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Stanley Milgram's "Obedience to Authority", 2005.
This paper discusses Stanley Milgram's research about obedience to authority.
1,125 words (approx. 4.5 pages), 7 sources, $ 44.95
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Abstract
This paper relates that Stanley Milgram was a pioneer researcher on obedience to authority. The author points out that his ground-breaking and shocking studies conducted at Yale in the 1960s are still relevant today. The paper provides historical background on Professor Milgram, a full description of the obedience studies, their results and their applications to society and humanity.
From the Paper
"Written in 1974, Stanley Milgram's Obedience to Authority revealed shocking truths about human nature--particularly with respect to how easily people could be manipulated to perform horrible acts on innocents when induced by a perceived legitimate authority figure. "...the most fundamental lesson of our study: ordinary people, simply doing their jobs, and without any particular hostility on their part, can become agents in a terrible destructive process." (Stanley Milgram, 1974, as quoted in Blass, 2004, xvii). While his groundbreaking research was conducted in the 1960s, his findings are relevant today in the field of psychology and in many other fields. His work continues to be studied and applied (Blass, 2004). Just what were these experiments, and what did they find?"
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Experiments on Obedience to Authority, 1997.
Analyzes 1970s tests by Dr. Stanley Milgram showing willingness of people to inflict pain if ordered to do so by authority.
1,125 words (approx. 4.5 pages), 3 sources, $ 39.95
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From the Paper
" In the 1970s, Dr. Stanley Milgram, professor of psychology at the Graduate Center of the City University of New York, published the results of a series of experiments on the tendency of subjects to accede to authority even to the point of performing acts which they themselves considered unethical or immoral. The issue raised by Milgram and examined by him in his research is the disjunction between an individual's personal moral sense and his or her actions when performed under someone else's orders. The dichotomy is between conscience and authority. The subjects in the film performed acts under orders that they would never perform on their own, and they were able to do so without the interference of their conscience so long as conditions were such as to induce their cooperation.
Only the individual who lives in a remote area entirely..."
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Stanley Milgram's Social Experiments, 1996.
Analyzes results & social & ethical implications of psychology professor's tests showing subjects' blind obedience & willingness to inflict punishment.
2,250 words (approx. 9.0 pages), 7 sources, $ 79.95
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From the Paper
"In the 1970s, Dr. Stanley Milgram, Professor of Psychology at the Graduate Center of the City University of New York, published the results of a series of experiments on the tendency of subjects to accede to authority even to the point of performing acts which they themselves considered unethical or immoral. The issue raised by Stanley Milgram and examined by him in his research is the disjunction between an individual's personal moral sense and his or her actions when performed under someone else's orders. The dichotomy is between conscience and authority, and Milgram says it is found in the very nature of society. Only the individual who lives in a remote area entirely alone escapes the role of social authority completely and can act only according to his or her conscience without pressure to do otherwise. The individual in a social setting who acts only..."
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The Stanley Obedience Study, 2004.
A discussion on the significance of psychologist Stanley Milgram?s Obedience Study in the context of social psychology under the behaviorist tradition.
1,769 words (approx. 7.1 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 57.95
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Abstract
This paper looks at how experimentation as a primary research method for determining human behavior is specifically utilized in psychologist Stanley Milgram?s research on the nature of obedience among humans, popularly known as the ?Behavioral Study of Obedience? and also known as the "Stanley Obedience Study". It analyzes the study in terms of its importance in studying the relationship between the individual and society, as well as critiques raised about the psychologist?s research.
From the Paper
"In order to better analyze Milgram?s obedience study, specific details about the research must be noted. This study, conducted during the 1960s, was an experiment conducted in Yale University. The objective of the research was to determine at what conditions the subjects (units of analysis of the study) were more likely to develop destructive obedience. Thus, Milgram designed the experiment in such a way where the subjects under study were told to punish the victim (an accomplice) when s/he commits an error during the experiment. The activity that the subjects participate is a word-pair test, where errors committed by the victim/learner is correspondingly punished with electric shocks that increases in intensity as the victim increases his/her errors in the test. Through the experiment, Milgram concluded that ?[m]ore people do what they are told to do as long as they perceive that the command comes from a legitimate authority? (Santrock, 2000:563)."
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The Role of Human Obedience, 2008.
This paper explores Stanley Milgram's studies of obedience and their implications for society at large.
