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Speech and Language Impediments, 2005.
This paper discusses the negative impact of speech and language impediments on learning.
2,685 words (approx. 10.7 pages), 17 sources, APA, $ 80.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses that, by definition, a speech or language impediment is a communications disorder, which is associated either with the impaired ability to produce sounds or normal voice or to speak fluently and is often associated with various learning disorders. The author points out that young people with speech or language impairments struggle to understand abstract concepts such as time, have problems learning to read, find it difficult to switch conversation topics, generally feel isolated and don't make friends easily. The paper relates that apraxia is a speech disorder in which voluntary muscle movement is impaired but, unlike dysarthria, there is no problem with the transmission of controlling messages to the speech; therefore, apraxia is more amenable to classroom therapies.
Table of Contents
Introduction
Types of Speech and Learning impediments
Stammering and Stuttering
Dyslexia
Dysarthria
Apraxia
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)
From the Paper
"Dyslexia is an inherited condition which can be a severe learning impediment. It has a direct effect on reading and writing skills, but has absolutely nothing to do with the level of a child's intelligence. It is estimated that between four and five percent of the population are dyslectic. A dyslexic has "tiny differences in specific language areas of the brain which can cause varying degrees of difficulty in learning when using words and symbols." About sixty percent of those suffering from dyslexia find it hard to identify and arrange sounds within words; which inevitably leads to problems with reading, writing and spelling."
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Hate Speeches: The Right to Freedom of Speech, 2001.
A look at freedom of speech with respect to 'hate' speeches' and whether or not these speeches are protected under the First Amendment.
1,168 words (approx. 4.7 pages), 5 sources, $ 40.95
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Abstract
In this paper the author argues that ?hate speeches?, however abhorrent, should be protected by the U.S. Constitution, that in the interest of free speech, they should be allowed. He suggests that this is synonymous with American freedom and refers to some specific examples in order to assess whether hate speeches should be protected under the First Amendment. The author contends that as long as we are free to judge the importance of what is being said for ourselves, then words should never be banned.
From the paper:
?Words are serious, not because they have any direct effect in their own right, but because words, and the ideas they express, are what we use to weigh up our own decisions, their likely effects, and our responsibilities. Words have consequences only if we choose to give them consequences.?
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Gay Speech, not Hate Speech, 2008.
A discussion on the use of word forms specifically constructed for recognition by gay and lesbian groups.
1,041 words (approx. 4.2 pages), 4 sources, APA, $ 36.95
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Abstract
The paper illustrates how language serves a purpose to the gay and lesbian community to assist them in recognizing themselves as a group in a world of opposition and ridicule of their status. The paper quotes several words and descriptively explains how the word is utilized in gay society. The paper then summarizes the situation with examples on how language has been used negatively with the resultant necessity for this group to formulate their own vocabulary.
From the Paper
"This usage appears to have grown out of political activism. The need to combat homophobic oppression - including internalized homophobia - was perceived, and a concrete way of doing this was to hold a public parade in which pride in one's alternative sexual orientation was expressed. Out of this activity, the word "pride" acquired a whole new meaning - a meaning that is useful for this community in overcoming the societal prejudices it has to deal with."
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Impediments to Health Care Access for Low Income Visible Minorities, 2002.
Identifies causal factors for the gap in health care access for lower-income Americans and visible minorities and the more affluent members of America's majority.
29,350 words (approx. 117.4 pages), 135 sources, APA, $ 249.95
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Abstract
As the American population continues to become more diverse racially, members of visible minority groups within the population become more prominent. Simultaneously, with the increase in diversity, income distribution in the American economy has become more distorted. While economic growth in the United States has surged over the past decade, the income gap has widened; not only between the richest and poorest Americans, but also between moderate-income and low-income Americans. Members of visible minorities in the population tend to be represented disproportionately in the low-income and poverty classifications in the United States. While there is an abundance of implications of this state of affairs, one of the more crucial ones is access to health care. Individual and household financial capacity, the scarcity of employer-paid health insurance among small businesses, cultural differences based in social psychology and other factors frequently act as impediments to health care access for low-income individuals and households among visible minority population groups in the contemporary United States. This problem and these issues are investigated in this study. The study identifies causal factors for the gap in health care access between lower-income Americans and members of visible minorities in the United States, on the one hand, and more affluent Americans and members of the majority segment of the population, on the other hand. The initial chapter of this study delineates the problem investigated. Specific research questions are formulated and stated to provide greater focus for the investigation.
