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Stem Cells, 2006.
An overview of the nature of stem cells, stem cell research, and the controversy surrounding the use of stem cells from human embryos.
675 words (approx. 2.7 pages), 3 sources, $ 26.95
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Abstract
The different types of stem cell research involve the use of human eggs - and embryos - as intermediates and are at the center of controversy as to whether it should be considered human life. Recent advances are attempting to produce non-embryonic stem cells as well as address the said issue. This paper discusses the nature of stem cells, what they are, how they are produced and the issues surrounding them.
From the Paper
"Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that have the potential to develop and proliferate into more specialized cells such as neurons or skin cells. These specialized somatic cells comprise the different tissues and organs of the human body. The cloning process currently in use involves the use of the cellular machinery of an egg cell and the genetic material encoded in the nucleus of a somatic cell called somatic cell nuclear transplant (SCNT). First, the egg cell is secured to stabilize it. A needle is inserted into the egg to extract the nucleus and DNA."
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Stem Cell Research in the United States, 2004.
This paper explores the legal and moral issues of the stem cell research debate. It also explores the uses of adult stem cells as an alternative to embryonic stem cells.
1,941 words (approx. 7.8 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 61.95
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Abstract
The paper first briefly defines stem cell research in all its forms (embryonic, adult, umbilical). It next explores whether the young fetus should actually be considered a 'life-form'. The political portion of the paper revolves around President Bush's policies and California's Proposition 71. Finally, the argument is made that alternatives to embryonic stem cells represent the only moral choice, especially at this early stage of research.
From the Paper
"There are too many unanswered questions and unknowns when it comes to stem cell research, embryonic or not. There is promising research being made on adult stem cells and umbilical cells as we speak. Shouldn?t these avenues be completely explored before we even discuss destroying another embryo in the name of science? I would think so. The greatness of humankind can be measured by its accomplishments, but accomplishments made without regard to morals can destroy us. This is the course we must avoid. We must not sacrifice life with blind hopes of scientific advancement. We must not sacrifice one life to cure another."
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Stem Cells, 2004.
This paper discusses stem cell research, one of the most truly revolutionary medical science developments.
1,755 words (approx. 7.0 pages), 10 sources, APA, $ 56.95
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Abstract
This paper explains the potential benefits of stem cells result from the fact that they can transform themselves into literally any cell in the body, thus replacing the injured or damaged organs, which will render today's medicines obsolete. The author points out that there are formidable challenges to be overcome; the most serious is the 'ethical' opposition to stem cell research led by pro-life advocates who consider the use of embryos for creating stem cell lines as the killing of potential human beings. This has resulted in restriction of federal funding for stem cell research. The paper states that there are several formidable scientific barriers, such as the tendency of the immune systems to attack transplanted cells, which have to be crossed; therefore, the author believes that stem cell research deserves full support.
Table of Contents
Introduction
Types of Stem Cells
How Are Stem Cell Lines Created?
Sources of Stem Cells for Research Purposes
Fertility Clinics
Aborted Fetuses
Cloning
Made to Order
The Ethics of Stem Cell Research
Arguments Against Stem Cell Research Arguments for Stem Cell Research
Other Ethical Concerns
Issue of Federal Funding
Conclusion
From the Paper
"One of the most dramatic breakthroughs in the history of biological research occurred in November 1998, when two independent teams of American researchers managed to isolate and grow a special kind of human cell called the stem cell. Until then, scientists had struggled long and hard to isolate the elusive cells but capturing them had proved difficult. One reason for this difficulty was that most stem cells only exist in their original form for a short time before turning into the various specialized cells of the body; the other was that the cells need a highly specialized environment to keep them alive outside the body. Other scientists had previously succeeded in culturing stem cells for only short periods; the 'breakthrough' accomplishment was that the pioneering scientists successfully created conditions under which the stem cells could replicate over time without specializing."
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Stem Cells, 2007.
An overview of stem cells and their potential use to medical science.
1,493 words (approx. 6.0 pages), 6 sources, APA, $ 49.95
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Abstract
This paper examines how scientists believe that stem cell research has the potential to find cures for several previously incurable diseases and how, despite this exciting potential, progress in stem cell research has so far been hampered by serious technical, ethical, and political issues. This paper discusses the types of stem cells and their sources, the potential of stem cell use in medical science, and the issues that are holding back rapid progress in stem cell research.
