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Species Radiation, 2000.
The causes and effects of evolutionary abundance in certain geographical areas in certain eras. Includes specialization, adaptation, variations and theories.
1,575 words (approx. 6.3 pages), 7 sources, $ 55.95
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From the Paper
"Evolution is a process of change and development as organisms adapt to their environment and to changing circumstance through time. A variety of mechanisms have been identified as being involved in the process of evolution. This process does not take place in a steady and even manner, and eras of massive change have been identified in the fossil record during which a process called radiation has taken place, producing many new species and so many changes in a given population. Such a sudden and massive expansion of species has been identified in different parts of the world, such as the rapid growth in diversity of cichild fish in Lake Victoria in eastern Africa, where more than 500 species have evolved over the last 12,000 years. Scientists have sought to discover why such radiations occur.
Darwin explained the process of specialization and related..."
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Radiation Safety, 2004.
This paper discusses the uses of radiation and safety measures that can be taken to protect from overexposure.
3,080 words (approx. 12.3 pages), 10 sources, MLA, $ 90.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that it is next to impossible to avoid sources of natural radiation in our everyday life, but precautions can be taken to maintain distance from local sources of radiation and to use distance, time, and radiation-shielding as protection. The author points out that radiation is not responsible for the assumed mechanism of carcinogenesis caused by the exposure to magnetic fields. The paper relates that the nuclear industry and many other sources of radioactivity are used in an enormous range of industrial processes, such as industrial radiography, thickness gauges, smoke alarms, and medical diagnosis and treatment.
Table of Contents
Types and Sources of Ionising Radiation
The Effect of Radiation on the Body
Detecting Radiation
Regulating Body Standards and the Workplace
Ionizing Radiation
Contamination
Stochastic Effects
Deterministic Effects
Monitoring Radiation Exposure
Radiation Accidents
Types of Radiation Accident
The Food Industry Uses Radiation
From the Paper
"Ionising radiation does not accumulate in our body, but science proves that the radiation effects are evident from exposure to large amounts of radiation, as in sunburns from too much exposure to strong sunlight. Radiation carries energy that has a damaging effect on the living cells of living things and can either kill them or change their structure and function to inhibit correct functioning but this would take large doses to kill a good number of cells to cause death. Radiation dose would have to be several thousand times bigger than the dose received annually from the environment to cause death. Death would occur if the person were exposed more over a year. For example, exposure to sunlight over a year gives one a suntan, but one-day exposure of sunbaking could cause death by sunstroke."
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Endangered Species Act, 2006.
This paper discusses the Endangered Species Act of 1973.
2,954 words (approx. 11.8 pages), 10 sources, MLA, $ 87.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer looks at the Endangered Species Act of 1973 (ESA) that was designed to protect plant and animal species that were - and are - threatened by extinction and to provide punitive measures for persons and organizations that violate the Act. This paper focuses on just the animals that are endangered (not those on the "threatened" list), not the plants, although there are numerous plant species listed as endangered and thousands of species of plants already extinct. The writer looks at the animals this act concerns and discusses the proposed legislation. The writer discusses challenges and complications related to the Act.
Contents:
Introduction
Animals Placed on the Endangered Species List
Removed from the Endangered Species List
Legislation Proposed will Radically Change the ESA
Grizzly Bears in Yellowstone Park
Cut Throat Trout Numbers Shrinking in Yellowstone Park
Florida Home Builders Association Sues
Florida Native Americans Sue Interior Secretary Gale Norton
International Marine Mammal Project
Marketing Endangered Species and Wildlife Conservation
From the Paper
"One of the animals that may soon come off the ESA's list in a certain, prescribed area, is the Grizzly Bear. The Department of Interior (DOI) (which runs FWS) has decided to remove the 600 or so Grizzlies "in and near Yellowstone National Park" from the federal endangered list. Why? It would put protection of the bears in the hands of state wildlife officials in Montana, Wyoming, and Idaho, according to a USA Today article.
The other reason for taking the Grizzly off the federal protected list is that the bears' population in the Yellowstone area has increased from around 200 in 1975, to about 600 today. The Grizzly once number around 50,000 throughout the western United States and now there are about 1,200 remaining. They live primarily in four regions: Yellowstone, Glacier National Park (Montana), the Selkirk Mountains (Idaho), and in the Cabinet Mountains in Montana. The Grizzlies in those other three areas will remain on the ESA list of protected animals."