Social psychological theory and applied social psychology literature are reviewed in the second chapter. Literature relevant to the functioning of low-income and visible minority population groups in the United States within a social psychological context are reviewed in the third chapter. The fourth chapter is devoted to a review of literature relevant to both the health care system in the United States and the experiences of low-income and visible minority population groups in relation to health care access and health care delivery in the United States. An assessment of the problem investigated, performed within the structure of the research questions, is presented in the final (fifth) chapter. Conclusions drawn from the study findings are stated and recommendations for further research are made. The summary conclusions reached through the conduct of this study relate both to health care access and health care utilization by low-income persons and members of visible minorities. With respect to health care access, the summary conclusion reached is that a universal system of health care entitlement is required in the United States. In relation to health care utilization by low-income persons and members of visible minorities, the summary conclusion reached is that extensive education is required for both low-income persons and members of visible minorities, on the one hand, and health care providers, on the other hand. Low-income persons and members of visible minorities require education on the benefits and function of health care services, while health care providers require education in the social mores of the diverse populations they must serve.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Problem Delineation
Background on the Problem
Statement of the Problem
Research Questions
Review of Relevant Social Psychology Theory and Literature
Introduction
Sociological Theory and Health Care
The Welfare State
Accessing Contemporary Health Care
Role of Ethics in Accessing Health Care
Alternative Health Care Delivery Systems
Chapter Conclusions
Social Functioning of Low-Income and Visible Minority Population Groups
Introduction
HIV/AIDS Related Behavior
Initiatives to Improve Health Care
Access and Behaviors
The American Health Care System and the Experiences of Low-Income and Visible Minority Groups
Introduction
The American Health Care System
Analysis of Health Care Delivery Systems
Care Quality
Alternative Approaches to Health Care
Bioethical Issues
Problems of Accessibility
Initiatives to Improve Minority Access
Chapter Conclusions
Assessment of the Problem Discussion, Recommendations for Further Research
Appendices
Annotated Bibliography
From the Paper
"Social Cognitive Theory [self-efficacy] emphasizes the role of expectancies, self-efficacy, peer normative influences, and social competency skills as key components affecting adolescents? behaviors (DiClemente, Lodico, Grinstead, Harper, Rickman, Evans, & Coates, 1996). The applicability of models based on social psychological principles for understanding African-Americans? decision-making and sexual behavior has been questioned because most such models tend to be individually-focused and do not take into account the social context in which the behavior is embedded (Cochran & Mays, 1993). Social cognitive theory, however, explicitly integrates behavioral, cognitive, and environmental factors as reciprocally interactive. Thus, given the hypothesized multi-factorial nature of sexual decision making and the potential impact of the high-risk social environment of the study population, approaches based on social cognitive theory are thought to be particularly relevant for understanding the myriad factors that may affect African-Americans? sexual behavior."
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Boundaries of Free Speech, 2004.
A look at whether campus speech codes are the right way to address the problem of hate speech, or if such speech codes violate free speech to such a degree that they should not be adopted.
2,510 words (approx. 10.0 pages), 14 sources, MLA, $ 76.95
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Abstract
This paper asserts campus speech codes are the wrong way to address the problem of hate speech, especially because they exist in a academic setting where freedom of speech should be better understood. The paper concludes that curbing the speech of those who would curb our speech is never the answer. The only way to transform minds is to challenge the ideas behind the hate speech directly through dialogue.
From the Paper
"Americans value the freedom of speech assured them in the U.S. Constitution, but they also seem to accept that there are some boundaries to freedom of speech, though what those boundaries are is controversial and may shift over time. One issue of free speech today is described under the title "Political Correctness," or "PC." It is defined as efforts by certain political groups to enforce some form of speech code in order to control speech and ban any term or phrase that might be considered demeaning to any group in society, so-called "hate speech." One of the problems with these efforts is the vagueness of the terms used to define it--what is "demeaning," and how is it to be decided when a given phrase is demeaning or not? In his chapter, "Hate Speech, Free Speech, and the Unspoken," from the anthology Signs of Life, Richard Goldstein writes, The perception of crisis is why hate speech has become a divisive issue among progressives. The distressing force of the current backlash against hard-won minority rights creates a fundamental conflict between our commitment to free expression and our desire to protect and preserve the victims of abuse. The result is an aching uncertainty about where to draw the line. (412) The question, then, is whether campus speech codes are the right way to address the problem of hate speech, or if such speech codes violate free speech to such a degree that they should not be adopted."
