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Spread of HIV/AIDS in Uganda, 2006.
An examination of the problem of the continuing spread of HIV/AIDS within communities in Uganda.
1,131 words (approx. 4.5 pages), 5 sources, APA, $ 39.95
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Abstract
This paper attempts to address the problem of the spread of HIV/AIDS within in Uganda through the use of a grassroots level preventive intervention aimed at high-risk individuals in geographically proximal villages and small towns. Seronegative individuals at high-risk for acquiring HIV are the target participants towards which the intervention is aimed.
Outline:
Project Overview
Summary of the Research Project: Background, Hypotheses, General Objectives, Specific Objectives, Research Design.
Training Expectations
From the Paper
"According to UNAIDS (2006) "people living with HIV, women, young people and other most-at-risk populations, such as sex workers, men who have sex with men, drug users and prisoners, should play a major role in the setting of national targets" (p. 9). This is an unambiguous call for aggressive stances to be taken in the fight to quell the HIV/AIDS epidemic in Uganda and other afflicted countries. Furthermore, one must take a pragmatic approach to the problem in question, as resources such as drugs are not always affordable, if not consistently available. This would entail implementing cost-effective measures such as primary prevention that was specific in targeting reservoirs and "vectors" for the transmission of disease.
In particular, inconsistent behavioral responses to HIV/AIDS are particularly notorious for impeding the progress of HIV/AIDS prevention. "
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AIDS in Africa, 2001.
This paper discusses the policy problems of fighting AIDS in Africa, highlighting the countries of Uganda and Senegal.
5,565 words (approx. 22.3 pages), 11 sources, MLA, $ 135.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that efforts to roll back the AIDS epidemic in Africa simply have not kept pace with the epidemic itself; therefore, the "International Partnership against AIDS in Africa," made up of African governments, the United Nations, donors, and the private and community sectors, was organized to establish and maintain processes by which governments, civil society, and national and international organizations working against AIDS in Africa can work together more effectively to curtail the spread of HIV. The author details the successful Brazilian policy program, which manufactures generic AIDS medicines and distributes them for free to HIV infected patients, and reviews the possibility of adapting this program in Africa. The paper concludes that, to be successful in preventing HIV transmission, countries need to work simultaneously on many fronts, such as schools, health facilities, and the workplace, through media campaigns, and through outreach to sex workers.
Table of Contents
The Problem
The Structure of the UN's Present AIDS Program
The UN's Present AIDS Strategy in Africa
The Cure
Policy Background
Path Dependency (What Is Being Done Now)
Possible Problems for Implementation
Lesson Drawing
Lesson Variables
Uganda and AIDS
The Problem
Government Response
Implementation
Monitoring
Senegal
Government Response
Conclusion
From the Paper
"The policy of drug manufacture and distribution is actually a quick fix in the Brazilian community. For two decades, NGO's (Non-Governmental Organizations) in Brazil have lobbied the government to take part in reforming the healthcare system in Brazil. NGO's are activist groups, which are largely community based and receive funding and organization from a wide variety of sources. Some NGO's are formed from international sources and many remain autonomous and independent. According to a survey done by Nelson Solano in Sao Paulo conducted of some 87 of these NGO's, about 51 were held to be autonomous, 19 to be religious based and 11 linked to sexual emancipation groups. Information about funding in the survey was lacking, however, due to the NGO's lack of eagerness to revealing their sources. NGO's have led the social movement against AIDS in Brazil and are mainly responsible for much of the progress toward treatment and a cure for AIDS in Brazil."
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HIV Prevention, 2005.
Presents background information on HIV and AIDS and preventative measures that can be taken to reduce the spread of HIV.
3,116 words (approx. 12.5 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 90.95
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Abstract
This paper presents statistics on the number of people in the world with HIV, where most of those people reside, and who is susceptible to contracting the disease. The paper also explains the difference between HIV and AIDS, how HIV is contracted, and the best methods of preventing the transmission of HIV.
From the Paper
"It is a myth that only homosexual men and promiscuous women are susceptible to contracting HIV, or Human Immunodeficiency Virus. This very serious disease does not discriminate. In fact, HIV can be contracted by anyone. Because it can happen to anyone, HIV should be understood by everyone. Everyone can do something to help stop the spread of HIV."
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HIV Prevention, 2005.
