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Socrates' Democracy and Justice, 2005.
This paper discusses Socrates and his disciples' concept of democracy and justice and applies them to modern times.
910 words (approx. 3.6 pages), 2 sources, APA, $ 32.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that Socrates and his disciples maintained that democracy was not the best form of government because the principles of equality and liberty for everyone were flawed since they gave unwise and uneducated men the right to vote and make important decisions. The author points out that, according to Plato's "Republic", justice is a virtue, which must be exercised in its true spirit to bring about good. The paper concludes, using the grossly unjust case of famous boxer Hurricane, if justice is to be exercised by wise men, it must be seen as a virtue that focuses on extracting good out of any situation.
From the Paper
"Justice according to Cephalus was telling the truth and repaying what one receives. Thrasymachus felt justice was the rule of the stronger. Both these views were harshly discredited by Socrates whose version of justice was based on lofty principles of wisdom and virtue. Thrasymachus' view of justice is actually based on injustice. He felt that the people who did not take into consideration the welfare of others were happier and could lead a successful life. How this could be called justice is simply beyond many. Socrates maintained that justice was something good which when exercised must bring out good. In other words, justice should focus on the common good of everyone and must leave the world a better place when exercised."
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Socrates' Criticisms of Democracy, 2008.
A discussion of the writer's views of democracy and of Socrates' problems with democracy and the democratic man as seen in Plato's, "Republic."
2,037 words (approx. 8.1 pages), 11 sources, MLA, $ 64.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses Socrates' view of democracy and the democratic man as related in Book 8 of Plato's "Republic." In particular, the paper attempts to ascertain what specific problems Socrates has with democracy and democratic man. The paper then relates Socrates' criticisms - both those that the writer agrees with and those that he does not - to the state of affairs within the United States.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Criticisms of Democracy and Democratic Man
Freedom in Democracy
Equality in Democracy
Freedom and Equality in Democratic Man
Afterthought: The Democratic Ruler(s)
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Although it is clear that Socrates holds an uncomplimentary view of democracy, to say the least, it is equally clear to me that, conversely, in today's world democracy is largely respected and admired; countries strive to be "democratic" because of the positive connotations attached to the concept. What I have difficulty understanding is not the fact that countries today manipulate the definition of democracy to fit their own agenda, but rather why the concept, democracy, was chosen as the emulative term. Why isn't "socialism" seen as the "good" form of government? After all, in our country we are lacking a lot of the basic qualities that are supposedly essential to democracy. Yet at the same time the U.S. is arguably the most powerful, most economically well-off country in the world. There are many more questions like these that need to be explored, and I hope that throughout the course of this essay, through an examination of Plato's thought in the Republic, I have shed some light on some of the possible answers."
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Socrates and Justice, 2002.
Analyzes the political and philosophical implications of Socrates discussion of justice.
1,900 words (approx. 7.6 pages), 1 source, $ 71.95
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Abstract
This essay analyzes the most significant political/philosophical implications of Socrates' discussion of justice as whole. The author examines Socrates' analysis of justice, his observations on how best to attain it, and his application of his philosophy in practical political and social terms.
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Socrates and the Concept of Justice, 2001.
This paper examines Socrates' philosophy and opinion on the concept of justice.
1,400 words (approx. 5.6 pages), 1 source, MLA, $ 46.95
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Abstract
Socrates' views are analyzed by studying a conversation between Socrates, Cephalus, his son Polemarchus and his followers. The author explains how Socrates enters into a philosophical dialogue with several different individuals who attempt to set down a firm definition of justice. Socrates then sets out to test and challenge their definitions?through his method of questioning and counter-examples?in an attempt to arrive at a more secure definition of justice, that which cannot be refuted.
From the Paper
"Cephalus first raises the idea of justice with Socrates and then passes the debate on to his son, Polemarchus, to carry forward. In line with his father?s arguments, Polemarchus develops the most basic definition of justice suggested in the Republic. He makes the claim that justice means simply to speak the truth and to give people their proper due; for example, old debts should be repaid. Justice also means treating people in accordance with their essential character. For example, Polemarchus concludes that if a certain individual is considered an enemy, that individual should meet with ?something harmful? (26); if another individual is considered a friend, that individual should be treated well."
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Socrates and Justice in Plato's Republic, 2001.
The following paper discusses how Socrates set out to define the idea of justice and the just man when he began the conversations archived in Plato?s Republic.
2,035 words (approx. 8.1 pages), 1 source, MLA, $ 64.95
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Abstract
This paper explores Socrates attempt to define the ideal city, hoping within it to discover the form of justice itself. The author takes the reader through critical points in this book and shows us how no Apollonian dedication to the things of the mind, nor virgin dedication to warfare and the ways of the hunt, could truly save Socrates' city from the uprising of its youth.
From the Paper
"As part of creating this utopia, he set about to entirely restructure the modern family. He suggested, reasonably, that men and women should be set to the same sorts of work, according to their gifts, being equal in all things save that the men were stronger. To prevent conflict, and continue the owning of all things in common, he spoke of having wives and husbands and children all in common. So that the stock of his city should all be strong and healthy, he suggested a rigged lottery determining who should mate with whom, the outcome determined by genetics and success. The healthy offspring should be raised, the inferior disposed of appropriately."