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Protection of Endangered Species, 2006.
A look at how the human population is endangering the lives of numerous plant and animal species and what will happen if we don't protect those endangered species.
900 words (approx. 3.6 pages), 1 source, $ 35.95
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Abstract
Endangered Species are plants and animals that will be extinct soon and will possibly be never seen again in life. The reason why endangered species and habitats become extinct are primarily a result of an overpopulation of human beings who force the plants and animals out of their natural habitat, leaving them little room to grow or reproduce. This leads to scarcity and, eventually, extinction. This paper discusses how humans are threatening the natural habitat of animals and plants and the ultimate consequence of that threat.
From the Paper
"In other words, many goods and services from other countries are being exported to the United States in order to gather revenue for that country. Whether the products are fish or furniture--even if that countries ecosystem is in jeopardy--the wealth continues to flourish in order to keep the humans living. Another example, "In Florida, exotic plants, such as hydrilla (Hydrilla verticillata), water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes), and water lettuce (Pistia straiotes), are altering fish and other aquatic animal species, choking waterways, altering nutrient cycles, and reducing recreational use of rivers and lakes" (Liebold 4)."
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The Problem of Nonindigenous Aquatic Species, 2002.
A discussion of the problems incurring from acquatic species brought to the U.S. from Europe in the ballast water of ships.
3,825 words (approx. 15.3 pages), 12 sources, $ 135.95
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Abstract
Discusses problems incurring from acquatic species brought to the U.S. from Europe in ballast water of ships. Describes each species. Disruption of these nonindigenous species on the normal food chain, causing reduction in number of indigenous game fish. Negative economic impact on U.S. Fisning Industry. Possible measures that can be taken to prevent further invasion by nonindigenous acquatic species.
From the Paper
"Abstract
The zebra mussel, Eurasian watermilfoil and round and tubenose goby are all nonindigenous species thought to have been brought to the United States from Europe in the ballast water of ocean-going vessels. These vessels pick up ballast water in their homeport when they are carrying a light load and discharge it here in U.S. waters when picking up heavier loads. This water often contains small fish, shellfish and plants native to the port where the ballast water was picked up, e.g. the Caspian Sea. Since these nonindigenous species have no natural predators here, they flourish and often outstrip native plants and waterlife by competing for food and space. This can severely disrupt the normal food chain, and cause the disappearance, or severe reduction in numbers of game fish..."
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The Concept of Species, 2006.
An examination of ways to define the concept of species.
804 words (approx. 3.2 pages), 2 sources, MLA, $ 28.95
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Abstract
In this report the author looks at ways to define the concept of species. He considers that in a biological sense, it is a difficult task, considering that so many different organisms and variations of organisms exist. This author looks at the concept of species as having been pursued since the time of Aristotle and how it has consistently been revised, scrutinized, rejected and accepted by different disciplines and schools since the birth of western science. He then proceeds to suggest ways of defining species whether it be as an organism that can reproduce or the essential concept. The paper concludes with the summation that whether or not species is a convention created by humans, it has become an integral and fundamental unit of science.
From the Paper
"If two individuals in nature can produce fertile offspring, they are of the same species, and the opposite is true if offspring are produced but are infertile. The interbreeding of a horse and donkey is an excellent example of reproductive isolation. The individuals can successfully reproduce, but the offspring that is produced is not fertile. Therefore, the horse and donkey are not of the same species. With this, and the concept of reproductive isolation in mind, a species can then be defined as a group of reproductively isolated individuals. However there is a group of organisms to which this does not properly apply; those that reproduce asexually."
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Cloning Endangered Species, 2004.
A look at the possibility of using genetic cloning to preserve endangered species.
1,518 words (approx. 6.1 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 50.95
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Abstract
This paper examines how, according to the World Wildlife Fund, it is estimated that about 20% of all present-day species could be extinct by the year 2025, and while conservation efforts under the Endangered Species Act are aimed at captive breeding programs, reintroduction, and habitat management, new methods of species preservation must be supported. It looks at how scientific methods like genetic cloning through interspecies transfer to produce viable young should be considered in the overall endangered animal protection plan and how the broad sense of the term ?risk?, as applied to limiting the use of presently endangered individuals to save their entire species, needs to be reconsidered and explained to allow advances in scientific technology that may possibly recover entire animal populations.
