| Papers [1-15] of 100 :: [Page 1 of 7] | | Go to page : 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 —> | Search results on "SOLAR ENERGY CELLS": |
|
|
Solar Energy and Solar Cells, 2003.
This paper is on solar energy, solar cells (panels) and the breakdown of what happens in the process.
1,137 words (approx. 4.5 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 39.95
»
Click here to show/hide summary
Abstract
This paper provides a full explanation about the way in which solar energy is created. The paper looks at the process in details and then discusses what benefits solar energy may have in the future.
From the Paper
"Solar Energy comes from Solar cells which today are mostly made of silicon, one of the most common elements on Earth. The crystalline silicon solar cell was one of the first types to be developed and it is still the most common type in use today. They do not pollute the atmosphere and they leave behind no harmful waste products. Photovoltaic cells work effectively even in cloudy weather and unlike solar heaters, are more efficient at low temperatures. They do their job silently and there are no moving parts to wear out. It is no wonder that one marvels on how such a device would function. To understand how a solar cell works, it is necessary to go back to some basic atomic concepts. In the simplest model of the atom, electrons orbit a central nucleus, composed of protons and neutrons."
| |
|
U.S. Energy Policy & Solar Energy, 1991.
This paper reviews the potentialities of solar energy as an alternative fuel and discusses the need for federal funding into research and development of the relevant technologies.
2,250 words (approx. 9.0 pages), 8 sources, $ 79.95
»
Click here to show/hide summary
From the Paper
"U.S. energy policy is a matter of ongoing concern. Our society makes use of massive amounts of energy of various types, and the need for energy is growing. Energy policy is tied to a number of other policies, from the economic to foreign affairs. The costs of energy have an impact on every aspect of society, and energy policy relates to foreign affairs in that the dependence of America on foreign energy sources creates a situation whereby the nation can be held hostage to the whims of external powers. In such an atmosphere, more and more concern has been raised that the United States discover a source of renewable energy, something that will not be depleted as will fossil fuels, something that is cleaner and safer for the environment than are fossil fuels, and something that is still economically viable, producing sufficient energy at a cost ... "
| |
|
Solar Energy, 2004.
An analysis of the potential of solar energy and its use.
2,449 words (approx. 9.8 pages), 12 sources, MLA, $ 74.95
»
Click here to show/hide summary
Abstract
In order to better understand the issue of solar energy, this paper presents a definition of the terms and concepts relating to solar energy. The paper examines the technologies that are currently used to put solar energy to work. A short historical background on the development of solar technology in the past sixty years is presented. The paper explores the reasons why it is important to develop solar energy and discusses its future costs and benefits.
From the Paper
"Solar energy is radiation from the Sun that can produce heat, generate electricity, or cause chemical reactions. Solar energy is inexhaustible and nonpolluting, but it is not an efficient energy source, since the Earth's atmosphere absorbs or scatters over 50% of incoming solar radiation. Solar collectors collect the radiation and transfer it as heat to a carrier fluid. It can then be used for heating. Solar cells convert solar radiation directly into electricity, by means of the photoelectric effect.
Very often, there is confusion about the various methods used to harness the sun's abundant and clean energy. Energy from the sun can be categorized in two ways: in the form of heat (or thermal energy), and in the form of light energy. Solar thermal technologies use the sun's heat energy to heat substances (such as water or air) for applications such as space heating, pool heating and water heating for homes and businesses. There is a variety of products on the market that utilize thermal energy. Often the products used for this application are called solar thermal collectors and can be mounted on the roof of a building or in some other sunny location. The sun's heat can also be used to produce electricity on a large utility-scale by converting the sun's heat energy into mechanical energy. "
| |
|
Solar Energy, 2004.
Examines the history, future, and practicality of solar energy.
2,556 words (approx. 10.2 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 77.95
»
Click here to show/hide summary
Abstract
Scientists, environmentalists, and advocates of cheap, clean energy often tout solar energy as the answer to the world's energy problems and the energy source of the future. This paper examines whether solar energy is, indeed, the answer and whether its use on a large-scale is practical for use in the United States. It also looks at the history and types of solar energy.
