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The Song Dynasty, 2003.
An examination of the economy of the Song Dynasty.
920 words (approx. 3.7 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 31.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the economy of the Song Dynasty (960-1279 CE). It discusses its changes, successes, failures and the influence of Wang Anshi and his reforms. The paper also explores the factors that led to increased economic growth.
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The Literati of the Song Dynasty, 2002.
Examines the role of the literati during the period between the 11th and 13th century, known as the Song Dynasty.
1,025 words (approx. 4.1 pages), 4 sources, $ 39.95
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Abstract
The Literati where highly educated men who shared a common culture of Confucianism, refined men who also vied with each other at poetry, painting, and calligraphy. This paper examines the role of the literati in government between the 11th and 13th century.
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Song Dynasty Painting, 2006.
This paper details emperor Hui-Tsung's life, not only as an ineffectual leader but as an accomplished artist, specializing in delicately colored bird-and-flower paintings.
4,900 words (approx. 19.6 pages), 26 sources, MLA, $ 124.95
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Abstract
This paper contains in-depth research on the life of emperor and artist Hui Tsung. The author of this paper discusses Hui-Tsung as a sophisticated antiquarian, whose talent and vision became an increasingly important factor in Chinese art. What differentiated Emperor Hui-tsung's painting style and that of the Literati was the emperor's main focus on Taoistic idealistic realism. Numerous historians of art believe that the Northern Sung Dynasty period produced the greatest realistic landscapes in China's history. This extensive paper also covers in detail the different views and aspects on the history of art in China.
Topics covered in this paper include:
Introduction
The Northern Dissident Literati
Su Ch'e
Confucianism and Taoism
Emperor Hui-tsung
Li T'ang
Xia gui
Conclusion
Chinese footnotes
Bibliography
From the Paper
"According to a translation from the German Tripod Mitgdeider Home Page, which includes an anthology of Chinese Poets of the Sung Dynasty, Ou Yang hsiu was an outstanding proselytizer and poet of the ' Northern Sung '. His pen name was Tsui weng, which has been translated as "the old gray drunk". Ou Yang's father died when he was four years old and he grew up in difficult conditions. It is said that his mother taught him reading and he was forced to write in the dirt, having no money to purchase paper. Later he took the civil service exams and became politically active. He belonged to the progressive fan Chung Yen and was eventually deported to a remote area of China. Despite this set back, he devoted himself to transforming the poetry and prose of his period. Although He was a devotee of the T'ang poet and the famous philosopher Han Uye, his work was smoothly elegant and unique having almost a musical quality."
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"Songs of Innocence" and "Songs of Experience", 2003.
A discussion on how William Blake's "Songs of Innocence" and "Songs of Experience" can be considered both complex and simple.
1,698 words (approx. 6.8 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 55.95
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Abstract
Through the analysis of various poems such as "The Lamb" and "The Tyger" and "London", this paper contends that both the 'Songs of Innocence', and the 'Songs of Experience' are simple and complex. It looks at how they exist on a number of levels, having at once simple meaning, and complex analogy symbolism to further give expression to the poetry. The paper also examines how the conflicting simple and complex natures of the poetry gives rise to more thought on behalf of the reader.
From the Paper
"The innocent child who speaks in 'The Lamb' does so freely, however, seemingly the child's innocence prevents it from grasping correctly the allusion it has made. Although obviously in Christianity God has a connection with all living things, the child makes the connection with the lamb, and then compares it with "He" who became a little child. This is a reference to 'The Lamb of God', or Jesus Christ. The aforementioned innocence of the child blinds it from understanding that 'The Lamb of God' was a sacrifice, and so in making such a comparison he is stating both the lamb and himself are akin to a sacrifice. This meaning, taken from the further, more complex reading, may make the question of the first line, "Little Lamb, who made thee?" more poignant, in the face of whether or not the Christian God is so benevolent."
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"Songs of Innocence" and "Songs of Experience", 2008.
An analysis of the combination of William Blake's poems, "Songs of Innocence" and "Songs of Experience."
1,741 words (approx. 7.0 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 56.95
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Abstract
This paper focuses on William Blake's two poems, "Songs of Innocence" and "Songs of Experience." It aims to show how the two poems together form a seamless whole that aim to portray the world as seen by what Blake calls "the two contrasting states of the human soul." The paper analyzes the poems in the context of the mythology put forth in Blake's prophetic works. Illustrations of the poems are included with the paper.
From the Paper
"As the poems of Songs of Innocence and of Experience show, Blake's account of the Fall at work within the human soul is more descriptive than it is moralistically sentimental. His much more nuanced view is of innocence as a state of unification and creative power but a lack of agency, and of the fall to experience as the inevitable and necessary process of individuation, bringing with it subjectivity and its more varied perceptions. Interestingly enough, in this conception of the Fall, Blake anticipated, as Abrams notes, the "fall" that is the malaise of modern culture, essentially "a mode of psychic disintegration and of resultant alienation from oneself, one's world, and one's fellow human beings" (39). In this respect at least, Blake was indeed prophetic."