From the Paper
"Cloning technology requires a mother to act as a surrogate. While conservation biologists may be in support of, or on the fence about, cloning as a method of endangered-species conservation, the concept of using either a wild or captive endangered female of the same species to assist in reproduction or act as a surrogate mother is unfavorable as the risks may prove too great. To circumvent the risk of adversely affecting the present-day numbers of a species by using a surrogate of that species, or even to reintroduce a species that has been identified as being extinct, scientists have delved into utilizing methods of interspecies cloning to reproduce an animal using a surrogate mother of another, less endangered animal."
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The Endangered Species Act, 2007.
An overview of the the Endangered Species Act including a discussion on why it has been effective and recent attempts to undermine it.
2,275 words (approx. 9.1 pages), 16 sources, APA, $ 70.95
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Abstract
The Endangered Species Act is one of the most ubiquitous examples of environmental policy. Under the aegis of the Fish And Wildlife Service, the act lays out protocols for listing species, the protections that species have, and methods of enforcement for violations of the law. This paper deals with the details, as well as the history of the Act and recent attempts by a political appointee from the Department of Interior to undermine it.
Outline:
Introduction
Purposes of the Act
Protocols For Listing
Major Exceptions to the Rule
Command and Control
Success Stories
Recent Attempts to Undermine
Conclusion
From the Paper
"One of the most far reaching natural resources policy, as well as one of the most ubiquitous, is the Endangered Species Act (Title 16, Chapter 35, Section 1531 of the United States Code). This was created in response to a finding by congress that various fish, wildlife, and plants have gone extinct due to human actions, and other species, which have many values in terms of science and aesthetics, are being threatened by human activity (Cornell University Law School 2007), and that in its most basic form, states that no person may "harm harass, pursue, hunt, shoot, wound, kill, trap, capture, or collect any threatened or endangered species" (U. S.Department Of Agriculture 2007). This act has been amended several times throughout the years, and there have currently been attempts to make it harder to list a species, though recently, some rulings have been reversed."
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Endangered Aquatic Species, 2008.
This paper focuses on the endangered aquatic species known as the shortnose sturgeon.
814 words (approx. 3.3 pages), 7 sources, MLA, $ 28.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses how the shortnose sturgeon is among the federally endangered aquatic species, which are protected by federal government
The paper relates that the shortnose sturgeon is regarded as one of the most successful recoveries of endangered species and will continue to be protected to the measure necessary to conserve its habitat and population. The paper adds that this will undoubtedly strengthen local economies and influence more protection measures of other declining aquatic species.
From the Paper
"The Shortnose Sturgeon, formally referred to as Acipenser brevirostrum, is among the federally endangered aquatic species, which are protected by federal government (SOCNFWR, 2007). The Shortnose Sturgeon is commonly found along the Connecticut River from Turners Falls, Massachusetts to the Long Island Sound. It is the smallest of three sturgeon species known to inhabit North America. These fish are known for their long life spans - known to exceed 65 years for females, and nearly 30 for males (Dadswell, 1984)."
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Endangered Species at the Bolsa Chica Ecological Reserve, 2002.
An analysis of the observation of interacting endangered species at the Bolsa Chica Ecological Reserve.
962 words (approx. 3.8 pages), 10 sources, MLA, $ 34.95
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Abstract
This paper examines a study that observed the interaction between the plants and birds of the tidal mudflat and determine what the different organisms provided for each other in the environment. The paper describes the observation of species inhabiting the Bolsa Chica Ecological Preserve, located near Huntingdon Beach, California. The four species observed during this study were Belding's Savannah sparrow, California Cord grass, the Brown Pelican and Pickle weed.
From the Paper
"The intertidal salt marsh lies between the shore and the open bay water. Because of the proximity to the open ocean, it is often windy. It contains mud flats where the soil has high salt content that can only support grasses of varying heights. The salt marsh is home to a wide variety of birds, some that are year-round residents and others that use the marsh as a resting-place during their winter migrations to the South."
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Endangered Species Protection: Priority or Problem?, 2001.
This paper discusses the issues of endangered species protection.
3,306 words (approx. 13.2 pages), 12 sources, APA, $ 94.95
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Abstract
This paper looks at the nation?s existing biodiversity in a species-centered approach to environmental protection. It examines the costs it imposes on society and looks at the stakeholders involved in species protection issues include farming and industrial groups, environmentalists, and politicians and policy-makers.