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Hate Speech, 2004.
A look at interpretations of the First Amendment and how they affect the ongoing debate about free speech and hate speech.
3,987 words (approx. 15.9 pages), 9 sources, APA, $ 108.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the legal debate surrounding the issue of free speech and hate speech and how the First Amendment's implications regarding this topic lack clarity and, therefore, are subject to numerous interpretations. The paper also looks at how college campuses have attempted to handle the problem of hate speech, examines some Supreme Court rulings on hate speech and hate symbols, and includes an overview of arguments for and against the use of hate speech laws and codes.
Constitutionality of Hate-Speech Laws and Legislation
College Campus Hate-Speech Codes
Fighting Words; Hate Symbols
State Interest in Regulating Hate-Speech
Arguments for and Against Such Laws and Codes
First Amendment Protection of Unpopular or Offensive Speech
Sentence Enhancement for Bias Motivated Crimes
Supreme Court Handling of Hate-Speech and Hate Crime Issues
From the Paper
"Interpretations of the First Amendment are at the center of the legal debates about free speech and hate speech. Like many articles in the Constitution, the exact meaning of the first amendment and the implications it had for the founding fathers are unclear. It provides a general orientation for federal action, but just how it is to be made operational is open to discussion. The conclusion reached will depend on the overall interpretive framework one uses. These frameworks, in turn, will merge into one's political and social philosophy. For example, at the time of its adoption, many thoughtful people believed that government should not prohibit the publication of one's views but could and should punish some writers for the harmful effects of such publication. This view, while plausible, is not the dominant interpretation at the present time."
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Freedom of Speech, 2001.
History of First Amendment free speech clause. Free speech prior to 1st Amendment; Bill of Rights; U.S. Supreme Court rulings & interpretaitons of political speech, obscenity. Internet & free speech.
4,050 words (approx. 16.2 pages), 25 sources, $ 135.95
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From the Paper
"The First Amendment to the United States Constitution provides that "Congress shall make no law...abridging the freedom of speech." And although the First Amendment specifically mentions only Congress, the provision now applies to protect the free speech rights of each individual from all governmental intrusion, including local, state and federal. In many ways, the evolution of the right to free speech in the United States illustrates the social and political history of the nation. Begun as a contested amendment to the Constitution, the right to freedom of speech has become one of the central tenets of American democracy."
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Hate Speech on Campus, 2004.
A discussion of hate speech on campus and whether it is protected by the Constitution.
1,657 words (approx. 6.6 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 53.95
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Abstract
The first part of this paper examines arguments stating that hate speech deserves Constitutional protection. The next part then examines how hate speech hurts victims and destroys tolerance. In the conclusion, this paper argues that the First Amendment protects even hate speech. Thus, campus speech codes and other restrictions on freedom of expression violate the Constitution.
Contents
Hate speech is free speech
Hate speech should be restricted
Position: Hate Speech must be protected
References
From the Paper
"Throughout the history of this country, groups have fought to restrict unpopular and offensive speech. In the 1920s, for example, Margaret Sanger was jailed on obscenity charges after she distributed pamphlets on birth control. In the 1930s, efforts were made to ban representatives of Jehovah?s Witnesses from excessive proselytizing. More recently, American citizens who questioned the Bush administration?s ?war on terror? campaign have been characterized as traitors."
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Speech Pathology and the Nervous System, 2008.
This paper discusses speech and language in adults with diseases of the central nervous system.