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Song of Songs, 2008.
A discussion on the reasons for the inclusion of the Song of Solomon in the Bible.
1,999 words (approx. 8.0 pages), 7 sources, APA, $ 63.95
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Abstract
This paper comments that the "The Song of Solomon" is one of the most controversial pieces in the Old Testament due to its erotic nature and references to sexuality. The paper then relates that many believe the Song of Songs does not belong in the Bible, and certain faiths refuse to include it, while others believe it is an essential part of the Bible with an important message. The paper also relates that still others feel it is essential as a sexual primer for a committed, married, heterosexual couple. The paper then examines arguments for including the Song of Songs in Holy Scripture, but acknowledges that the reasons are varied and yet all are valid to the people who support them.
Outline:
Classifying the Books of the Bible
Song of Solomon as Allegory
Song of Solomon as a Message of Love
The Song of Solomon and Symbolism in Literature
The Denial of Desire
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Why is the Song of Solomon included as scripture? One conjecture is that, purportedly embarrassed by the frank sensuality in the Song of Songs, "many (ancient) commentators have labeled the work an allegory - a fictional narrative in which characters, objects, and actions symbolize some higher truth. To Jews, the Song became an allegory of Yahweh's love for Israel; to Christians, it became an expression of Christ's love for his "bride," the church" (Harris, 2007, p. 263). These labels indicate that the erotic nature of the poem is actually a spiritual, rather than physical, element. The "higher purpose" the ancient commentators placed on the Song of Songs belies the frank sexual nature of the poems (the Songs are a collection of poems)."
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?Songs of Innocence? and ?Songs of Experience?, 2002.
Examines these collections of poetry by William Blake.
838 words (approx. 3.4 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 29.95
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Abstract
William Blake's "Songs of Innocence" and "Songs of Experience" were written between 1788 and 1801 and contain a collection of nineteen individual poems and twenty seven poems, respectively. This paper looks at whether Blake's works could still be enjoyed and understood if the individual poems within the collections were read independently and not within the context of the collection. The paper uses evidence from the poems to show that ultimately, the poems should be read as part of the collection to be appreciated.
From the Paper
"The individual poems do not describe the whole of the human experience because they approach life from the perspective of either innocence or experience. In order to appreciate Blake's comment on the human condition, they must be read in the context of the collection as a whole. "Songs of Experience" is a retort to the "Songs of Innocence." Together they capture the loss of security each of us experiences as we move from childhood into adulthood, and the longing for the innocence we leave behind. Blake's treatment of this state of being endures because it a universal expression of our common nostalgia."
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The Chinese Family from the Han Dynasty ( 200 AD ) to the Ch'ing Dynasty ( 1700 ), 1993.
A look at stability, Confucianism, filial piety, ancestor worship, the role of the individual and society, gender, marriage and divorce and lineage.
7,875 words (approx. 31.5 pages), 24 sources, $ 135.95
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From the Paper
"This paper will discuss the history of the Chinese family from the time of the late Han dynasty (approximately 200 A.D.) to the early Ch'ing dynasty (approximately 1700). During this long period, there was very little change in the role and structure of the Chinese family. In terms of structure, the extended family was the preferred unit because it increased the strength and stability of the family group. Over time, this idea was expanded until clans and lineages became predominant elements in Chinese society. Other structural elements in the traditional Chinese family centered around authoritarian values, such as male dominance and respect for the elderly. One of the major roles of the family during this time was to help provide a secure basis for social order. In addition, the family was important because it provided purpose and meaning in the life of the individual."
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Yi (Choson) Dynasty, 2002.
This paper describes the Yi (Choson) Dynasty, the final and longest of Korea's dynasties.
2,125 words (approx. 8.5 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 66.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that the Choson dynasty is marked by the creation of the Korean alphabetic script, the establishment of the yangban, a new aristocracy, and a shift to Confucianism. The author points out that during the Choson Dynasty, many events happened in the West: Columbus discovered America, the Protestant Reformation divided Europe, and modern nationalism resulted in powerful states like Germany, Italy, and Russia and the Industrial Revolution. The author believes that the Japanese domination changed the unique culture of Korea in many ways, basically robbing the people of the Choson Dynasty of their own ways.
From the Paper
"In addition, the Korean people began to lose interest in the study of martial arts. The study of martial arts, including weapons, was banned to everyone but the military. The HwaRangDo, whose roots lay in the Buddhist teachings, eventually lost its importance among young people.