Outline:
Types of Stem Cell
Sources of Stem Cells
Potential Uses of Stem Cells
Barriers in Stem Cell Research
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Embryonic stem cells are almost always derived from embryos developed from eggs fertilized during fertility treatment in clinics. In the process of in vitro fertilization, eggs removed surgically from a female ovary are fertilized with sperms in a lab for subsequent implant in a woman's uterus. Numerous fertility clinics fuse more than one egg with sperm as a routine in order to try another implant if the first one does not work. Hence, thousands of such "left-over" embryos are stored in liquid nitrogen freezers in the United States and other countries where in vitro clinics exist, which can be used for stem cell research. "
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Stem Cell Research, 2008.
An analysis of the uses of stem cells in the treatment of disease and the pressure that has been placed on legislators regarding stem cell research.
1,283 words (approx. 5.1 pages), 6 sources, APA, $ 43.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses stem cell research. It discusses the function of stem cells within the body and the ways that they can be manipulated to function in different parts of the body. The paper then looks at the current uses of stem cells in the treatment of various diseases. Finally, the paper discusses the pressure that has been placed on legislators regarding stem cell research.
From the Paper
"It is evident from the research that the issue of stem cell research continues to be a concern throughout society. With states now taking the initiative to ensure that funding exists for embryonic stem cell research, the likelihood that diseases that have caused reduced functioning and death of people will someday be a concern of the past exists. Diseases such as hear disease, Parkinson's disease and diabetes are all believed to have the possibility of being eliminated from the lives of sufferers and being treated effectively for those in the future that develop these life threatening illnesses. It is clear, therefore, that continued research will allow for a healthier future for all people if the research is supported throughout society."
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Stem Cell Research, 2004.
A look at the controversy surrounding the issue of stem cell research as well as an argument in favor of advancing the technology.
5,591 words (approx. 22.4 pages), 16 sources, MLA, $ 135.95
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Abstract
This is a position paper arguing that stem cell research should continue because of the promise it holds for people afflicted with certain diseases. The paper presents a brief overview of the arguments presented by those opposed to stem cell research and then counters with arguments in support of the research by first clearing up misconceptions and misunderstandings about stem cell research and by identifying the tremendous promise this medical technology holds for the future. The paper also responds to the two primary arguments against stem cell research, which contend that stem cell research is the same as playing God and that the use of stem cells, even at the earliest stages, equates to destroying human life.
Stem Cell Research Background and History
The Medical Potential of Stem Cell Research
The Debate over Stem Cell Research
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Stem cells are those cells within the human body which are capable of developing into any sort of human cell, whether that be a neuron or a heart-muscle cell or any other specialized cell. They are most often found in the very earliest stages of human embryonic development, for at the blastocyst stage and before the embryo?s body is composed entirely of such non-differentiated cells, which will eventually specialize into various cell types. Scientist today hope that the ability of these cells to be guided into developing as any sort of human tissue may enable them to be used in progressive cures for a host of illnesses, particularly those involving widespread and otherwise irreversible damage to cells which are not thereafter reproductive. (Disease of the brain and spinal cord, such as Alzheimer?s, are a prime example of such illnesses)"
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Stem Cell Research, 2003.
This paper looks at both points of view about stem cell research and the reasons behind them. In the end, the reasons are weighed against each other, and a final solution is reached.
2,132 words (approx. 8.5 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 66.95
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Abstract
The following paper discusses the emerging technology in the area of stem cell research. It begins with some general knowledge of what stem cell research really is, giving a brief definition of stem cells and then describing what they do in the human body. After the basic idea of what stem cells are, an in-depth look at the two different types of stem cells and their differences is given. After the basics of stem cells are given, the idea of stem cell research can be talked about and what stem cell research is and how it is done.
From the Paper
"After the reader is familiar with stem cell research and what it is all about the two sides of the argument shall be given. Some people support stem cell research and the benefits it has to offer and others are against stem cell research and its price. Both sides argue to no end believing that they support the correct stance; there may not be a ?correct stance?, but at the conclusions of this paper will be the better of the stand points and why it is the better of the two."
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Stem Cell Research, 2004.
This paper discusses an article about stem cell research entitled, "The Stem Cell Challenge," by Nadia Rosenthal and Robert Lanza, June 2004.
1,700 words (approx. 6.8 pages), 6 sources, APA, $ 55.95
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Abstract
This paper not only evaluates and critiques the article, "The Stem Cell Challenge" by Nadia Rosenthal and Robert Lanza about stem cell research, but also evaluates whether the article's format was research-correct, data-supportive, and topically appropriate and sustainable. The author points out that, once the research goal is identified, the investigator must abandon all forms of bias and look at the research situation as a controlled, rational process of reflective inquiry. The paper relates that this article presents the reader with an excellent opportunity to understand clearly the benefits of stem cell research with respect to diseases that currently lack a cure, namely, Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, diabetes, spinal cord injuries, and cancer.