An argument in favor of needle exchange programs to prevent the spread of HIV.
2,300 words (approx. 9.2 pages), 12 sources, APA, $ 79.95
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Abstract
This paper argues in favor of public policy to implement needle exchange programs in order to reduce the risk of transmission of HIV and AIDS. The paper also presents opposing views. The paper concludes with an examination of why the U.S. is one of few nations to oppose support for needle exchange programs.
From the Paper
"In the face of America's long held belief that prohibition is the only way to combat drug use in this country, there is an additional fear that is involved in being a junkie. This fear being the contraction of HIV...."
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Vertical Transmission of HIV in South Africa, 2002.
An examination of the disastrous spread of HIV in South Africa, especially via vertical (mother to baby) transmission.
6,372 words (approx. 25.5 pages), 14 sources, MLA, $ 148.95
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Abstract
Vertical transmission of AIDS has assumed enormous proportions, and this problem is aggravating the already disastrous AIDS epidemic in South Africa. This paper considers the problem of vertical transmission in little detail and ascertains the treatment methodologies and how their proper implementation could avert this major crisis from worsening the already damaged social and economic structure of Africa.
From the Paper
"AIDS is one of the most dreaded epidemic diseases of the last century with an almost unabated outburst throughout the last two decades. More than 40 million people throughout the world are afflicted by AIDS. The dreadedness of the disease is reflected in the disastrous and debilitating effects it has had on people all over the world. The social and economic implications of AIDS has been something unprecedented in the history of world. Though the HIV virus is not easily transmitted the increasing number of infected people around the world only indicates a major global catastrophe. The concerning fact is that while we are still engaged in active medical research for a cure of this deadly disease, the HIV virus continues unhindered, to infect millions of people worldwide. The third world nations and Africa in particular have been the most affected. The impact of the AIDS epidemic in Africa is made worse by the poor economic situation and the consequently unaffordable medical facilities. Vertical transmission of the disease from mother to the child is continuing in an uncontrolled manner contributing to as much as 40 % of new AIDS cases. [AidsAction]"
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HIV/AIDS Mitigation, 2008.
This paper examines good governance in the prevention and mitigation of HIV/AIDS, specifically as evidenced in the HIV/AIDS program of Zamboanga City, a highly-urbanized city in the Philippines.
6,910 words (approx. 27.6 pages), 9 sources, APA, $ 156.95
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Abstract
This paper stresses that stopping the spread of HIV/AIDS has to be made integral to any development endeavor aimed at improving the lives and well-being of citizens of the world. The author points out that the United Nations acknowledges that good governance has to be integrated into the creation and management of institutions, processes and programs aimed at beating the targets set forth in the "Millennium Declaration of 2000". The paper reviews and analyzes the present and future scenario of HIV/AIDS prevention and mitigation in the Philippines and identifies some elements of intervention needed to operationalize a strategy for good governance. The author underscores that the HIV/AIDS program of Zamboanga city is built around improved capacities for public administration and civil service, decentralization in delivery of services, transparency and accountability, expanded role of civil-society, and the centrality of participation grounded on the rule of law and human rights.
Table of Contents:
Abstract
Introduction
Conceptual Framework
Related Literature
Pro-Poor Policy Framework
Public Administration and Civil Services
Decentralization and Delivery of Services
Accountability and Transparency Situations and Context of HIV/AIDS in the Philippines
Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs)
Socio-Economic Impact of HIV Aids
Participatory Approach
Cultural and Moral Dimensions
Grounding Development
Mobilizing the Cultural Resources
Key Lessons in Good Governance from the United Nations
Case in Point: Zamboanga City HIV/AIDS Program
Public-Civil Society Partnership
Organization and Management
Community-Oriented/ Community Based
Innovative Optimized Use of Infrastructure Support
Livelihood Assistance
Financial Resources
Lessons from HIV/Program Implementation
Conclusion
From the Paper
"According to the United Nations, a critical requisite for achieving the MDG's is a conducive and coherent policy framework. This involves first, the contextualization of the goals by each country, and down to identifying sectoral concerns and on to effective local responses. Responses and interventions to HIVAIDS entails a national policy framework that provides for effective decentralization of action and one that effectively coordinate implementation and resource mobilization as well as achieve a critical mass of support from the public in a much cost effective way. The policy framework to be pro-poor means, that it recognizes the social and economic implications of HIV/AIDS and seeks to integrate social and economic interventions to mitigate the spread of the infection and disease."