From the Paper
"In addition, creating solar power generators it is a much smaller endeavor than building power generators for neighborhoods and businesses. Solar energy is quiet, reliable, and safe, and it makes sense in a variety of situations. Because of this, many states, including New Jersey, are adopting stricter standards for utility companies concerning utilizing more solar power. A recent amendment by the New Jersey Legislature requires the state's electrical utilities to utilize solar power as a portion of their power generation."
| |
|
Solar Renewable Energy, 2007.
A brief overview of solar energy technology and how to maximize the efficiency of a system using government incentives.
908 words (approx. 3.6 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 32.95
»
Click here to show/hide summary
Abstract
This paper discusses how the use of solar power could free us from hazardous gases emitted by fossil fuel combustion. It looks at how photovoltaic technology takes the energy of the sun and directly converts it into electricity and how PV's are found in navigational buoys, calculators, yard lights, watches, electric fencing, streetlights, and irrigation pumps. The paper contends that because energy from the sun is free and readily available unlike fossil fuels, we can set up an affordable system that will provide free electricity for our basic needs at an initial cost comparable to alternative forms of energy.
From the Paper
"A solar-thermal system collects the sun's energy and uses it to heat liquids. The heated liquid can be used to generate steam, which can then be used to turn turbines for electrical power. The steam can also be used for heat. In California, approximately 350 megawatts of power are produced by solar-thermal plants in the Mojave Desert. A well designed solar-thermal system in a home can reduce the cost of energy by as much as 85 percent and pay for itself in approximtely five years. Solar-thermal power releases no pollution and creates no waste, however in order for this system to operate, a lot of sunlight is required. "
| |
|
Solar Energy, 1991.
This paper discusses the advantages of solar energy: Cost factor, inexhaustible source, alternative to oil, pollution-free and non-monopolistic. Types & applications.
1,800 words (approx. 7.2 pages), 5 sources, $ 63.95
»
Click here to show/hide summary
From the Paper
"Energy is a crucial building block for civilization: Without reliable sources of power, modern technology would not exist. Reliability does not always equal availability, however, and the search for renewable or inexhaustible energy sources that also are relatively inexpensive, nonpolluting and available to everyone has become of paramount importance - enter solar energy. This alternative to fossil fuels has all of these advantages and comes in several forms and applications, adaptable to most uses, and as part of the earthos domain (rather than one person's - or one country's - oil field), it is nonmonopolistic.
Solar technology operates on different principles, depending on the type of system used. For example, active solar systems use mechanical means such as solar collectors, pumps and fans to ... "
| |
|
Lighting and Solar Energy, 2000.
This essay discusses the invention of the light bulb and solar power.
2,639 words (approx. 10.6 pages), 9 sources, $ 79.95
»
Click here to show/hide summary
Abstract
This paper examines two distinct inventions: light bulbs and solar energy. First it discusses the incandescent light bulb and its inventor, Thomas Alva Edison, and explore the differences between incandescent and fluorescent light bulbs. Then the long history and increasing importance of solar power and its modern applications are discussed.
From the Paper
"On December 31st, 1879, after years of work and many experiments, Thomas Alva Edison gave the first demonstration of the incandescent light bulb at his laboratory in Menlo Park, New Jersey. He was assisted in his invention by Francis Upton, a Princeton Graduate who supplied the mathematical and theoretical expertise that Edison lacked. This invention established Edison?s reputation as the world?s greatest inventor. Before his invention, electric arc lighting was used to produce light. In this lighting system, lights were connected in a series circuit, so if one failed, the rest of the bulbs on the circuit also failed. (First Public Demonstration?)
Edison was able to spend so much time and money on the invention of the light bulb because of his reputation as an inventor. He had the support of financiers such as J.P. Morgan and the Vanderbilts. They established the Edison Light Company and loaned Edison $30,000 for research and development. (First Public Demonstration?)"
| |
|
Solar Energy, 2001.
Advances in energy sources, cost factors, accessibility and maintaince. Discusses 2 solar buildings.
1,125 words (approx. 4.5 pages), 6 sources, $ 39.95
»
Click here to show/hide summary
From the Paper
"It is probable to assume that one day in the near future, much of the world?s electricity will be generated by solar energy. Sunlight is decidedly advantageous over fossil fuels as an energy source in three significant ways; it is abundant, long-lasting, and nonpolluting. However, today the primary challenge with solar energy hinges upon cost effectiveness. Until solar energy can be made economical for businesses and private citizens, other fuel sources will retain the inside track that they have held for centuries.