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Socrates and Justice, 2007.
This paper analyzes the theme of justice in Plato's "Republic".
2,013 words (approx. 8.1 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 63.95
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Abstract
The paper evaluates the theme of justice within the dialogues that Plato brings forth between Socrates and the opposing factions of Thrasymachus and Glaucon. The paper explains the two aspects of Thrasymachus and Glaucon's objections to Socrates' notion of justice. The paper then describes how Socrates answers these arguments.
From the Paper
"Socrates responds to Thrasymachus in a way that defies the notion of justice as being merely for those in power. Much to the disagreement of those that are arguing with Socrates, he argues that Thrasymachus's argument about injustice is being represented as a virtue. Furthermore, he argues that injustice cannot be a virtue, simply because it is devoid of wisdom. The idea around these objections to Thrasymachus's immoral stance on the issue relates to the idea of justice serving the greater good of the city-state, rather than the commonly held view that justice is for the rich or powerful."
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Socratic Justice, 2007.
An analysis of Socrates' views of justice as described by Plato, Xenophon, Aristophanes and Aristotle.
1,803 words (approx. 7.2 pages), 2 sources, MLA, $ 57.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses Socrates' interest in logically establishing certain central, important truths, for example what constitutes justice, and what constitutes the good. To discuss Socrates' views, the paper analyzes dialogues and other writings of his pupil, Plato and writings by Xenophon, Aristophanes and Aristotle. It describes his notion of justice (or morality) as an ideal that could be timeless.
From the Paper
"As we have seen, Socrates believed in a notion of justice (or morality) as an ideal that could be timeless. He believed that it consisted in balance and harmony, and most importantly in the triumph of truth and reason over passions and selfishness. This ideal of justice could be realized both in the individual person, and also in the state as a whole, or the polis. And although at the end Socrates chose to submit to ignorance, fear and procedural justice, there is no reason to suppose that he ever deviated from his quest for truth, or from his belief in justice as an ideal form of harmony and truth."
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What is Justice: A Socratic Analysis, 2006.
A discussion of Socrates' philosophical perspectives on justice.
900 words (approx. 3.6 pages), 2 sources, $ 35.95
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Abstract
In "The Apology", the ancient Greek philosopher Socrates examined justice from a variety of philosophical perspectives and made the bold declaration that he could not be harmed by his fellow Athenians if he possessed the qualities of virtue and wisdom. This paper discusses how this statement reflected Socrates belief that possessing virtue and wisdom protected him from injustice and any harm to his character and soul. His critics and enemies in Athens could punish him physically by sending him into exile or executing him, but they could not take away his virtue, his self-respect, or his soul, which are the most important things anyone possesses.
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"Apologia of Socrates" by Socrates, 2002.
An examination of the trial and death of Socrates in "Apologia of Socrates" by Socrates.
1,545 words (approx. 6.2 pages), 2 sources, MLA, $ 50.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the beliefs of Socrates and how his aim in ?Apologia of Socrates? was to prove that death was better than a life without independent beliefs. Socrates article is written as a defense of his probable suicide and offers three points about the suicide. That he is innocent of the charges against him, that he would be going to a better place and finally that he is old and was going to die soon anyway. The Apology of Socrates is his defense at his trial, where he is found guilty. In conclusion, the writer discusses that whilst Socrates is sentenced to death, he has no fear of death.
From the Paper
"Socrates did not seem to fear death, as it was inching closer to him every day. He told his fellow Athenians that his forced suicide would come back to hunt them, because he had no doubt that one day people would recognize his wisdom and criticize the people of Athens for killing him. Socrates advised his prosecutors to juts let him die naturally, especially since he was innocent.
The Apology is Socrates' defense at his trial. Socrates is aware that his accusers have warned the jury against Socrates' eloquence. However, Socrates states that the difference between himself and his accusers is that he, unlike them, is speaking the truth."
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Socrates' Threat to Athenian Democracy, 2004.
This paper explores the reasons for Socrates' trial and execution.
1,442 words (approx. 5.8 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 47.95
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Abstract
This paper explores why Socrates' teachings and character were irreconcilable with the civic order and authority of Athenian rule. The paper focuses on the arguments proposed by Socrates in light of the state of Athenian politics. The paper shows how his 'subversive' convictions and arguments on the state of the Athenian social model were seen as a threat that needed to be exterminated.
From the Paper
"The first source to draw on when looking at the question, and attempting to gauge the level of potential threat Socrates posed to the state of Athens, is the indictment he was charged with being guilty of in the first place: "This indictment and affidavit is sworn by Meletus, the son of Meletus of Pitthos, against Socrates, the son of Sophroniscus of Alopece. Socrates is guilty of refusing to recognize the gods recognized by the state and of introducing other divinities. He is also guilty of corrupting the youth. The penalty demanded is death." First let us look at the religious implications of such a charge."
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A Comparison of Modern Democracy and Classical Athenian Democracy, 2002.