3,848 words (approx. 15.4 pages), 9 sources, APA, $ 105.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer notes that speech and language difficulties accompany a number of diseases of the central nervous system in adults. The writer points out that sometimes the speech difficulty might be the reason for seeking medical help, or it might be one of many factors that cause a person to seek medical attention. Speech difficulties might arise simultaneously with other symptoms, or they might arise at a different time. A myriad of problems fall under the category of speech and language difficulties. The writer discusses symptoms that range from slurred speech, slow speech and other problems that make it difficult to be understood to more serious difficulties, including a total loss of ability to speak at all. The writer looks at related causes, treatment and therapies. The writer maintains that regardless of the severity of the speech or language difficulty, or its cause, these problems make life difficult for patients and their caregivers.
Outline:
Neurodegenerative Diseases
Speech and Language Therapy in CNS Diseases
Role of the Speech Pathologist
Treatment
From the Paper
"Parkinson's Disease is a dysfunction of the neurotransmitters between the nerve cells. Parkinson's disease destroys brain cells, resulting in a shortage of dopamine. The first signs of Parkinson's are typically subtle, such as softer or slower speech. As the disease progresses, tremors begin, which eventually worsen until hey cause considerable difficulty performing everyday tasks. Treatments to replace dopamine can help to slow the disease.
"Brain injuries are typically not listed under the category of disease. However, they are included in this research because they can cause certain forms of neurological dysfunction that can have an effect of speech and language."
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Hate Speech, 2002.
This paper discusses the problem of controlling hate speech and yet protecting both free speech and equality.
1,154 words (approx. 4.6 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 39.95
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Abstract
This paper relates the clash, between the First Amendment, which protects free speech and the Fourteenth Amendment which protects equality, in relationship to hate speech. This paper refers to hate speech codes which have been developed as a response to hate speech especially on American campuses. The author explains Chaplinsky v. State of New Hampshire as the benchmark case for "fighting words" and "offensive speech."
Table of Contents
Introduction
Hate Speech Codes
The First Amendment
The Fourteenth Amendment
Conclusion
From the Paper
"There seems to be a clash between the First and Fourteenth Amendments; a person has the right to free speech, but a person also has the right to be equal. When free speech becomes hate speech, this can violate the victim?s constitutional rights to be equal. This argument is used to protect hate speech ordinances. Cleary, the idea of ?fighting words? was introduced to address this problem; a person has the freedom to say as they wish as long as it does not infringe on the rights of others."
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Freedom of Speech Boundaries, 2001.
Focus on speech codes on college campuses to control speech demeaning to any group. Discusses legal history, pro & con arguments. Concludes codes to control "hate speech" not a good idea.
1,125 words (approx. 4.5 pages), 5 sources, $ 39.95
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From the Paper
"Americans value the freedom of speech assured them in the U.S. Constitution, but they also seem to accept that there are some boundaries to freedom of speech, though what those boundaries are is controversial and may shift over time. One issue of free speech today is described under the title "Political Correctness," or "PC." It is defined as efforts by certain political groups, primarily those on the left, to enforce some form of speech code in order to control speech to ban any term or phrase that might be considered demeaning to any group in society, so-called "hate speech." One of the problems with these efforts is the vagueness of the terms used to define it--what is "demeaning," and how is it to be decided when a given phrase is demeaning or not? Richard Goldstein writes ..."
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Hate Speech, 2001.
An examination of how to deal with the concept of hate speech in our society.
1,235 words (approx. 4.9 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 42.95
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Abstract
This paper is an in-depth examination of how to deal with the issue of hate speech. The author looks at the Constitution, specifically at the contradictions between the 14th Amendment and the concept of freedom of speech. The author looks at some of the commentary written by Jon Locke, or Jon Stuart Mill, and even Aristotle, on the problem of freedom of speech. The author presents historical and modern-day examples of some of the conflicts that have occurred in trying to determine the parameters of freedom of speech, and hate speech in our society.
From the Paper
"John Locke would probably have weighed in on the importance of limiting the speech before it gets to the point where person feels that he or she is endangered. His empirical system of philosophy emphasized the importance of the experience of the senses in pursuit of knowledge rather than intuitive speculation or deduction. Having come into this world with our minds entirely free of innate conceptions, Locke argued that all human thought is based upon experience. And it is the experiences of minorities within American culture that makes them fear the consequences of hate speech; they have learned through their experiences in the world that bigoted speech easily and often turns into bigoted action (Dunn 48). Another essential part of Locke?s philosophy was that all persons are born equal, which would no doubt incline him to value the equal protection of each person under the rule of law (Dunn 121)."
