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Will Standardized Testing Produce Standardized Students?, 2002.
Examining the impact of the "No Child Left Behind" Act of 2001.
1,255 words (approx. 5.0 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 42.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the main principle behind the "No Child Left Behind" Act of 2001 - that students would be tested in reading and math every year from 3rd grade on. It shows how schools which score well would be rewarded while those that score poorly would be punished. The paper questions whether this is a good plan and whether it will make education in America better.
From the Paper
"No Child Left Behind is based on seven principles. First, (and most controversially) there is to be accountability of results. This means that in grades 3-8 students will take tests in reading and math and parents will receive school and state report cards. The data will also be made available to the public. Second, the program is designed to create flexibility at the state and local level and reduce red tape, although critics do not agree with this assertion. Ten programs were cut or consolidated at the U.S. Department of Education and schools now have the flexibility to transfer up to 50 percent of the funds they receive from the federal government into alternative programs. (This does not include Title I funds). Third, HR 1 expanded options for parents of children from disadvantaged backgrounds by providing additional funds for school choice, supplemental services, and charter schools. Fourth, HR 1 tripled the amount of federal money appropriated for reading programs. Fifth, the bill required that a fully qualified teacher be in every classroom by 2005. Sixth, there is a confirming process to ensure standardized test quality. Finally, measures were taken to help limited English proficient (LEP) students learn English quickly."
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Faulty Testing at its Worst, 2005.
A look at how early scientists distorted their tests and findings to produce the results they desired.
1,379 words (approx. 5.5 pages), 1 source, MLA, $ 46.95
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Abstract
This paper describes some of the early "scientific" intelligent tests and how the scientists performing these tests either falsified data or their findings in order to achieve the desired results. The paper also describes tests where scientists either didn't use proper methods for obtaining data or used faulty reasoning to keep their theory believable. Finally, the paper concludes that, while today's intelligence tests are not flawed as they were in the past, in the past scientists often came to many conclusive statements unscientifically.
From the Paper
"It's 11:00 PM; Channel 7 News reports of a comet heading towards earth; could this be the end of the world? After pulling the attention of all nearby viewers, they continue with the news, only to leave this story to be the last of the night. It turns out that in the year 2443, a comet will come within 10 miles from Earth, possibly impacting. Bending the truth is a common way to draw the attention of gullible or curious individuals. Such is the case with many early scientists mentioned in Stephen Jay Gould's The Mismeasure of Man. Many of the scientists in The Mismeasure of Man worked unscientifically; some used false data to enhance the appeal of their findings to the scientific community, while some others just simply did not test accurately or used poor data."
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Mandatory Premarital HIV Testing, 2002.
The pros and cons of premarital AIDS testing, testing which would be required of all persons seeking a marriage license.
1,073 words (approx. 4.3 pages), 4 sources, APA, $ 37.95
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Abstract
This paper identifies several factors in the debate over premarital AIDS testing, including the costs of testing versus the benefits, the fact that people seeking marriage licenses are generally a low-risk population, and the issue of confidentiality associated with this type of testing. The paper argues against premarital testing and refutes several common arguments in favor of testing.
From the Paper
"There are several convincing arguments in favor of premarital testing, but the disadvantages in this case far outweigh the few advantages. One common argument made in support of premarital testing is that it might be able to prevent transmission of HIV by identifying infected persons and warning their prospective spouses."
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Pile Testing, 2002.
A description of two major types of pile tests-- pile-load test and integrity test.
2,330 words (approx. 9.3 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 71.95
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Abstract
This paper introduces and discusses pile tests methods - pile-load tests and integrity tests. The integrity tests include the acoustic test and the seismic test method. For each test the procedure and interpretation are discussed. Real-world cases are investigated and pictures are presented. Advantages and disadvantages of each method are concluded in the end.
From the Paper
"In carrying out a maintained load test to determine the load capacity of a pile, it is suggested that it is necessary first to estimate the load capacity so that a suitable loading and reaction system may be provided, and then to define some physical event by which ?failure?, and hence the ultimate capacity of the pile may be recognized. Among the commonly used definitions of the ultimate load capacity are: First--The load that causes a settlement equal to 10% of the pile diameter. Second?The load at which the rate of settlement continues undiminished without further increment of load, unless this rate is so slow as to indicate that settlement may be a result of consideration of the soil. For example, Qu in Figure 2 could be taken as the ultimate load."
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Foundation Design -- Pile Testing, 2002.
This paper describes two major types of pile tests in foundation designing in the field of engineering - Pile-load test and Integrity test.