1,683 words (approx. 6.7 pages), 7 sources, APA, $ 54.95
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Abstract
The paper examines Stanley Milgram's experiments that have provided insight into human capabilities and explain the role of human obedience in the Nazi atrocities perpetrated in Europe. The paper describes Milgram's experiments where a large percentage of persons, if ordered to do something they normally saw as reprehensible, would go forwards to do what was directed if the order was from a source seen as accountable or authoritative, or if told that a task was a necessary evil. The paper discusses the implications this has for society and concludes with the hope that this will lead to new thinking on the strongly authoritarian American society of the present.
Outline:
Introduction
Milgram and Psychology
Concluding Discussion
From the Paper
"The work of Stanley Milgram (1933-1984) remains much studied in psychology, his famous Yale University experiments having helped to push forwards our insight into human capability and seeming to confirm the role of human obedience in Nazi atrocities perpetrated in Europe, not so long before. (See Blass:2004) The concentration camps and the extremity of all other Nazi abuses were a shock to millions who once believed in European sophistication. Evil undertakings were often the work of educated, moral members of German and other societies once seen as bastions of civilization. There had to be an explanation as to how such deeds were committed by persons who could not be absolved on account of ignorance and Milgram's experiments seemed to provide an ample, disturbing rationale. Lauren Slater commented that no one learning of Milgram's findings could express what they meant to them, to previous ideas of humanity or what these findings "measured or predicted, or how much meaning to ascribe." (2004:56) With regard to views of the human being's conscience, informed choice or volition, Milgram's experiments caused a faltering of confidence in the self-directed moral being altogether that would cause a strong adjustment in the Psychology of his generation and beyond."
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"The Perils of Obedience? and the ?Stanford Prison Experiment?, 2002.
A paper which draws comparisons between the books "The Perils of Obedience? by Stanley Milgram and the ?Stanford Prison Experiment? by Philip Zimbardo.
700 words (approx. 2.8 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 24.95
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Abstract
The paper shows that both ?The Perils of Obedience? by Stanley Milgram and the ?Stanford Prison Experiment? by Philip Zimbardo essentially demonstrate the potential for ?evil? in ordinary citizens when placed in situations where stark authority is pitted against the individual?s own moral imperatives (Milgram) or when deindividuated potential perpetrators are given total power over powerless victims (Zimbardo). The paper shows that although the experiments differed vastly in design and methodology, the point of both experiments was to observe how far an individual would go in inflicting increasing pain on a victim.
From the Paper
"There were several common ethical issues thrown up by both experiments. As Zimbardo says, ?The line between Good and Evil lies in the center of every human heart?not in some abstract moral, celestial space?? (Sonoma State University Web site) Similarly, Milgram observes, ?Conservative philosophers argue that the very fabric of society is threatened by disobedience, while humanists stress the primacy of the individual conscience.? (Vanguard University Web site) Therefore, the same issue of ethics as in ?the individual conscience? is at the heart of both experiments on human psychology."
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Morality and Obedience, 2007.
This paper discusses the effect of authority on personal ethics.
1,434 words (approx. 5.7 pages), 7 sources, APA, $ 47.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer points out that obedience is a basic element in the structure of social life. Some system of authority is a requirement of every civilization. The writer notes that the impulse to obey, however, is based in the authority, or power, something or someone has over us. The writer looks at what effect does peoples' tendency to obey a figure or system of authority have on their willingness to act against their personal system of morals and ethics. Furthermore, the writer discusses why a person, who believes he or she is being told what to do by someone they feel has legitimate authority to dictate her behaviors, will do things that she thinks are morally wrong. The writer concludes that when the influence of authority conflicts with a set of morals and values, most people will do what is safe rather than do what is right.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Authority and Accountability
Social Perspectives of Obedience
Stanley Milgram's Research: Summary
Stanley Milgram's Research: Implications
Obedience in School Children
Conclusion
References
From the Paper
"Most children naturally develop the desire to help others when they're in need. However, as they get older they begin to lose the tendency to act on altruistically if their actions are opposed by an authority figure or a simplistic rule.
"One study was done on obedience in elementary school children in Cambridge, Massachusetts. In this study, a young woman sits and plays with two kindergartners. The woman is a research assistant for psychologist Ervin Straub. At some point during their play, the woman gets up, tells the kids she's leaving them alone for a while, and tells them to stay there in the room. She then closes the door behind her. The kids hear a crash and then a child's cry, from the playroom they've been told is next door."
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Jackson: The Lottery, 1986.
Reviews Jackson's short story THE LOTTERY. Focuses on the authors use of shock in the story & relates it to Milgram's work on obedience to authority.