From the Paper
"In today?s society, it would not be hard to convince the average U.S. citizen that saving Earth?s endangered species from extinction should be a national priority. Thanks to the press, over the years, most people seem to have gained a general ethical and scientific understanding of the value of biological diversity. This biological diversity, or biodiversity, is a concept that emphasizes the fragile nature of the genetic and social interrelationships of the many varieties of plant and animal life that can be found in any given ecosystem (DiSilvestro, 1993). If one species disappears, the entire ecosystem may be affected by the loss, in a possibly disastrous chain reaction that modern science does not currently have the capability to fully predict the outcome of."
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Endangered Species, 2002.
An essay about the American Endangered Species Act of 1973.
1,615 words (approx. 6.5 pages), 13 sources, MLA, $ 52.95
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Abstract
This paper explains the reasons why American congress felt the need to pass the Endangered Species Act of 1973 in a bid to stop the extinction of certain species of American flora and fauna. The paper studies the act, whether it has been effective and areas where the law can be improved.
From the Paper
"Many years ago there was a bird, the passenger pigeon that was very plentiful. When the flocks would fly, they covered the sky and nearly blocked out the sun. People killed them, not for food, but for fun. They thought the bird would be here forever. The last passenger pigeon died in a zoo in 1914. Black bears were abundant in New Jersey. In the mid 1970s, they were nearly driven to extinction. Laws were enacted and the bear has made a comeback. When man has taken actions that harm the planet and its balance of nature, the government must take action. Such is the case with the extinction of plants and animals. Why should they go to extinction?"
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Preserving the Species, 2004.
An argument in favor of preservation of species.
1,125 words (approx. 4.5 pages), 5 sources, APA, $ 39.95
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Abstract
This paper presents an argument favoring the preservation of species, from a philosophical viewpoint. The position argued posits value on individual members of species in a manner that merits a moral duty to protect them.
From the Paper
"According to Rolston, it is admittedly difficult to pinpoint precisely what a species is and there may be no single quintessential way to define species. Despite the complexities involved in fashioning an absolute definition of species for the purposes of this analysis, species will be defined according to the biological definition. Species are groups of interbreeding natural populations that are reproductively isolated from other such groups. Perhaps even more complex than a definition of species is the answer to why and under what circumstances we should preserve endangered..."
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Radiation and Genetic Birth Defects, 2004.
This paper discusses genetic birth defects that were caused by exposure to radiation at the bombing of Hiroshima and under other conditions.
1,235 words (approx. 4.9 pages), 7 sources, MLA, $ 42.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that, for several decades, the medical community has alerted the public to the incidence of birth defects that are directly related to radiation, underscoring the long-term impact that exposure to radiation has on the body and on future offspring. The author points out that exposure before conception carries a risk of specific birth defects including mental retardation and childhood cancers. The paper stresses that to avoid these risks in the future it is important to re-evaluate the location of nuclear reactor sites as well as the frequency of x-rays.
Table of Contents
Introduction
Background
The Basics
Conclusion
From the Paper
"A defect occurs when there are changes in the DNA. Changes can occur spontaneously or can be caused by an external factor. One of the external factors that have been strongly linked with changes in the elements of DNA is exposure to radiation. Changes that are caused or directly linked to the exposure to radiation are referred to as mutations.
When these changes result from radiation exposure they are called radiation-induced mutations."
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The Endangered Species Act, 2006.
An analysis of the Endangered Species Act of 1973 and changes proposed by the House of Representatives.
1,787 words (approx. 7.1 pages), 11 sources, MLA, $ 57.95
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Abstract
This paper makes the argument that the proposed changes to the Endangered Species Act (ESA) are not intended to help it. It argues that they are changes that would limit the power of the ESA to protect species. It concludes that the proposed changes are politically motivated and should be not be accepted.
Outline:
Introduction
The Introduction of H.R. 3824
What H.R. 3824 Changes
Opposition
Conclusion
From the Paper
"The Endangered Species Act (ESA) of 1973 was created to "provide a means whereby the ecosystems upon which endangered species and threatened species depend may be conserved, to provide a program for the conservation of such endangered species and threatened species-" (6). The Wildlife Society (TWS) fully supports the ESA, what it does, and how it works. Under the ESA, there have been nine recorded extinctions from the list of 1,272 species that receive protection. TWS claims that the number of extinctions would be far greater if not for the ESA and even though nine species have been lost, the ESA is a success (8, 10)."
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