2,400 words (approx. 9.6 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 73.95
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Abstract
The paper shows that the construction of piled foundations is a skilled operation, and calls for a high level of training and experience. Though they are not infrequent, when faults are discovered in some important piles, the consequences could be severe. This paper describes two major types of pile tests: Pile-load test and Integrity test. The integrity tests include acoustic test, and seismic test method. For each pile test, the procedure and interpretation are discussed. An actual case is investigated and pictures are presented.
From the Paper
"Acoustic test:
"Advantages: The system scans the pile concrete radially for a distance of approximate 100mm around the drilled hole or installed tube. The method is relatively rapid, some tens of tests being possible daily.
Disadvantages: Pre-selection is generally required as it is usual to install purpose made tubes in the pile for the equipment. It is necessary to employ plastic tubes for this purpose, with the attendant risk of collapse, steel tubes being unsuitable for single hole logging. The installation of the tube adds to the reinforcement steel in restricting free concrete flow and may in itself lead to defects. Poor bonding of the tube to the concrete may yield an anomalous response. Unless a hole is drilled, it is not possible to inspect right to the base of a pile by this method. Specialist interpretation is generally necessary."
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Drug Testing in the Workplace, 2002.
This paper discusses whether the costs for drug testing in the workplace are greater than the benefits.
1,080 words (approx. 4.3 pages), 10 sources, MLA, $ 37.95
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Abstract
The paper introduces drug testing in the workplace as a controversial issue. There are those who hold the position that it is an invasion of privacy. On the hand there are those who believe that in today?s society drug testing is a necessary evil, regardless of the invasion of privacy issue. The paper shows that the goals of employee drug testing include improvements in workplace safety, productivity and product integrity, however, as a decline in the use of drug testing by companies would suggest, drug testing programs did not meet these goals. This research supports the theory that drug testing in the work place does not improve productivity, and that it costs more money than it saves for companies. The author makes use of illustrations and graphs to support his argument.
Table of Contents
The Reliability Issue
Trends in Drug Testing
Does Drug Testing Improve Productivity?
The Costs of Drug Testing
Conclusion and Recommendations
From the Paper
"Advocates of drug testing in the work place would have us believe that the benefits far outweigh the costs. They paint a picture that would lead us to believe that America is a country made of substance abusers, who regularly endanger innocent citizens through their impairment caused by substance abuse. It has achieved this through sensationalizing a few accidents that could have been caused due to operator substance abuse. However, the facts do not support this picture, as illustrated by the low number of positive results obtained. Drug testing costs approximately $2000 per employee tested."
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Projective Testing and Client-Centered Therapy, 2004.
Questions the move in psycho-therapy of combining projective testing with client-centered therapy.
5,500 words (approx. 22.0 pages), 12 sources, APA, $ 134.95
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Abstract
The work of Carl Rogers has contributed in substantial ways to the development of psychotherapy. There exists an extraordinarily extensive amount of writing about the value of his research, his clinical work, his methods, his style, and his profound impact on therapy. This paper poses the question, ?Could interpretation of projective testing aid the process of reflection and clarification of communication between client and therapist during client centered (Rogerian) therapy??. The paper provides a critical analysis of Rogers?s work and into ?projective testing? itself. There are many forms of projective testing and diverse opinions with reference to projective testing. This paper critiques and analyzes several of them, using existing research in order to best formulate an informed answer for the central question being posed.
Table of Contents
Introduction
Carl Rogers?s Life and the Seeds of his Interest in Psychology
Client-Centered Therapy and Listening to the Client
Professional Responses to and Critiques of Client-Centered Therapy
Process of Reflection and Clarification in Client-Centered Therapy
Projective Measures / Projective Testing: an Introduction
The History ? and Methods of ? Projective Testing
Six of the Best-Known Projective Tests
Zeroing in on Spurious Therapists and Rorschach Projective Testing
Rogerian Reflection and Projective Testing
Conclusion
References
From the Paper
"Sir Francis Galton is generally given credit for devising the first projective test, which the British explorer and intellectual researcher developed in 1879. His test consisted of a word-association challenge; subjects were given a set of words and asked to produce a ?first response? to each word. Following Galton?s work, Carl Jung ? a Swiss psychiatrist and renowned prot?g? of Freud ? utilized a word-association test in combination with blood pressure measuring devices to detect what he called ?complexes.? Those complexes were ?constellations of feelings and thoughts organized around an emotionally charged issue? (Lilienfeld). And Jung believed that a ?delayed or physiologically pronounced response to a word? can indicate the existence of a complex."