675 words (approx. 2.7 pages), 2 sources, $ 23.95
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From the Paper
""The Lottery" by Shirley Jackson was a very shocking story when it was published in 1948, and it was carefully designed to be shocking because the author presents an image of conformity that seems benign but proves to be horrifying. By doing this, she brings home to the reader how debilitating conformity itself is as something that saps individual will and responsibility and substitutes a community sense of right and wrong. The people of this small village are more frightening to the reader precisely because they are so normal. Until the last moments of the story, they seem very normal, and their activities are such as might be found in villages across the country. Yet there is also a certain sense throughout the story that something is wrong, that this normalcy is an illusion, and that the people have surrendered too much of their autonomy to the group."
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Civil Obedience.
This paper discusses that there is a fine line between civil obedience and blind obedience to authority.
1,780 words (approx. 7.1 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 57.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that people who cannot distinguish between civil obedience and blind obedience to authority can have a huge negative impact on society. The author points out that, when people do not obey the laws, anarchy is created and there is a total lack of organization and control. The paper relates that sometimes obeying authority can get out of hand and become too much, such as a police state, when a country's government uses police to exercise strict or oppressive control over the population, denying citizens their civil freedom as in the case of Germany during Hitler.
From the Paper
"As a free thinking society, we also learn when we should not obey authority. The idea of having to obey authority is ingrained in our minds at a very young age. We were always taught to obey and respect our parents, teachers, and other family members. If you want to show them respect and show them that you care, you behave in accordance with their rules and regulations. Learning to show respect to those of a higher authority at such a young age is how we develop into respectful adults. A parent's failure to teach the values of obedience and respect for others is failure on their part to help us grow up to be respectful, obedient people. This can lead to negative results in our future when we have to start being sociable and work with others in school, in the work force, and all other aspects of our everyday lives."
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Danger of Obedience, 2001.
A look at adolescent obedience and social influences on their behavior.
855 words (approx. 3.4 pages), 2 sources, $ 30.95
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Abstract
An analysis of the dangers of obedience in younger generations. The author discusses the influences on obedience from adults and peers and the issues and controversial debates about adolescent obedience.
From the Paper
"Everyone in the country of the United States of America faces authority and obedience everyday of their life. Adults come upon authority and obedience every day whether it be from a boss or being the boss with their children, teens and adolescents look to other teens and peers for their guidance and their sense of obedience. Adolescents find their authority and obedience in groups which can be healthy but can also be dangerous depending upon what groups they choose. Church groups, school clubs, and after-school clubs are considered by the public to be positive groups to join during adolescent. Gangs or groups who do drugs, have sex, and listen to hard-core music are considered by the public to be negative groups to join during adolescents."
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Civil Obedience in the "Crito", 2006.
A discussion as to the validity of Socrates' argument for civil obedience as stated by him in "Crito".
1,734 words (approx. 6.9 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 56.95
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Abstract
This paper is a criticism of Socrates' argument for civil obedience, as presented in the "Crito". The paper attempts to disprove Socrates' points that one should never do wrong and that it is always wrong to disobey the state. The paper concludes that Socrates does not provide solid or reasonable evidence to support the claims he makes in "Crito", and therefore, his argument for civil obedience invalid.
From the Paper
"A similar inconsistency is seen when Socrates argues that the opinion of the many should be disregarded because the many do not know what is right or wrong, just or unjust, good or evil, or honorable and dishonorable. The problem is that Socrates is accepting the law as knowing what as best, without proving that the law is based on right and wrong. Since the law represents the opinion of the many, it is especially questionable that the law would know right from wrong. This is an idea asserted by Plato where he argued that the leaders of society do not know what it right or wrong or what is good. Based on this, he said that "the right sort of state cannot exist unless philosophers rule it" (Irwin 107). This shows that the law should not be accepted as right, but should be proven as being right before it is completely accepted. Socrates does not make this attempt, which represents a flaw in his thinking."
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Socrates, Obedience and the Law, 2003.
A look at Socrates' civil obedience from the "Apology" and the "Crito".
2,804 words (approx. 11.2 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 83.95
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Abstract
This paper examines how Socrates, born in 470 or 469 BC and executed at the age of 70, presents how one can act solely on the grounds of his belief and dedicate the life for the ultimate values. It discusses whether his refusal to obey the city?s orders were contradictory to his idea of obedience to the laws. Contrary to the view that sees Socrates as a defender of civil disobedience, it also argues that Socrates is a true defender of the laws who has dedicated the life for the active practice of the citizenship, using his acute reason and knowledge. It also shows how Socrates is different from conventional civil disobedients, such as Ghandi, and Martin Luther King Jr.