While Korea was under Japanese control, many things changed. All competitive sports and martial arts were forbidden. Only the military, which was now under Japanese control, could practice martial arts (Lancaster, 2002). SooBakGi was practiced secretly and soon changed its name again to SooBakDo. Japanese combat arts were first seen in Korea during this time. The people of Korea showed a great deal of interest in this type of fighting."
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The Eunuchs in the Ming Dynasty of China, 2003.
A thorough examination of the roles eunuchs played during this dynasty.
3,915 words (approx. 15.7 pages), 2 sources, APA, $ 106.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses how the shortcomings of the Ming Dynasty cannot be blamed on the slave system of eunuchs, but rather on the dynasty itself. It explains how the eunuchs were the slaves of the emperor who carried out his designs and thus were victims in themselves. Though some rose to high power and wealth, most did not. It further discusses how more attention should be paid to the important role eunuchs played in keeping the dynasty alive for nearly three centuries, rather than why they brought the dynasty down.
From the Paper
"Throughout ancient Greece, Rome, North Africa, the Middle East, and Asia eunuchs have served a wide range of functions, from palace menials to imperial spies. The dynasties in China, in particular, have used eunuchs to perform various duties throughout their more than one thousand years of rule. The use of these castrati was so engrained in their cultural system that even after disloyal and ambitious eunuchs brought ends to the Han and Tang dynasties, the Chinese never abolished the practice. The Chinese emperors preferred eunuchs for several reasons. Men, especially after the dawn of Confucianism on Chinese society, expected from women their utmost purity and devotion. To adhere to these Confucian principles, Emperors originally employed eunuchs to oversee and manage the hundreds of imperial concubines, making certain no other men, even relatives, come in contact with them, assuring a pure lineage. Emperors also favored eunuchs because they, unable to have children, supposedly would not covet political power or wealth, which in turn they would pass on to their sons. Having no motive for wealth and no ambition for position, eunuchs would have no desire selling palace secrets or conniving with potential usurpers. Ideally the castrati would thus demonstrate absolute loyalty to his employer, the emperor."
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Emperor Wen-ti, First of the Sui Dynasty, 2006.
This paper outlines Emperor Wen-ti's (581-604 C.E.) rise to power at the onset of the Sui dynasty in China beginning in 581 C.E. until its fall one emperor later in 617 C.E..
1,110 words (approx. 4.4 pages), 1 source, MLA, $ 38.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that, after the period of dis-unification, Yan Chien proclaimed himself Emperor Wen-ti initiating the Sui dynasty, which was modeled after the earlier Han dynasty. The author points out that the Sui dynasty centralized Chinese power and returned an air of legitimacy to the imperial house; the principles of governance perfected during the Sui Dynasty remained ingrained in imperial China until its dissolution nearly 1,300 years later. The paper relates that Wen-ti chose to demolish the former capitol Ch'ang-an and rebuild it with the help of distinguished architect and engineer Yu-wen K'ai; Ch'ang-an would become not only the center of Chinese political thought but also the center of the Universe, presided over by the "Son of Heaven".
From the Paper
"A man of great piety, Wen-ti actively nurtured the construction of Buddhist and Taoist temples and the recovering and re-copying of both religious and secular literature. To further the goals of unification Wen-ti issued decrees on the, "purification of Chinese literary style" (Wright 10). The Emperor offered charters to those willing to build Buddhist temples and both Wen-ti and his empress were to construct several, including one dedicated to her honor after her death in 603 CE. It is said that this temple was to house a tooth of the Buddha brought back by the pilgrim Fa-hsien from India in the fifth century (Wright 89). However pious, Wen-ti and his advisors also saw organized Buddhism as a force that needed constant monitoring in order to retain the Emperor's divine right of pronouncement on all matters of morality and public policy."
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Women from the Tang Dynasty, 2004.
This paper discusses two poems about women from the Tang dynasty, ?To My Daughter on Her Marriage into the Yang Family?, by author Wei Yingwu (737-731), and ?Endless Yearning II?, by Li Bai (701-762).
1,075 words (approx. 4.3 pages), 2 sources, APA, $ 37.95
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Abstract
This paper examines poems about women, which reflect the culture of humankind and its history from the Tang dynasty, and yet, also reflect life today. The author points out that, in the five-character verse poem, ?To My Daughter on Her Marriage into the Yang Family?, by author Wei Yingwu, the girl in the poem may have left for her new marriage by boat instead of by limousine, but the love that the father feels for his daughter shares the same bittersweet emotions of any parent when the wedding couple says their vows in 2004.The paper relates that the poem, ?Endless Yearning II?, by Li Bai (701-762), with its folk-song-stylized verses could be a love song put to music by one of the present musical artists and understood by audiences of all ages.