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Drug Testing in the Workplace, 2007.
A review of an article written by Michael Cranford called "Drug Testing and the Right to Privacy: Arguing the Ethics of Workplace Drug Testing."
1,289 words (approx. 5.2 pages), 1 source, MLA, $ 43.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses issues related in an article written by Michael Cranford called "Drug Testing and the Right to Privacy: Arguing the Ethics of Workplace Drug Testing." The paper suggests that employers have two grounds on which to test employees - ethical (in case the employee becomes injured at work) and legal (the test does not infringe on privacy and drug use is costing the company money). The paper discusses these contentions in more detail.
Table of Contents:
One: The Problem
Two: The Issues Related To The Problem Addressed By The Article Three: The Implications Of The Article To All Parties And Society Ramifications If The Problem Is Not Addressed
Tangible Benefits Of Resolving The Problem
Four: Solutions Provided By The Article
From the Paper
"If the worker is indeed found to be taking drugs that impair performance, the fact that the company now knows about the drug abuse allows the company to provide "employer-sponsored counseling and rehabilitative measures" (although Cranford doesn't say how many companies would provide rehab versus simply firing the person). So, if there were no drug tests, the employee who is addicted, for example, would have continued using drugs had the test not caught the use and allowed the employer to help the user kick the habit. And moreover, knowing the worker is proven through verifiable testing to be a drug user protects the company from "wrongful termination litigation," if indeed the worker is fired and makes a claim against the company firing him or her."
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Drug and Alcohol Testing, 2004.
This paper discusses drug and alcohol testing for commercial truck drivers, especially the merits of testing and its necessity for public safety.
1,075 words (approx. 4.3 pages), 5 sources, APA, $ 37.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that anyone driving a vehicle that requires a Commercial Driver's License (CDL), which includes semi trucks, buses, and other larger transportation vehicles, must pass a substance abuse test and continue to pass the tests throughout their employment. The author stresses that another reason testing is vital for public safety is because, once a driver is impaired, it is often difficult to detect, even by trained police personnel. The paper concludes that the merits of substance abuse testing for those who desire or already own a CDL are clear; they keep substance abusers off our roads and highways and help ensure the safety of the public.
From the Paper
"Obviously, one of the most important issues facing successful testing is the validity of the results, as this situation with a bus driver who was suspended because his urinalysis showed marijuana in his system clearly indicates. "News of his suspension and the test results spread to the bus driver's family, co-workers, and acquaintances. Two weeks after the first urinalysis, the bus driver was retested. The results were negative and the company reinstated him (Angarola, 1991, p. 171). Clearly, a company must be absolutely sure their results are correct, and they must be scrupulous in maintaining the privacy and anonymity of the employee, or they are open to litigation and personnel consequences. Therefore, while substance testing makes sense and is the law, there are still precautions that must be taken to ensure the results are correct, and the employee's rights are not violated."
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Drug Testing, 2006.
This paper discusses the negative aspects of drug testing in schools.
1,290 words (approx. 5.2 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 43.95
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Abstract
The paper addresses the system of drug testing in schools and illustrates the negative aspects of this practice. The paper explains that these include the legality and constitutionality of doing so, the actual accuracy of the testing and the methods used to test. The paper claims that drug testing is controversial and since the results of testing are so minimal, it seems that testing is simply a waste of time, energy, and district funds. The paper also maintains that it creates distrust in American youth and concludes that the money could be used in different, more effective ways in the education of our youth.
From the Paper
"Two relatively recent Supreme Court decisions relate to the constitutionality of drug testing in public schools. They are the Vernonia School District v. Acton ruled on in 1995, and the Board of Education of Independent School District No. 92 of Pottawatomie County v. Earls ruled on in 2002. These are references as Vernonia and Earls hereafter (Yacoubian, 2003). One ruling determined schools may drug test participants in school athletic programs (Vernonia), and the other determined schools may test participants in any school extracurricular activities, too (Earls). Thus, schools may test students who give up their free time for school activities, such as band members, cheerleaders, club members, and honor society members. The legal aspects are still being challenged, and their constitutionality, while upheld by the courts, is still questionable to many people."
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Drug Testing in Workplace, 1991.
This paper discusses drug testing in the workplace: Pros and cons, testing procedure, error possibilities, punishments, legal rights, case examples, pre-employment and post-employment tests and alternatives.