From the Paper
"Socrates? refusals to participate in the trial of the ten generals, and the arrest of Leon the Salaminian are in fact clear examples of Socrates? use of reason in political decision. During the time when Socrates served as a member of the Council because it was his tribe?s turn, the city ordered the presiding committee to form the body of the ten generals to rescue Athenian survivors in the naval battle (Apology 32a-b). Socrates reasoned that the city?s order was illegal, so voted against it (Apology 32b). The orators were ready to prosecute him, but he argued that he would risk the death, rather than follow the city?s order (Apology 32c). He also refused to obey the city?s order to bring Leon from Salamis in order to prosecute him. He reasoned that prosecuting Leon is illegal because his guilt was manipulated by the city. Some people might think that it is ironical to disobey the city?s order for the sake of the laws."
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Obedience and Conformity, 2005.
This paper examines the themes of obedience and conformity in society and in George Orwell's novel, "1984."
900 words (approx. 3.6 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 31.95
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Abstract
An examination of how the themes of obedience and conformity are reflected in society, as well as in George Orwell's novel, "1984." The paper explains the nature of society's influence on the individual.
From the Paper
"In George Orwell's frightening account of a society not too far removed from our own we find ourselves considering the nature of society's influence upon the individual and how that might be affected via propaganda, rhetoric advertisement or authority. The same notions have been considered by psychologists for quite some time."
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Civil Obedience and Moral Freedom in Political Thinking, 2004.
Discusses the conflict between civil obedience and moral freedom (free will and personal conscience) in the discourses of Henry Thoreau, Martin Luther King, and Plato.
863 words (approx. 3.5 pages), 3 sources, APA, $ 30.95
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Abstract
The theme of social dysfunction through civil disobedience is thoroughly discussed in political discourses written by famous philosophers and writers like Henry David Thoreau, Martin Luther King, and Plato. This essay analyzes and studies the similarities and differences among the literary works of these three writers, relating their works to the main theme that studies the conflict between civil disobedience and moral freedom (through free will and personal conscience). The texts that are presented in this paper show a comparative analyses of the writers? works, in which the stance that Thoreau's and Luther?s works promote is individual free will and personal conscience, as compared to Plato?s pro-government stance in his literary work, ?Crito?.
From the Paper
"Thoreau and King?s stance regarding the conflict between civil disobedience and moral freedom differs with that of Plato?s pro-government/State stance in Crito. Influenced by 19th and 20th century radical thinking, Thoreau and King conduct a more humanistic, yet rational argument for civil disobedience. Plato, on the other hand, subsists to the belief that Laws imposed by the government should be respected, using Law as its subject to bring back the ?social contract? agreement, where civil disobedience is equivalent with ?overturning? this social contract agreed upon by all members of the society."
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Blind Obedience, 2002.
A discussion of why blind obedience to the law is not always justified.
2,022 words (approx. 8.1 pages), 9 sources, MLA, $ 64.95
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Abstract
This paper examines leaders such as Martin Luther King, Mahatma Gandhi and Henry David Thoreau who have questioned and even disobeyed certain laws for the good of a greater cause and who recognized the value of peaceful protest. It analyzes different types of protests and evaluates whether they are justified.
Outline
Introduction: Theories on the Origins and Nature of Protest
Violent Political Protest
Urban Riots
Assassinations
Revolutions
Terrorism
Peaceful Political Protest
Picketing
Sit-ins
Boycotts
History of Protest
Laws Against Protest
Peaceful Leaders
Martin Luther King
?I Have Been To The Mountaintop?
"Montgomery Bus Boycott" (Time Magazine)
"Civil Rights and Social Wrongs?? (AA Review)
Mahatma Gandhi
"The Story of My Experiments with Truth: An Autobiography?
?Community, Violence, and Peace?
Henry David Thoreau
Civil Disobedience
Definition
Applicability to Modern Society
Just Cause, Civil Protest and the Law
Theories on and Approaches to Conflict and its Resolution or Management
Evolution of the Concept of 'Just Cause'
Alternative Means for Achieving Social-Political Change
Non-violence
Is it Effective?
How has it evolved?
Civil disobedience
Legal/Constitutional Restrictions on Breaking the Law for ?Just Cause?
Conclusion
From the Paper
"While there is certainly no legal or moral justification for violent acts for the sake of change, there are legal and peaceful alternatives to questioning authority available, such as picketing, sit-ins and boycotts. One of the most famous boycotts in protest history was the Montgomery Bus Boycott, which constituted the official beginning of the Civil Rights movement. The protest occurred when the black community of Montgomery, Alabama decided that they would boycott the city buses until they were no longer required to give up their seats for whites."
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