Fortunately, solar energy technology has made great strides in recent years, culminating in buildings such as the Four Times Square Building in New York City- a building which is its own freestanding, environmentally friendly electric utility. Photovoltaic panels, gas fired absorption H-vac systems..."
| |
|
Solar Energy, 1992.
A look at its use in building a house including its effectiveness, types and functions.
1,350 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 5 sources, $ 47.95
»
Click here to show/hide summary
From the Paper
"Incorporating Solar Energy in the Building of a House
The incorporation of solar energy into the building of a house can greatly reduce the cost of heating or cooling the house, even when used along with conventional means of energy production and uses. This paper will discuss several different aspects of incorporating solar energy into residential living quarters and will touch on the subjects of sighting and orientation of the house and solar panels, the window locations and. overhang, plants and vegetation, the solar collectors or cells, and thermal mass storage. The usefulness of solar energy will also be discussed."
| |
|
The Use of Fuel Cells as an Energy Alternative, 2002.
A paper which discusses using fuel cells as an alternative to traditional energy sources and their advantages.
1,530 words (approx. 6.1 pages), 10 sources, APA, $ 50.95
»
Click here to show/hide summary
Abstract
The paper shows that fuel cells offer tremendous promise and potential as an energy source. Among topics covered in this paper include: How fuel cells operate, why they are cleaner than a combustion powered engine and the research that is currently being conducted to advance this technology. The paper also lays out the roles the federal government, automakers, and oil companies are playing in investing in fuel technology. It also discusses the problems that need to be overcome in order for the use of fuel cells to meet their full potential as an energy source.
From the Paper
"In summary once the fuel cell market begins to take off, the impact can snowball. Using hydrogen to combine such renewable energy sources with highly efficient fuel cell cars would impact many industries such as the automobile, oil, electricity and natural gas. Furthermore, an added benefit of fuel cell will be the elimination of carbon dioxide that are produced by gas powered engines, instead the only by product produced here would be water. In fact this water will be safe enough to drink because it will be pure. Research will continue to advance the potential of fuel cell as a dependable long term energy source."
| |
|
Photovoltaic Cells and Solar Thermal Power Plants, 2005.
A comparison of photovoltaic cells and solar thermal power plants.
2,700 words (approx. 10.8 pages), 4 sources, $ 106.95
»
Click here to show/hide summary
Abstract
This paper compares two technologies, photovoltaic cells and solar thermal power plants, both providing energy from solar radiation, but by different means and in different degrees. It looks at how the photovoltaic cell is used in limited situations for powering small appliances and how solar thermal power plants are able to produce much more energy for use on a widespread basis by consumers, industry and entire countries. The relative costs are noted, along with economies that will be realized once these systems are more widely used.
From the Paper
"This report summarizes two related technologies, the photovoltaic cell and the solar thermal power plant, both methods of producing energy from solar radiation. The photovoltaic cell is used in limited situations for powering small appliances, and solar thermal power plants are able to produce much more energy for use on a widespread basis by consumers, industry, and entire countries. The relative costs are noted, along with economies that will be realized once these systems are more widely used. Introduction One of the great unknowns in American energy policy remains the extent to which solar energy in its various forms will contribute to the nation's energy supply in the future. After the oil, embargo in 1973, considerable interest was expressed in solar energy as a potential way of producing energy and of reducing dependence on foreign oil. "
| |
|
Solar Cells, 2001.
A look at solar cells and the technology behind them.
1,210 words (approx. 4.8 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 41.95
»
Click here to show/hide summary
Abstract
This paper defines what solar cells are, how they are created and the technological history behind their development. It provides scientific theories to support this information and explains the uses of solar cells in today's technology.
From the Paper
"A solar cell is any device that directly converts the energy in light into electrical energy through the process of photovoltaics. Unlike batteries or fuel cells, solar cells do not utilize chemical reactions to produce electric power, and, unlike electric generators, they do not have any moving parts. Solar cells are also called solar batteries and, as the term solar implies, they are in most cases designed for converting sunlight into electrical energy.
"In the basic structure of a typical solar cell, light enters the device through a layer of material called the antireflection layer. The function of this layer is to trap the light falling on the solar cell and to promote the transmission of this light into the energy-conversion layers below. Such materials as silicon oxides or titanium dioxide are employed as the antireflection layer in solar cells."
| |
|
Solar Cell Manufacturing Process, 2008.