2,250 words (approx. 9.0 pages), 11 sources, $ 79.95
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From the Paper
"This paper will be concerned with the issue of drug testing in the workplace. In 1986, President Reagan began encouraging federal employers to test their employees for drug use. In particular, Reagan wanted such tests to be made on employees in jobs involving sensitive information or public safety. Today, the federal government continues to maintain its policy of requiring drug testing "for its employees and the employees of federal contractors.". In addition, many companies in the private sector have followed the lead of the federal government and have also begun to test their employees for drug use. The majority of the companies who conduct routine drug tests do so at! the pre-employment level. In this way, an effort is being made to screen and reject drug users before they are employed in the first place. Statistics show that "more than half of all midsize and ... "
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Drug Testing, 2007.
This paper examines the issue of drug testing and looks at this subject, in particular, in the workplace.
1,331 words (approx. 5.3 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 44.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer introduces, discusses and analyzes the topic of drug testing. Specifically, it discusses drug testing in the workplace, including the origins of such testing. The writer looks at reasons why this testing is used, where it is applicable, and also discusses the different types of drug testing. The writer notes that drug testing is a fairly recent workplace innovation, and as such it has faced opposition, legal challenges, and criticism from a variety of groups who cite evidence testing is counter productive and does not aid in decreasing drug use or employee effectiveness. The writer concludes that this issue continues to be contentious and deliberated in courtrooms and boardrooms across the nation.
From the Paper
"Workplace drug testing owes its roots to the U.S. military. Initially, drug testing procedures were tested and developed by the military to test American service men and women returning to the States from Vietnam in the late 1960s. Drug usage was high among military personnel during the Vietnam War, and the military devised their tests because of this. Their official reason was worry over operational readiness and safety issues if military personnel drug use became too widespread. Testing also was used to test Olympic athletes and in drug rehabilitation clinics, such as methadone facilities, along with prisoners in many of America's penitentiaries. During the 1980s, President Ronald Reagan approved the use of drug testing for federal employees, and the practice mushroomed after that, becoming commonplace in the workplace up to the present. One of the reasons drug testing has become so prevalent is because of new testing technologies developed in the late 1970s that allowed for testing vast numbers of specimens with reliable and quick results."
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Drug Testing in the Workplace, 2005.
This paper discusses the arguments made for requiring drug testing in the marketplace as presented by Joseph DesJardins and Ronald Duska in "Drug-Testing in Employment".
675 words (approx. 2.7 pages), 1 source, $ 26.95
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Abstract
This paper presents the reasons that Desjardins and Duska state for rejecting drug testing in the workplace. The paper points out that, for some people, drug testing in the workplace may be a way to avoid the adverse effects caused by illegal drug use, such as theft and decreased proficiency on the job; however, Desjardins and Duska rejects the validity of this statement. The author of this paper accepts this rejection.
From the Paper
"Drug testing prior to and during employment is becoming an ordinary aspect of the workplace. Desjardins and Duska indicate that it is commonly believed that this testing does not violate privacy, as long as a contractual need is met by such testing. However, Chapter Four argues that it is rarely justified to test any applicant or employee, in any job capacity. Refuting the First Argument The first argument for drug testing in the workplace is that it may be a way to avoid the adverse effects caused by illegal drug use. Some of these effects include cost increases due to theft and decreased proficiency on the job. The first argument, according to Desjardins and Duska, is not valid because only a certain level of performance to which employers are entitled."
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Hypothesis Testing, 2007.
This paper is an introductory description of the five-steps of hypothesis testing.
1,055 words (approx. 4.2 pages), 1 source, APA, $ 37.95
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Abstract
This paper uses the hypothesis statement, "The typical American drinks on average 3 or more 8 oz. caffeine beverages a day" to demonstrate hypothesis testing. The author points out the steps in the five-step hypothesis test: (1) formulate a null and an alternative hypothesis; (2) select a level of significance or risk for the research; (3) identify the test statistic; (4) formulate a decision rule and (5) do the calculations and make a decision. The paper relates that hypothesis testing can be used to test any claim about a parameter.
Table of Contents:
Research Issue
Hypothesis
Five-Step Hypothesis Test
Results
Other Uses of Hypothesis Testing
Excel Spreadsheets
Hypothesis Test: Mean vs. Hypothesized Value
From the Paper
"A one-tail test is a test that indicates a direction. This direction can be indicated by the use of words such as less than or more than, or it can be indicated by the use of the greater or less than mathematical signs. The direction of the tail is determined by which direction the alternate hypothesis points. A two-tail test is needed when the words or signs equal and not equal are used. By looking at the hypotheses, Team B determined that they will be conducting a one-tail test to the right."
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