repeat criminals by sentencing them to mandatory life in jail after their third offense.
1,095 words (approx. 4.4 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 38.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that the 3-strikes law has created a dynamic within the criminal justice system that seeks to punish minor offenses, while shifting focus away from violent offenders. The author points out that, unlike other 3-strikes laws around the country, California?s is unique in that it permits a lifetime sentence for any third offense, even one that is non-violent by nature, includes juvenile adjudications of those 16 and 17 years of age, and does not provide a ?wash-out? period for long periods of time between offenses. The paper concludes that billions of dollars, nationally, have been thrown towards the 3-strikes legislation, but the intent of the law, to reduced crime, has not necessarily been achieved.
From the Paper
"Finally, the 3-strikes rule is unfair in its application. Many argue criminal justice systems throughout the United States are discriminatory, but California?s is blatantly so. The 3-strike law has had its most dramatic effect on California?s African American population. While only 7% of the state?s population is African American, more than 40% make up those convicted under the 3-strike law. Plus, the majority of offenses targeted by the law (robbery, possession of drugs, ect.) are offenses more commonly performed by minority and underrepresented groups."
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California's Three Strikes Legislation, 2008.
This paper reviews three articles about the efficacy of California's Three Strikes legislation.
900 words (approx. 3.6 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 31.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that Ryan S. King and Marc Mauer's article 'Aging Behind Bars: "Three Strikes" Seven Years Later' in "The Sentencing Project" was written in hopes of rehabilitating the California "Three Strikes" system and as a warning to other jurisdictions considering promulgating similar legislation. The author then points out that the goal of Linda S. Beres and Thomas D. Griffith's article "Did "Three Strikes" Cause The Recent Drop In California Crime? An Analysis Of The California Attorney General's Report" in "Loyola of Los Angeles Law Review" is to convince government officials to spend more time and effort analyzing crime and its remedies, and less time and effort on politicizing the issue. Furthermore, the paper relates that, in his article "Prison Overcrowding: Harmful Consequences and Dysfunctional Reactions", Professor Craig Haney of the University of California, Santa Cruz, emphasizes that prison has a profound effect on prisoners who subsequently carry those effects into society after their release from prison."
From the Paper
"The authors also assert that the Attorney General's claim that the "dramatic drop in the crime rate" occurred after the passage of Three Strikes is misguided and that crime actually began to significantly decline a year before Three Strikes. Beres and Griffith further allege that an alternative explanation for the recent drop in crime is the improving California and moreover that many factors influence crime rate. The authors assert that it is difficult to prove a direct link between the economy and crime rates, nonetheless, "evidence of a connection between economic opportunity and the crime rate is particularly important in light of the deterioration of the market for unskilled labor during the past two decades."
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California's Three-Strikes Law, 2002.
An examination of the pros and cons of California?s Three-Strikes law - which imposes heavy mandatory sentences on persons convicted for the third time of a felony.
994 words (approx. 4.0 pages), 2 sources, MLA, $ 35.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses why the California law is slightly different from other states which uphold the Three-Strikes law - California law allows prosecutors to count classified misdemeanors as felonies for purposes of applying third-strike sentences. This paper discusses how, in many cases, the question of whether the law exhibits adequate proportionality is a major aspect of applying third-strike sentences.
From the Paper
"Recently, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled to uphold long-term sentences for two men who were convicted under California?s three-strikes law (Mears, 2003). The decisions for the two cases, Ewing v. California and Lockyer v. Andrade, increased the likelihood that future challenges to the three-strikes law will have to be made in the legislatures rather than the courts.
California?s three-strikes law came about when the state?s voters approved Proposition 184 in 1994 after 12-year-old Polly Klaas was kidnapped, raped and murdered by Richard Allen Davis, a man who was serving parole at the time of the crime. Davis had formerly been convicted of kidnapping, assault and burglary but only served half of his sentence. If he had served his full sentence, proponents of the law argued, Klaas would have been safe."
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The Story of 'Three Strikes' Legislation, 2004.
Position paper arguing that California's 'three strikes' legislation is an ineffective crime deterrent.
2,571 words (approx. 10.3 pages), 12 sources, MLA, $ 77.95
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Abstract
This paper describes the laws behind California's 'three strikes' legislation and argues that this legislation is neither a deterrent nor a balanced way of meting out justice. The paper then addresses the issue of capital punishment and contends that capital punishment is also an ineffective answer to rising crime rates. Finally, the paper contends that measures such as the 'three strikes' laws and capital punishment are the public's gut reaction to high crime rates and is similar to the public's gut reaction after 9/11, which gave the U.S. Attorney General sweeping powers under the guise of protecting America to suspect arrest people for the most petty and unfounded reasons; both reactions threaten the freedom and liberty that is so valued by American citizens.
From the Paper
"It has been said that only two things are certain ? death and taxes. Yet to these two inevitabilities, many Americans would add a third -- crime. The fear of becoming the victim of a crime ? especially of a violent crime ? haunts many otherwise rational individuals. Violence, it seems, is everywhere. One need only turn on the television to be assailed by images of murder, rape, and physical assault. And, it is not only Hollywood that is the villain. Both local and national newscasts revel in the depiction and discussion of violent acts: a child is kidnapped; a pregnant housewife disappears and is later found murdered; a ruthless killer stalks the streets of a large city. The media like to quote facts. Just yesterday, on April 27th, it was reported that the murder rate in California?s most populous urban areas had increased by eleven percent, this despite years of noticeable declines. The sudden upsurge was attributed to the State and the nation?s, faltering economy. But, many Californians are not convinced. Nor were they convinced by the multitude of theories that were put forth to explain the skyrocketing crime rates of the 1970s and 1980s. Joblessness, drug use, and lack of education may indeed inspire some to commit violent and antisocial acts; however, to a majority of citizens in the Golden State, the root cause of such behavior is much simpler. Like the Eighteenth Century Englishman who penned Hanging Not Punishment Enough, they hold firmly to the idea that an increase in criminal activity is fundamentally linked to the lack of a strong deterrent. The anonymous author of that pamphlet advocated the replacement of the ?relatively painless? punishment of hanging with more brutal forms of capital punishment, such as for example, breaking on the wheel."
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Three Strikes and Recidivism, 2008.
The paper proposes a study on the effects of Three Strikes legislation upon recidivism.
758 words (approx. 3.0 pages), 4 sources, APA, $ 27.95
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Abstract
The paper reviews studies on the effect of mandatory sentencing upon recidivism as well as the deterrence effect of Three Strikes legislation. The paper highlights the political overtones of these studies and then discusses the design of a study to determine the effects of the Three Strikes legislation upon recidivism.
From the Paper
"The most blatant symptom that the corrections system is not functioning properly is the rate of recidivism, those that were thought to have been rehabilitated or paid their debt to society become re-involved with the criminal justice system. Prisons are far too crowded and society will not tolerate a revolving door policy, either felons once convicted need to be permanently separated from society or upon their release need to feel highly motivated to choose another path and not become a repeat customer. One area of particular interest and controversy are the "Three Strikes" laws of many states; understanding that there are a myriad of theories concerning the reduction of recidivism, a study of the effects of enhanced sentencing for repeat offenders was selected."
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