An analysis of the steps involved in the process of solar cell manufacturing.
968 words (approx. 3.9 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 34.95
»
Click here to show/hide summary
Abstract
This paper discusses the process of solar cell manufacturing and looks at each step of the process in detail. The paper describes the processing stages of chlorine-free polysilicon production and describes the purity requirements for the silicon used in solar cells. The paper also briefly looks at the changes in the solar cell manufacturing industry over the past few years.
From the Paper
"The very last step of manufacturing a solar cell is adding the electrodes (electrical contacts) and interconnection strips. Electrical contacts connect each solar cell to another, creating a solar panel, and then to the receiver of the produced current. The contacts must be very thin (at least in the front) so as not to block sunlight to the cell. Metals such as silver, nickel, or copper are vacuum-evaporated through either a photo-resister, silkscreen, or they can be deposited on the exposed portion of cells that have been partially covered with wax. All three methods involve a system where the part of the cell on which a contact is not desired is protected, while the rest of the cell is exposed to the metal. And finally, the interconnection strips are soldered into place. Flux is applied to cell interconnection strips before soldering to act as a deoxidizer. It ensures better adhesion between the solder and solar cells. This provides positive contact for an electrical current and greatly lowers the probability of the current shorting out. After applying the solder and flux, the cell surfaces need to be cleaned with a chlorofluorocarbon compound."
| |
|
Solar Power: A Viable Energy Source, 2005.
A look at the feasibility of solar power as an energy source.
1,350 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 3 sources, APA, $ 47.95
»
Click here to show/hide summary
Abstract
This paper discusses solar energy in terms of natural resource economics and relates it to the concept of free market environmentalism. The paper also explains the benefits of using solar power as an energy source as opposed to fossil fuels.
From the Paper
"Since the oil embargo, oil price increases have been a concern for many nations, especially for the United States. Today's high fuel prices speak to the imperative to find alternative energy sources to fossil fuels. Solar power is one such potentially viable alternative. Why use solar power? In addition to its value as an environmentally clean source of energy, solar power has economic value in terms of being a renewable resource that can be controlled by the nation or region using..."
| |
|
T- Cell B-Cell Collaborations in the Immune System, 2001.
A descriptive overview of the vertebrate adaptive immune response to both intra and extra-cellular pathogens with explicit focus on T-cell B-cell collaboration and antibody response.
1,425 words (approx. 5.7 pages), 9 sources, APA, $ 47.95
»
Click here to show/hide summary
Abstract
This paper covers the major pathways by which foreign antigens are identified and dealt with through the adaptive immune response which is paramount on B-cell and T-cell responses and interaction with one another in distinct pathways and steps. It includes several diagrams and their explanations of antigens, B-Cells, T-Cells, APC's and more and their interactions and processes they go through.
From the Paper
"All immune responses involving T-cell B-cell collaborations follow distinct pathways of interactions and development. These very pathways of the adaptive immune response are almost entirely dependant on the cellular interaction of B- cells and T- cells with one another. It is within each stage of these pathways and the progression of an adaptive immune response that we will concern ourselves. The following is a condensed synopsis of the adaptive immune response and the cellular interactions that will be the emphasis of this paper. Within secondary lymph tissues foreign antigen is presented to naive B-cells via their surface immunoglobulins (Igs) receptors. The same antigen is also presented to naive T-cells at this time. This presentation and subsequent recognition of antigen by both types of cells results in and end product of proliferation and development of naive B-cells into plasma cells whose function is the production of soluble immunoglobulins (antibodies), and the differentiation and development of memory B-cells whose function is to respond to subsequent exposure to the same antigen. However, this pathway is not self-sufficient and requires the direct interaction of activated T-cells, specifically ?helper? T-cells (Th2 cells) 1,9. It is these T-cells in conjunction with the antigen presenting B-cells that interact to produce a hormonal response to infection. These interactions activate Th2 cells that in turn promote B-cell activation both through T-cell secreted cytokines, (interlukeinI1-2, 4 and 5), and also through direct cell to cell contacts involving specific surface proteins and corresponding receptors and the signaling initiated by the binding of these proteins to one another."
|
|
|