Table of Contents
To My Daughter on Her Marriage into the Yang Family
Endless Yearning II
From the Paper
"The author expresses the realities of life on earth with its pain and burdens. However, he also waits for his turn to be on the other side or paradise with his love, in the mountain wind and blue skies so far above. He hopes that his love can reach up to her, and his tears convince her of the aching of his heart. However, when reflecting on these clear yet complex words, one understands that there is much more beyond the simple telling of a love song?hints and innuendos and insights into other depths of meaning. On a deeper level, like many poets during the Tang period, the storyteller yearns for a distant and boundless heaven that appears in another dimension and awaits an individual?s death."
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Fall of the Roman Empire and the Han Dynasty, 2006.
A discussion comparing the declines of the Roman Empire and the Han Dynasty.
800 words (approx. 3.2 pages), 1 source, MLA, $ 28.95
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Abstract
This paper compares the Roman Empire and the Han Dynasty with respect to their leaders, demographics, and economies. The author discusses reasons for the decline of both empires. He further argues that the Roman Empire and the Han Dynasty eventually fell as a result of dire leaders and rulers. Additionally, the author contends that economic problems were a factor in the decline of the Roman Empire and the Han Dynasty as well.
From the Paper
"The Roman Empire and the Han Dynasty were two of the largest and most powerful empires of ancient Europe and Asia, respectively. Yet the Han Dynasty lasted for about 400 years while the Roman Empire ruled for about 900 years. Both empires shared many similar and different qualities in their rise to power. However, both empires fell after time. The decline of the Roman Empire and the Han Dynasty both varied with respect to its leaders and rulers, demography, and the economy. Although both empires were massive and powerful during the time, they both declined like all past empires."
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The Ming Dynasty, 2005.
This paper analyzes the accomplishments and failures of the Ming Dynasty (1368 -1644).
1,525 words (approx. 6.1 pages), 6 sources, APA, $ 50.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that the accomplishments of the Ming dynasty included a geographic expansion of the dynasty, the introduction of a number of administrative innovations, the introduction of a sophisticated system of taxation and equitable division of social responsibilities. The author points out that, during the early Ming dynasty, the elite members of society were subjected to more direct economic controls than in past years, a process that ultimately led to a significant upheaval of the traditional scholar-official power structure in Ming society. The paper concludes that the failures of the Ming rulers were found to include their inability to use the same innovations and complicated power structures to good effect when the Manchu conquest resulted in many of the once powerful Ming eunuchs committing suicide.
Table of Contents
Review and Discussion
Background and Overview
Accomplishments of Ming Rules
Failures of Ming Rules
Conclusion
From the Paper
"By the 17th century, China possessed as much as 25 percent of the earth's population and had urban centers with up to one million citizens; these urban centers were five to seven times greater than the largest cities in western Europe; not surprisingly, then, the "silverization" of China would have profound implications for global commerce. In this regard, Flynn and Giraldez note that, "China's tributary system also converted to silver, so we are talking about far more than one-quarter of the globe's population. Conversion of the world's largest economic entity to silver caused the metal's value to skyrocket in China relative to the rest of the world.""
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The Han Dynasty, 2006.
A discussion regarding the Han Dynasty, which ruled China from about 200 B.C. to about 220 A.D.
1,341 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 45.95
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Abstract
This paper introduces, discusses and analyzes Chinese history. The paper takes a look at the Han Dynasty, focusing specifically on the tombs of the time, especially the Mawangdui tomb. According to the paper, cave like tombs were as important to the Chinese as the Pyramids were to ancient Egyptians. Imperial Chinese families were buried in the royal tombs, along with many items necessary for a happy life after death. The paper discusses how the Han Dynasty created some of the most remarkable Chinese burial tombs, and created the great trade route known as the Silk Road, which greatly aided China and Asia in world trade.
From the Paper
"Two of the tombs contained numerous fragments and entire pieces of silk material, which are some of the first silk remnants found in China. Cang's wife was found wrapped in eighteen layers of fine silk, while there were numerous silk manuscripts found in all the tombs. The excavation is the oldest known in China, and so indicates the first silk findings in the country's history. They indicate early silk was exceptionally light, delicate, and beautiful, but under the right conditions, it survived thousands of years. Most people associate silk with garments and even home decor, but the finds in the Mawangdui indicate silk had another very important use in preserving Chinese culture. Scholars used silk as a writing medium, and bound the delicate silk pages into books. Over 30 of these books were unearthed in the Mawangdui tombs, and they indicate the level of learning and scholarly discourse during the zenith of the Han Dynasty. Archaeologists also found maps painted on silk, and silk T-shaped wall hangings depicting life and culture during the Han Dynasty (Doar). Thus, the Mawangdui tombs represent one of the most important excavations in Chinese history, especially when it comes to the significance of silk in the culture and society."
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