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The Fight Against AIDS, 2004.
An analysis of the programs and actions taken by various health agencies to combat the spread of AIDS and the HIV virus.
2,014 words (approx. 8.1 pages), 2 sources, MLA, $ 63.95
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Abstract
This paper provides a summary of the health programs available and community actions taken to support cities and communities in their fight against the spread of AIDS and the HIV virus. The paper discusses the demographic information of cities with a high rate of HIV/AIDS, as well as other statistics referring to HIV/AIDS. This paper focuses on Miami, one of the major HIV/AIDS areas. The paper presents an overview of the benefits that the health programs provide in different states. The paper also explores the success of such programs in terms of combating the disease.
From the Paper
"Title I is a grant that supports financially incapable HIV/AIDS patients. Included in this grant are different healthcare support services such as medical and dental care. There are 50 cities that are in critical needs and are supported by this grant. One program in this type of grant is the Public Laws 101-381. This was passed by the Congress in 1990 and was extended until 2001 by former President Bill Clinton. Another program is the Ryan White Care that supports the needs of HIV/AIDS patients through a less-costly consultations and effective community-based prevention programs."
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AIDS and HIV, 2002.
A review of the treatments for HIV and AIDS sufferers.
900 words (approx. 3.6 pages), 5 sources, $ 35.95
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Abstract
This paper describes the diagnosis, preventative measures and the treatment related to AIDS and the spread of HIV.
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Prisoners and HIV, 2004.
An examination of the problem of prisoners contracting AIDS during their incarceration period.
3,651 words (approx. 14.6 pages), 17 sources, MLA, $ 101.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the problem of the spreading of HIV and AIDS within prison walls. It states that prisoners are entitled to the same basic Constitutional rights as everyone else, but often don't receive them. The writer cites claims that unfit sanitary conditions and no access to specific medical treatment are helping to spread this disease and discusses ways that this phenomenon can be reversed.
I. Analyzing the Problem
II. Setting Goals: Zero Tolerance for HIV Transmission
III. Designing an Anti-HIV Program
IV. Developing an Action Plan: Clean Needles and Condoms
V. Monitoring: Guards and Prisoners
VI: Evaluating Outcomes
VII. Implementing Policy
From the Paper
"The treatment of prisoners causes few legal problems for the government of a dictatorship. A government that refuses to acknowledge the human rights of even its law-abiding citizens is not likely to show too many qualms about shoving its criminals into overcrowded and unsafe prisons - or even to worry about whether the niceties of due process were considered in getting the person to prison to begin with. But the rule of constitutional law changes all that. Because we live in a country in which the rule of law is for the most part respected, the police, the court and prison officials - and the rest of us as well - must recognize prisoners are people who have broken the social contract. But still people like the rest of us. It is from this recognition of our common humanity that the belief in rehabilitation and the rights of prisoners to receive educational, vocational and other rehabilitative services arises. And - perhaps most important of all - it is from such a base of beliefs that arises the idea that an ordinary prison term should not be a death sentence. However, this last assumption is becoming less and less true as more and more prisoners contract AIDS while they are incarcerated."
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AIDS/HIV Patients and Health Care, 2002.
A thorough examination of health care for HIV and AIDS patients and a review of the literature relevant to access to care, quality of care and funding.
9,785 words (approx. 39.1 pages), 46 sources, MLA, $ 199.95
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Abstract
A research study is proposed that investigates the experiences of HIV/AIDS patients with health insurance. The specific problem that is investigated concerns variations between HIV/AIDS patients and non HIV/AIDS patients in relation to denial of coverage, premium levels and experimental drug approval. Literature is reviewed is support of the proposed research study. The major bodies of literature reviewed are those related to access to care for HIV/AIDS patients, the quality of care received by HIV/AIDS patients and health care funding, especially as such funding applies to HIV/AIDS care and research and with a further emphasis on future funding prospects.