Compares modern constitutional democracies and the democracy of classical Athens.
914 words (approx. 3.7 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 32.95
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Abstract
Discusses the major differences between Athenian democracy and modern democracy. Differences include voting and citizenship rights, gender and background bias in the Athenian social and economic system, the type of representation that each society offered and the 'participation factor' in Athens.
From the Paper
"There are several significant differences between modern constitutional democracies and the democracy of classical Athens. Even though the classical Athenian democracy was a major step forward in political thought, at its height there were still many areas in which it was decidedly unlike any democracy existing today. These differences fall into three major categories: differences in who could vote, in the type of representation, and in the overall participation factor.
One major and clearly recognizable difference is that in the Athenian democracy there was only a certain selected element of the population that was allowed to vote. This difference in voting behavior stems from the fact that the Athenian social and economic system was supportive of the suppression of groups of people according to gender and background in ways that are not acceptable in today?s western cultures.
For example, women were not given full rights of citizenship. They were also socially and economically kept in a subservient role to men. Women?s function was seen as primarily that of propagation and managing a household. Women were not allowed access to the marketplace of ideas that was so important to the Athenians.
These conditions set up an interactive cycle between the social and political institutions; since women were regarded as inferior and not deserving of full citizenship, they were not allowed to vote. However, without the ability to vote, it was very unlikely that any of these restrictions would be modified or lifted. The role of women in Greek society was too firmly entrenched to be easily changed."
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A Comparison of Modern Democracy and Classical Athenian Democracy, 2002.
This paper looks at several significant differences between modern constitutional democracies and the democracy of classical Athens.
864 words (approx. 3.5 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 30.95
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Abstract
The writer shows that even though the classical Athenian democracy was a major step forward in political thought, at its height there were still many areas in which it was decidedly unlike any democracy existing today. The paper divides these differences into three major categories: differences in who could vote, in the type of representation, and in the overall participation factor.
From the Paper
"One major and clearly recognizable difference is that in the Athenian democracy there was only a certain selected element of the population that was allowed to vote. This difference in voting behavior stems from the fact that the Athenian social and economic system was supportive of the suppression of groups of people according to gender and background in ways that are not acceptable in today?s western cultures."
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"Democracy?s Discontent" vs. "Democracy in America", 2003.
A comparison of Alexis de Tocqueville's "Democracy in America" and Michael J. Sandel's "Democracy?s Discontent".
3,845 words (approx. 15.4 pages), 2 sources, MLA, $ 105.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses how Alexis de Tocqueville in "Democracy in America" and Michael J. Sandel in "Democracy?s Discontent" both address issues of democracy, freedom, the role of government, and the good citizen. It looks at how their viewpoints differ because they write at different times of history. De Tocqueville writes at a time when democracy is a novel ideal. Aristocracy has been the main form of government, and this, therefore, plays a major role in his writing. Sandel, on the other hand, deals with contemporary issues such as the global community and the implications of new technology and diminishing boundaries among people.
From the Paper
"De Tocqueville stresses the importance of civil equality in the achievement of true democracy. This equality implies the lack of divisions and barriers between social classes. This is the equality that he sees in American culture as opposed to European culture that still subscribes to the aristocratic means of government. The democratic ideal implies more freedom than would be possible with an aristocratic government: ?Let us suppose that all the people take a part in the government, and that each one of them has an equal right to take a part in it. As no one is different from his fellows, none can exercise a tyrannical power; men will be perfectly free because they are all entirely equal??(De Tocqueville, Book II, Chapter I)."
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Democracy and the U.S. Constitution: A Discussion of the Successes and Failures of the Founding Fathers in making an Obtainable Democracy, 2000.
After discussing the successes and failures of the founding fathers, the author of the paper concludes that they mostly did a good job, but disputes that America now has a pure democracy.
1,360 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 2 sources, $ 45.95
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From the Paper
" A perfect democracy would be a democracy where everyone- the poor, the rich, the weak, the strong- get to have a say in what the government does. Wherein the supreme power ultimately rests with the people. However, this is not reality. Instead, representative democracy can be defined in two ways: the responsible model and the popular model. In the popular model, ordinary people have a great deal of freedom and ability to participate actively in government. In this type, elections express the popular will and determine policies. Examples of this model include the House of Representatives, the Virginia Plan, and citizen initiatives. In the responsible model, citizens play a more passive role. Government officials have a great deal of freedom to act on the behalf of the country as a whole. Elections here, grant popular consent and determine leaders. Examples of this model are the Senate, the New Jersey Plan, and the Supreme Court. Although the people of the United States live in a democracy that has both popular and responsible elements, democracy here has always been more denoted by the popular model. "
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The Concept of "Justice":, 2002.
This paper explores the theme of justice as is outlined in Socrates' "The Republic".
1,150 words (approx. 4.6 pages), 1 source, $ 44.95
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Abstract
The presentation of the conceot of justice is first from Socrates' perspective, followed by a contrast against the concept of justice in a modern perspective. The primary source for this paper shall be Book IV in "The Republic", which Socrates entitled: "Wealth, Poverty and Virtue".
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