Table of Contents
Introduction
Investigative Research Requirements
Article Overview Evaluation and Problem Statement
Research Data Reporting
Study Limitations
From the Paper
"In the article, Rosenthal and Lanza go on to explain to the reader that in the stem cell process, stem cells are generally extracted from surplus frozen embryos that are left over from in-vitro fertilization procedures. Once extracted the cells can be grown in a laboratory and subjected to medical application. In addition to the frozen embryo procedure, stem cells also can be extracted from adult tissue without any harm being inflicted upon the patient."
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Stem Cell Research, 2004.
A discussion about reasons stem cell research is beneficial to mankind and why stem cell research deserves and needs federal funding.
3,063 words (approx. 12.3 pages), 14 sources, MLA, $ 89.95
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Abstract
This paper examines how embryonic stem cells are on the cutting edge of modern science and how they have become a controversial issue. It looks at how the ongoing debate over federal funding for research in this field has highlighted many of the ethical problems involved. The author puts forward a pro-stem cell argument by providing three fundamental reasons why research must continue together with government support and funding.
Outline
Introduction
The Scientific and Medical Potential of Stem Cells
A Humanitarian Approach to a Controversial Issue
A Third Reason for Support
The Argument
Conclusion
From the Paper
"There are many reasons that the government should financially support stem cell reason. Most importantly, the lack of federal funding places scientific research in the hands of privately funded projects. This research is far too important and too new to be left to private researchers. Because researchers are required to share data when their work is federally funded, public support of stem cells is of vital importance (Wildmoon, 2001). All stakeholders, including scientists, researchers, ethicists, and investors should be kept up-to-date on stem cell projects. This would be a reality if more federal funding was available."
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Stem Cell Research, 2004.
An overview of the ethical matters associated with stem cell research.
1,124 words (approx. 4.5 pages), 3 sources, APA, $ 38.95
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Abstract
Since the ban on creating new embryonic stem cells in the United States went into effect, researchers in stem cell technology have been forced to limit their research to the existing lines of stem cells or to the less flexible adult stem cells. This paper examines moral and ethical issues which are connected to stem cell research.
Paper Outline:
What are Stem Cells?
Current US Policy on Stem Cell Research
Moral and Ethical Issues
Advice for Government
Works Cited
From the Paper
"Critics of the Bush government's policy against cutting federal funding for new stem cell lines point out that the United States is falling behind in stem cell research (Devitt 2003). This means that European countries could be the first to develop, market and therefore benefit from cures for several illnesses. Given the potential of stem cells for curing a host of diseases, this could also mean that the United States could lose its dominance in medical research."
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Stem Cell Research, 2007.
This paper explores the controversial issue of stem cell research.
2,226 words (approx. 8.9 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 69.95
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Abstract
In this paper, the writer discusses that stem cell research is one of the most exciting fields of biology today and yet as it generates new discoveries, it also raises many questions. The writer points out that stem cell research has the potential of developing treatment for some of the most serious medical conditions, such as cancer, spinal cord injuries, and birth defects. Further, the writer notes that while some oppose any type of stem cell research, others oppose only the use of embryonic stem cells but support stem cells derived from adults (such as from bone marrow), from umbilical cords, and from animals. The writer concludes that experts emphasize the need for adequate federal and international uniformity concerning the regulation of embryonic stem cell research to avoid potential abuse.
From the Paper
"Although there are a number of sources for stem cells, each varies in terms of their versatility and usefulness. They can be derived from embryos, fetal tissue, umbilical cord blood, and adult tissue. Fetal stem cells are derived from aborted or stillborn fetal tissue. Embryonic stem cells can come from excess embryos created in fertility clinics for in vitro fertilization, from embryos created specifically for the purpose of research, or from embryos created via somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT). Using SCNT, the nucleus is removed from a donated egg, replaced with the nucleus from a somatic cell, and then induced to divide into an embryo; this process could reduce rejection problems associated with transplantation of stem cells because the replacement nucleus comes from the individual to who the stem cells are given. Generally, embryonic and fetal stem cells are pluripotent and offer the greatest potential, whereas stem cells that come from umbilical cord blood or adult tissues are mainly multipotent or unipotent."
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Stem Cell Research, 2006.
This paper is an extensive discussion of stem cell research, especially its benefits, both medical and economic, and the question of funding especially from the government.
3,295 words (approx. 13.2 pages), 14 sources, APA, $ 94.95
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Abstract
This paper stresses that any consideration of the costs of stem cell research must be balanced against the societal costs of the diseases and afflictions, which stem cell research might cure, and the economic benefit of a massive order of a cure, far exceeding what is being spent on stem cell research. The author points out that getting funding for stem cell research is currently uncertain, especially from the government because of actions by President Bush and questions about the availability of private funding. The paper states that Bush's calculations might be taken at face value as moral decisions, since he has likened the use of stem cells to abortion, which he also opposes on moral grounds; however, the decision also is clearly a political one intended to keep his conservative right-to-life base behind him. The paper includes several long quotations.