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Pope Urban II's Speech at Clermont, 2008.
This paper analyzes Pope Urban II's eleventh century speech at Clermont by reviewing four writings, which provide very different perspectives on this speech.
2,450 words (approx. 9.8 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 74.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that there is no direct accounts of Pope Urban II's speech at Clermont, which called for a crusade, but there are four main accounts written by churchmen. The paper further explains that at least three of these churchmen may have been present at Clermont. The first account was written by Fulcher of Chartres in 1101, the second account by Robert Monk in 1107, the third by Baldric of Dol in 1108-1110, and the last by Guibert of Nogent in 1109. The paper reviews each account and the author's personal views regarding the Crusades and Urban's proclamation. The author underscores that the variations and fragmentation of these different accountings of Urban's speech has made it difficult to identify exactly what the Pope said and his true motives for calling the Crusade.The paper contends that possibly Urban's motivation was to recapture Jerusalem, discontinue the wars between Christians in Western Europe and strengthen the relations between Eastern and Western Christian empires.
From the Paper
"In the third account, Baldric of Dol puts a heavy emphasis on the state of Jerusalem and the suffering endured by the Christians there. He describes how Christians were forced to become beggars or even enslaved in the Holy Land. Even going into hiding did not help the Christians as Muslims sought them out constantly. He also describes how once great Christians churches have now become stables for animals and how "base and bastard Turks hold sway over our brothers." He claims that Jerusalem has been "reduced to the pollution of paganism." "
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Freedom of Speech, 2005.
This paper discusses Constitutional law cases relating to freedom of speech especially "Virginia vs. Black".
1,875 words (approx. 7.5 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 59.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that not all forms of speech are entitled to protection under the First Amendment's Freedom of Speech. The author points out that the Virginia vs. Black court cases determined that the Va. Code Ann. 18.2-423, which attempted to criminalize the burning of a cross, was unconstitutional not because burning crosses, which are intended to intimidate are entitled to Constitutional protection, but because this Virginia statute permitted an illegal presumption that a burned cross was prima facie evidence of intent to intimidate. The paper stresses that, nonetheless, in this case, the U.S. Supreme Court made it clear that it will no longer permit hate groups to hide behind the First Amendment when using speech or symbolic speech to threaten and intimidate.
From the Paper
"The circumstances behind the charges against Elliot and O'Mara were different. Unlike Black, Elliot and O'Mara attempted to burn a cross on another's property. Prior to the cross-burning incident, Elliot had been heard by the victim shooting firearms in the backyard. Elliot and O'Mara were not affiliated with the Ku Klux Klan. O'Mara pleaded guilty and Elliot was convicted at trial. All three defendants challenged the constitutionality of Va. Code Ann. ?18.2-423, and it eventually came before the U.S. Supreme Court."
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SPEECH ACTS AND IMPLICATURES, 2007.
A discussion regarding speech acts and implicatures.
1,523 words (approx. 6.1 pages), 16 sources, MLA, $ 50.95
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Abstract
This paper reviews and discusses speech acts and implicatures in relation to pragmatics. According to the paper, any time a person talks, they perform a speech act, for language is not just a logical system and, therefore, the context and the intention of the speaker are extremely important. This paper tries to sum up the points of view of John L. Austin, John R. Searle and Paul Grice as far as speech acts and implicatures are concerned, trying to draw parallels with the seminar as often as possible.
Outline:
Austin's Contribution to the Study of Speech Acts
Searle's Classification of Speech Acts
Grice's Work on Implicatures: The Cooperative Principle
From the Paper
"In this perspective, implicatures (that is to say, the implied meaning that is based on the assumption that the speaker follows the cooperative principle and the four maxims) are made possible by the cooperative behaviour of both the speaker and the listener. Those implicatures are first implied by the speaker, and then inferred by the listener: we may call them "invited inferences". Even if it is very important for the listener to assume the speaker is being cooperative (that is to say, that he follows the conversational maxims), this may not be the case every time: when one or more conversational maxims are apparently broken, this may give rise to implicatures as well. One can classify implicatures into two categories: conversational and conventional implicatures. Conversational implicatures rise out of the breaking of the conversational maxims, whereas conventional ones do not interact with those maxims. "
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