Introduction
Access to Care for HIV/AIDS Patients
Bioethical Issues
Social Psychological Influences
Effects of Managed Care on Health Care Access for HIV/AIDS Patients
Quality of Care Received by HIV/AIDS Patients
HIV/AIDS Funding
The Welfare State
Summary of the Literature Review
References
From the Paper
"A critical factor affecting access to necessary health care for HIV/AIDS patients is health care insurance coverage. Approximately 60-percent of the American population is covered by private health care insurance programs (Congressional Budget Office, 1999). Most of these programs-the very great majority-are either fully or partly funded by employers, while the remainder of such programs is funded fully by the covered individuals and families. For the remaining 40 percent of the population, the delivery of health care services is dealt with in a variety of ways, as follows: (1) for approximately 25 percent of the population, health care services are funded by the federal government, primarily through the Medicaid and Medicare programs; (2) approximately five-percent of the population, both individuals and families, who for whatever reason do not choose to contract for health care insurance, are in the financial position to pay for health care services at the time of delivery; and (3) approximately 10 percent of the population defer health care services to the point where they can non longer be deferred, at which time they typically enter the health care system as emergency patients (Congressional Budget Office, 1999). As emergency patients, their care is more expensive than it would have been if treated earlier, and the care is either (1) paid by government or charity or (2) results in charges to the patients and their families that they seldom have any hope of ever paying. In the latter case, caregivers, typically public hospitals, must absorb the losses.
When all is said and done, approximately 12 percent of the country's population is without any formal health care insurance coverage (Minahan, 1999; Rosen, Fanshel, & Lutz, 1999), although some estimates of this proportion are higher. Further, in most cases, such individuals are not in a financial position to fund such services as required. With the size of the American population established at approximately 273 million by the 1999 census estimate (Population Reference Bureau, 2000), the 12 percent without formal health care insurance translates into approximately 33 million people."
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AIDS in the Gay Community, 2004.
Examines ways of preventing the spread of AIDS/HIV in the homosexual community.
3,403 words (approx. 13.6 pages), 14 sources, APA, $ 96.95
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Abstract
Statistics show that HIV infection is on the increase within the communities of gay men for the first time since the early 1980's. This paper examines these statistics and delves into the question of why these particular communities take fewer precautions against the spread of the disease than heterosexual communities. The paper discusses the different approaches that could be taken to stop the spread of AIDS, including emphasis on education and public awareness.
From the Paper
"An amazingly high majority of gay men in the age group of 15 to 29 are found to be ignorant of their disease. 60 percent of Whites, 70 percent of Hispanics and 90 percent of Blacks from those who are found to have the HIV virus do not know that they are affected. According to Duncan MacKellar, an epidemiologist, the study conducted by the federal Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in Atlanta showed that these infected men thought that they were at a reduced risk of getting infected even though they are involved in repeated and risky anal intercourse without protection."
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HIV, 2002.
A paper which describes the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).
1,325 words (approx. 5.3 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 44.95
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Abstract
This paper begins by defining the virus HIV and AIDS. It then examines how HIV is spread and the manner in which it is detected and diagnosed. Symptoms of the virus and disease are then listed and the writer discusses HIV's link to AIDS.
From the Paper
"The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is believed to be the virus that causes Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS), a deadly disease that affects nearly one million Americans every year (Silverstein, 1991).
HIV is classified as a retrovirus that uses RNA templates to produce DNA. For example, within the core of HIV, a double molecule of ribonucleic acid, RNA, exists. When the virus invades a cell, this genetic material is replicated in the form of DNA. However, in order to produce this DNA, HIV must first be able to produce a particular enzyme that can construct a DNA molecule through a RNA template. This enzyme, known as RNA-directed DNA polymerase, is also referred to as reverse transcription because it reverses the typical cellular process of transcription."
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Immunobiology and HIV, 2008.
An analysis of the mechanisms involved in HIV infection and the role of chemokines in suppression of HIV replication.
2,060 words (approx. 8.2 pages), 8 sources, MLA, $ 64.95
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Abstract
This paper analyzes the relationship between immunobiology and HIV. It analyzes the research in an attempt to understand the mechanisms involved in HIV infection and in the operation of various related biological effects. The paper then addresses the role of the chemokine MIP-1 beta, among others, in T cell mediated suppression of HIV replication.