Table of Contents
Introduction
Stem Cell Research
Problems Addressed
Costs
Economic Costs and Benefits
From the Paper
"Numerous avenues of research are in the works, and spending on Parkinson's research will exceed $5.6 billion this year. The Food and Drug Administration has approved nearly a dozen drugs for treating Parkinson's. In 1997, approval was granted for a device that is surgically implanted in the brain to lessen the violent shaking experienced by some Parkinson's patients. In 1996, a gene was discovered that is believed responsible for a form of Parkinson's, and this may result in future innovative treatments. In spite of the range of therapies available to ease the disease's debilitating symptoms, treatments now on the market can neither replace the faulty nerve cells that cause the disease nor stop Parkinson's from progressing."
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The Stem Cell Debate, 2004.
An overview of both sides of the controversial stem cell debate.
2,910 words (approx. 11.6 pages), 17 sources, MLA, $ 86.95
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Abstract
This paper examines how one of the most controversial issues in health care today is the use of stem cells for medical research. It shows that, while stem cell research offers incredible possibilities for treating and curing illnesses and diseases like Parkinson's and Alzheimer's, stroke, spinal cord injury, heart disease and diabetes, it also poses highly controversial issues, originating mainly from how these stem cells are obtained. It looks at how the best known source of stem cells is human fetal tissue and how harvesting the stem cells destroys the embryo, which is something that many see as morally and ethically wrong. It explores the topic of stem cell research in an effort to determine how the debate could best be resolved.
From the Paper
"Embryonic stem cells are considered the most useful in research because they can become any type of cell, while adult stem cells are more limited. There is no controversy revolving around the use of human adult stem cells in research, since they can be retrieved from the individual requiring the therapy. Since embryonic stem cells derive from the inner cell mass of the early embryo, they are capable of forming all the tissues of the body. But there is much controversy over the use of embryonic stem cells."
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Stem Cell Research, 2006.
This paper discusses stem cell research and issues that such research raises.
2,278 words (approx. 9.1 pages), 12 sources, MLA, $ 70.95
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Abstract
The writer discusses the controversy surrounding stem cell research and cloning that has caused a great amount of debate and concern throughout the world. The writer notes that stem cell research offers the possibility of renewing body parts and curing life-threatening and debilitating ailments such as Parkinson's disease. At the same time, stem cell research is a problem that confronts human society on many levels - including religious, ethical, psychological and sociological areas.
The writer concludes that the debate about stem cell research seems to fluctuate between two extreme viewpoints. Notwithstanding the various scientific objections, those who object to stem cell research make an important point in that this form of research may have a profound impact on social morals and norms and therefore should not be entered into lightly and without considerable debate. On the other hand, the advances that have been made with regard to stem cell research and the possibilities that it offers for sufferers of diseases such as Parkinson's disease, also offer a telling argument for the cautious advancement of this form of medical research.
From the Paper
"One of the most serious assertions against stem cell research and cloning in general is that it threatens the disruption and even the destruction of human institutions such as the family and parenting. On another related level, cloning is sometimes viewed as a threat to religious perceptions and challenges the very meaning of what it is to be a human being. Stem cell research therefore presents two main areas for debate. The first is the medical argument that it holds the real possibility of curing serious diseases and ailments. On the other hand as part of the larger cloning debate it raises numerous ethical, moral and social questions."
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Umbilical Cord Stem Cells, 2004.
Examines the ethical and medical issues surrounding the utilizing of stem cells.
5,350 words (approx. 21.4 pages), 18 sources, APA, $ 132.95
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Abstract
Umbilical cord blood offers great hope for the future of stem cell research and use. This paper examines the potential of these types of stem cells in order to demonstrate how stem cells from umbilical cord blood can help scientists solve the ethical debate and provide sick patients with hope for life.
Paper Outline
Introduction
Stem Cell Background
About Umbilical Cord Stem Cells
Umbilical Cord Blood Process
The Great Stem Cell Debate
Conclusion
Works Cited
From the Paper
"Estimations regarding the need for a given cord blood sample vary. One estimate of a child needing his or her own cord blood stem cells is 1:10,000 (Wolf, 2002). Another places the odds at 1:1000 to 1:2000. The probability of use varies depending on individual circumstances. Disturbing statistics reveal that every year there are about 8,000 new cases of cancer in children under the age of 15. These children could potentially benefit from the use of cord blood stem cells, so perhaps expectant parents should make the effort to donate their newborn?s cord blood or store it for their own family?s potential use."
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