From the Paper
"Patke, Green, and Shearer examine the role of beta-chemokines and their chemokine receptor on HIV B lymphocyte function. To test this interaction, the researchers used highly purified normal human B cells from seronegative donors, isolating them by adherence to CD19-coated beads. They then treated IL-4 plus anti-CD40-activated B cells with recombinant gp120 (10 ng/ml) before exposure to beta chemokines or receptor. At that stage, cyclic nucleotide generation was assessed at six hr, DNA synthesis at day threem and IgM production on day seven. Also, cell surface marker expression was determined by flow cytometric analysis using the Coulter EPICS-XL. What the researchers found was that there ia a role for MIP-1 beta and RANTES on the early B cell events of proliferation, cyclic nucleotide generation, and cell surface marker receptor modulation in opposition to the beta chemokine receptor, CCR5. the researchers also note that the ability to regulate early B cell events might be a targeted area in the development of novel designer molecule therapeutic approaches to AIDS, though further research is needed finally to demonstrate this possibility."
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Health Care for HIV/AIDS Patients, 2002.
A review of the literature relevant to access to care, quality of care and funding for HIV and AIDS patients.
9,674 words (approx. 38.7 pages), 51 sources, MLA, $ 197.95
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Abstract
The difficulty of HIV/AIDS patients in acquiring adequate and equitable health care coverage is examined. The specific problem that is investigated concerns variations between HIV/AIDS patients and non HIV/AIDS patients in relation to denial of coverage, premium levels and experimental drug approval. A thorough review of published literature from different fields is conducted in support of this study. This literature is categorized, analyzed and collected as a unified body. Conclusions about the meaning of the various reviewed studies are presented. The primary conclusions of this study are the needs for portability and true universality in health care for all, as well as guarantees that expensive and experimental treatments will be covered. The writer explains that such changes would benefit not only HIV/AIDS patients, but all Americans as well.
Abstract
The Problem
Introduction
Statement of the Problem
Purpose to the Study
Importance of the Study
Scope of the Study
Review of the Literature
Access to Care for HIV/AIDS Patients
Bioethical Issues
Social Psychological Influences
Effects of Managed Care on Health Care Access for HIV/AIDS Patients
Quality of Care Received by HIV/AIDS Patients
HIV/AIDS Funding
Conclusion
References
From the Paper
"A critical factor affecting access to necessary health care for HIV/AIDS patients is health care insurance coverage. Approximately 60-percent of the American population is covered by private health care insurance programs (Congressional Budget Office, 1999). Most of these programs-the very great majority-are either fully or partly funded by employers, while the remainder of such programs is funded fully by the covered individuals and families. For the remaining 40 percent of the population, the delivery of health care services is dealt with in a variety of ways, as follows: (1) for approximately 25 percent of the population, health care services are funded by the federal government, primarily through the Medicaid and Medicare programs; (2) approximately five-percent of the population, both individuals and families, who for whatever reason do not choose to contract for health care insurance, are in the financial position to pay for health care services at the time of delivery; and (3) approximately 10 percent of the population defer health care services to the point where they can non longer be deferred, at which time they typically enter the health care system as emergency patients (Congressional Budget Office, 1999). As emergency patients, their care is more expensive than it would have been if treated earlier, and the care is either (1) paid by government or charity or (2) results in charges to the patients and their families that they seldom have any hope of ever paying. In the latter case, caregivers, typically public hospitals, must absorb the losses. "
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"Lugbara of Uganda", 2002.
A review of the ethnographic book "Lugbara of Uganda" by John Middleton and a history of Uganda.
2,570 words (approx. 10.3 pages), 13 sources, $ 77.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the book "Lugbara of Uganda" by well-known ethnographer Middleton, which presents observations of the different African cultures and some unexplored areas. It includes a case study of the Lugbara people of Uganda with a description of the society and the complex sociopolitical system. The paper provides a summary of the history of Uganda and investigates the current conditions and issues of these cultures.
From the Paper
"The book "Lugbara of Uganda" is written by one of the most famous and well-known ethnographers who have worked on different African cultures and have explored different untouched avenues of the African world. This book is a result of about 30 years of research and writing by the author as well as his colleagues and peers. In this book, Middleton has sketched the picture of the specific ethnic group of Uganda i.e. the Lubgara people. In this case study he has given a sensitive description of how this society, composed of a complex sociopolitical system and which was once dependent on such practices as dispute and warfare to gain control of the society and to keep the competition alive, has now become a civilization of refugees who are continuous victims of harassment."
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